SI23005

DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS USED IN VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY'S
HISTORICAL SPEECH TEXT (2022)
A THESIS
Arranged by:
FAQIH ABABIL
11180260000060
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2023
ABSTRACT
Faqih Ababil, NIM: 11180260000060, Analysis of Deixis Found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s

Historical Speech Text (2022). Thesis: English Literature Department, Adab and Humanities
Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2022.
The aims of this research is to analyze deictic expression represented in Volodymyr

Zelensky's historical speech at the United States congress virtually from a war zone, in the
Ukrainian capital city, Kyiv on March 16, 2022. The research is interesting because Zelensky
often did pointing via language by using deixis that cannot be interpreted without knowing
the context. Besides, it is one of the most influential speeches in the world. The method of
this research uses the qualitative method and pragmatic approach. The research questions will
be answered in the analytical description. The data are collected by reading the transcript of
the speech and then written on the data card. Then the data is analyzed one by one by using
Yan Huang's theory (2007). The results of this research found five types of deictic
expressions such as person deictic, time deictic, spatial deictic, social deictic, and discourse
deictic. After anaylize the context of utterances, this research finds the used of person deictic
expression is a word that refers to person. Time deictic expression is a word that refers to
time, spatial deictic expression is a word that refers to place, social deictic expression refers
to the social status of referees and addressees, and discourse deictic expression refers to the
propositions of information from Zelensky.
Keywords: deictic expression, speech, pragmatics
I
II
III
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the most Beneficient.
Alhamdulillah hi Rabbil 'Alamin, all praises to Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala,

who always give me chance and strength to accomplish this thesis. Blessing and
salutation be upon the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad
Sholallaahu Alaihi Wasalam.
This thesis could not be compeleted without a great deal of help from many
people, especially Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum. The deepest gratitude for his guidance,
helpful correction, patient, cooperation, time, and kindness until this thesis completed.
I also would like to give my sincerest gratitude to my beloved parents, Syaiful
Rahman and Nurmala. Thanks for being the best supporters with the best praises of
my best of luck and pray for your child sincerely. I also want to give thanks to my
sister, Michiko Syalma., who gives motivation during my college. Thanks for Nadia
Salsabila, S. S. who has always help and accompanied the writer from the 2ndsemester
of lectures until now.Thank you for your time and kindness to support mentally in
completing this thesis. May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them.
At least but not least, I would also like to express my best gratitude to the
following persons:
1. Hasnul Insani Djohar Ph.D. the Head of English Literature Department;

2. M. Agus Suriadi S.Pd., M. Hum. as the Secretary of English Literature
Department;
3. All the lectures of English Literature Department thank you for teaching precious,
knowledge, and wonderful experience during the study;
V
4. My beloved big family who has given so much support during the time until the
final of the study, may Allah always protect and bless us.
5. My best friends Shidqi Zeiddan Ghiffaraand Zalika Cherista. Thankyou for
everything you did.Hopefully we can stick together even though will rarely meet
later then;
6. All best friends of English Literature Department and friends of linguistics.
May Allah bless you all gives His kindness. I realize that this thesis actually
has not been perfect yet, there are many mistakes in its contents. Therefore, I would
like to receive any comments, suggestions, or criticism. Finally, I hope this thesis will
be useful for the reader, library study, and those who are interested in it.
Jakarta, March 2023
The Writer
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………… I
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………...……………. II
LEGALIZATION ……………………………………………… III
DECLARATION ……………………………………………… IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………… V
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………… VII
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………… IX
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ……………………………… 1
1.1. Research Background ……………………...........………… 1
1.2. Focus of the Study ……………………………………… 4
1.3. Research Questions ……………………………………… 4
1.4. Objectives of the Research ……………………………… 4
1.5. Significances of the Research ………………………........... 5
1.6. Research Method ……………………………………… 5
1.6.1. Method of the Research …………….......................… 5
1.6.2. Unit of Analysis …………………................................ 5
1.6.3. Data Collection Techniques ………...........……… 6
1.6.4. Instrument of the Research …………...........…… 6
1.6.5. Data Analysis Techniques………...........................…… 6
1.6.6. Research Design …………………...........……………. 6
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………… 8

2.1. Previous Researches ……………………………………… 8
2.2. Theoretical Framework …………...........…………………… 10
2.2.1.Pragmatics …………………………...........…………… 10
2.2.2.Context …………………...........…………………… 11
2.2.3.Deixis ……………………...........………………… 12
2.2.3.1. Types of Deixis …….............……..………… 14
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDINGS ……………………… 22

3.1. Description of the Data ……………………………………… 22
VII
3.2. Analysis of Deictic Expressions Represented in Volodymyr Zelensky’s
Historical Speech Text (2022) ……….............................…… 23
3.3. Findings and Discussions of the Analysis Data …................... 54
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........... 62

4.1. Conclusion ……………………………………………… 62
4.2. Suggestions ……………………………………………… 63
REFERENCES ……………………………………………… 64
APPENDICES ……………………………………………… 67
VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Previous Research …………………………………….... 8

Table 2 Differences and Similarities ..............................……….… 9
Table 3 Types of Deixis ………...................................…….… 22
Table 4 Analysis Data.1 ………....................................……… 23
Table 5 Analysis Data.2 ………....................................…....… 26
Table 6 Analysis Data.3 ……................................................… 28
Table 7 Analysis Data.4 ………................................................ 29
Table 10 Analysis Data.7 …................................................…… 35
Table 24 Person Deictic Expressions ……...................................… 54
Table 25 Person Deictic Expressions Based on Pronoun Categories 55
Table 26 The Encoding of Time Deixis in Zelensky’s Speech ...… 56
Table 27 Deictic Adverb of Space …….....................................… 58
Table 28 Four Axes of Relational Social Deixis ……............… 59
Table 29 Discourse Deixis ……................................................… 60
IX
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background

As social beings, humans use language to express an idea that will be
conveyed to the listener, since language can help us to interact with people around us.
However, there are still many ambiguities found in the speech delivered by the
speaker when communicating with the listener. In English, there are still many
difficulties in understanding what the speaker is saying about who, when, and where.
Therefore, that situation can cause problems in communication without knowing the
context. (Raty et al., 2018)
According to Asmarita (2019), speech is one example of spoken
communication done directly by a single person in front of audiences. In delivering a
speech, the speaker will deliver his ideas or feelings using the language. Speech is
usually done by a leader of a country, company, community, or anyone who can
inspire the audiences or to gives any information (Asmarita & Haryudin, 2019).
Some public speakers do point when they speak in front of many people
(Kurniadi, 2017). The former president of the United States, Donald Trump, used a
pointing in his speech “I’ve just received a call from Secretary Clinton”. Without
knowing the context, it will be difficult to understand the time he was referring to.
Malala Yousafzai, an activist from Pakistan also used pointing in her speech, “We
realise the importance of our voice when we are silenced”. The word “we” and “us”
can be interpreted as inclusive “we” or exclusive “we”.
When the speaker utters and excludes addressee or speaker plus other(s), it
means the speaker uses an exclusive ‘we’, and when speaker and addressee are
included, it is an inclusive ‘we’ (Huang, 2014). This condition is also found in
Volodymyr Zelensky’s speech. One of the examples is, “We already became part of
the antiwar coalition — a big antiwar coalition that unites many countries, dozens of
countries”. In this situation, the listeners may wonder, who is the “we” Zelensky
addressed or what is the meaning of “we” he used in the speech? Zelensky also did
another pointing when he said “those who are responsible for the aggression against
Ukraine”.
1
Volodymyr Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, when speaking to the United
States Congress virtually from a war zone, at Ukraine's capital city, Kyiv, that was
held on March 16, 2022. In his speech, Volodymyr Zelensky uses deictic expressions,
which is one of the important notions in pragmatics, to point out something. He also
has delivered his speech where he engaged the audiences by interacting with the
audiences abaout the situation to make the audiences feel included. He also attract the
audience’s attention by using video of Ukrainian people attacked by Russian troops to
make his point meaningful (Yadav & Jabeen, 2013).
In this case, this research uses pragmatic approach. According to Yule (1996),
pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or
writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It means this branch of linguistic
studies the speaker’s meaning in their utterances. In other words, when people (the
listeners or readers) want to know the speaker’s or writer’s intuition, they have to
know about pragmatics, because understanding the speakers’s or writers’s ideas is
important in order to get the information needed (Yule G. , 1996).
The meaning of the reference of a word uttered by speaker can be learned in
the study of deictic expressions. In daily communication either oral or written, people
often use deictic expression words like I, you, we, they, she, he, it as subject on their
sentences. They also use adverbs of place such as here or there; this or that, these or
those, adverbs of time such as now or then, yesterday or tomorrow, in building
sentences or utterances. All the mentioned words are the deictic expressions words.
The deictic expression words are the words that the meaning can be change based on
the situation. The meaning of this word is not permanent. All of the meaning can be
changed depends on the settings of the speakers based on time, place, person, culture
or social event namely deictic expression or deixis. Jayasudarma (1994: 59) as cited
in Miftah (2016) noted that, “A word is said to be deixis if reference moving or
changing, depending on the time and place of the word spoken”.
According to Jayasudarma (1994: 59) as cited on Miftah (2016) said that the
grammatical of deixis strongly linked to the characteristics of the speech or utterances
interpretation. Thus, grammar (grammatical) and deixis have a link. It is clearly seen
in the direct and indirect speech. For example, a direct speech model of conversation,
Tini said, “I am going to go to Jakarta tomorrow.” Then, that sentence changes into
2
indirect speech becomes: Tini said that she is going to Jakarta then. The changing is
the move from the deictic person “I” becomes “she”, and the temporal deixis
“tomorrow” becomes “then”. Even though the moving only on the reference not in the
types of deixis, but it is proven that grammatically a term deictic expression involves
the relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts in which they are
used.
Based on the description above, deixis is used to solve problems such as
misunderstanding of meaning and intention between the speaker and listener. The
important parameters in the study of deixis are to understand who the speaker is,
where the place is, and when the communication happens. In this case, all that is
learned in the deixis is the important parameters. Thus, his speech will be the material
to be analyzed which focuses on his using deictic expression words.
This research is interesting to delve deep into this problem by presenting
observations on the Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelensky's online speech talk.
This research used Volodymyr Zelensky's speech text collected from The New York
Times which can also give the latest news topic about the condition of the war
between Ukraine and Russia. This study also aimed to interpret the use of each deictic
expressions represented in Volodymyr Zelensky’s speech by analyze the context of
utterances.
The audiences will not know what the speaker means if they do not know the
context. As we know, Volodymyr Zelensky is a public figure whose speech really
matters and affects the audiences, he has to choose certain person deixis that is
appropriate as a strategy to position himself as a representative of the Ukrainian
people. Besides, he also uses other types of deixis to point the hearer and other
referents.
This study also gives a theoretical contribution regarding the use of Huang’s
theory (2007). In Huang’s theory, there is one additional type of deixis which all
together add up to five types of deixis that have not been analyzed by other
researchers. According to Yan Huang (2007, pp. 136-174), there are five types of
deixis, they are Person Deixis (first, second, and third person), Spatial Deixis, Time
Deixis, Social Deixis, and Discourse Deixis. All of these kinds exist in order to
differentiate which meaning or reference of the speech topic pointed to and how the
3
way the speaker used the deixis words. All of these deictic expressions have to be
interpreted in terms of what person, place, and time the speaker is in mind.
Highlighting the topics, it is clear that analysis of deictic expression on a speech is an
under-explored study. This examination provides novelty to the area of deixis. Thus,
this study gives more comprehensive results on the development of a deictic study.
Based on the explanation, the title of this study is “Deictic Expressions Used
in Volodymyr Zelensky’s Historical Speech Text (2022)”.
1.2 Focus of the Study

This research will focus on the study of deictic expressions such as person
deixis, spatial deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis which are used in
Volodymyr Zelensky’s Speech Text published in The New York Times in 2022. This
research will use the theory of deixis by Yan Huang (2007) to analyze it.
1.3 Research Questions

According to the explanation above, this research is formulated into two
research questions below:
1. What are the types of deictic expression found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s

historical speech text (2022)?
2. How does the how does the context of the utterances reveal the reference of
deictic expressions used in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text
(2022)?
1.4 Objectives of the Research

Based on the research questions above, the objective of the research are:
1. To know what types of deictic expression found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s
historical speech text (2022) by using the deixis theory of Yan Huang
(2007).
2. To analyze how the context of the utterances reveal the reference of deictic
expressions used in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text (2022) by
using the deixis theory of Yan Huang (2007).
4
1.5 Significances of the Research
1. Theoretically
This research will contribute additional knowledge to the researchers who
want to analyze deictic expression in speech.By studying deixis in this
research, it will be easier to learn deixis. It can also use to improve the
ability to understand for English language learners to the forms of
deixis.This study helps English learners to understand the context of the
speech,i.e. who are the speakers and interlocutors, who the speaker is, when
the speech events occur, and where the speech occurs. Moreover, for future
researchers, the result of this research was expected to the future researchers
could be a reference.
2. Practically
For the readers who are interested in English, the result of this research was
expected to be useful for the readers to increase their knowledge about
person deixis, space deixis, temporal/time deixis, social deixis, and
discourse deixis area. Especially for those who want to do deixis analysis by
using Yan Huang’s theory.
1.6 Research Method

1.6.1 Method of the Research
This research used a qualitative research method which was descriptive
i i i i i i i i i
analysis. The qualitative method is the method of research that used verbal and
i i i i i i i i i
non-numeric data as the basis for analysis and problem-solving (Creswell,

i i i i i
2014). This method is used to find out the words that indicate person deixis,
i i i i i i
space deixis, temporal/time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis and the
i i i i i i i i i
explanation of how the references are used in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical

i i i i i i i i i i
speech text (2022).

i i i
1.6.2 Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is the text of Volodymyr
i i i i i
Zelensky's speech address to the United States Lawmakers Congress (2022) as a

i i i i i i i i i i
primary object. In addition, there is a secondary object the video of Volodymyr

i i i i i i i
5
Zelensky's speech virtually from a war zone, in Ukraine's capital city, Kyiv, on
i i i i i i
March 16, 2022, to help the researcher understand the context of the utterances i i i i i i i i i i i
in the speech. i i i
1.6.3 Data Collection Techniques

In collecting the data used documentation technique, this research
i i i i i i i i
collects the data by reading the whole text of Volodymyr Zelensky's 2022
i i i i i i i i
historical speech. Then identify and classify the types of deixis found in the
i i i i i i i i
speech text. (Nawawi & Hadawi, 1995)

i i i
1.6.4 Instrument of the Research

The research instrument in this research is a data card. This instrument
i i i i i i i
is used to classify deixis in Volodymyr Zelensky's historical speech, 2022. Data

i i i i i i
that been collected are written on the data card. Then the data is analyzed one by
i i i i i i i i i i i
one. (Nawawi & Hadawi, 1995)

i
1.6.5 Data Analysis Techniques

To analyze the data, this research used some steps. First will identify i i i i i i i i
the words that indicate person deixis, space deixis, temporal/time deixis, social
i i i i i i i i i
deixis, and discourse deixis found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech

i i i i i i i
text (2022). Then learn and analyze the context of utterance in the video of
i i i i i i i i i i
Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text (2022). After analyzing the data, i i i i i i i
the last step is to present the results of the analysis and make a conclusion.
i i i i i i i i
1.6.6 Research Design

This research consists of five chapters. In order not to get out of the
i i i i i i i
discussion that has been published, the researcher will describe it as follows: i i i i i i i i i
CHAPTER I: Introduction. Introduction which includes the i i
background of the problem, namely an explanation of why this research needs to i i i i i i i i
be carried out and explaining why the research was conducted. Second, the
i i i i i i i i i
limitations and formulation of the problem, namely explaining the scope of the i i i i i i i
6
research carried out, and third explaining what points are the problems in the
i i i i i i i i
research. Fourth, research objectives. In the research objective, the researcher

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
describes the purpose of the research conducted. Fifth, the benefits of research.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
In this subchapter, the researcher provides two scopes of benefits from this i i i i i i i i i
research, namely for research and for the English Literature Department. Sixth
is the research methodology. This sub-chapter contains any methods related to

i i i i i i i i
the research that will be carried out.

i i i i i
CHAPTER II: Literature Review. This chapter contains a literature i i i
review such as previous researches and theoretical framework. This chapter

i i i i i i i i i i
describes the previous researches and the theoretical basis that will be used,
i i i i i i i i i i i i
namely pragmatic theory and Yan Huang’s theory.

i i i
CHAPTER III: Research Findings. Discussing the research corpus, i i i
namely Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text (2022). And research

i i i i i i i i
findings of deixis research in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text i i i i i i i i
(2022). In this discussion, the researcher explains in detail what words that i i i i i i
indicate person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal/time deixis, social deixis, and
i i i i i i i i
discourse deixis are found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text

i i i i i i i i
(2022) and how this deixis reveals the context of the utterance. i i i i i i i i
CHAPTER IV: Conclusion and Suggestion. Closing in the form of i
conclusions and suggestions. In the conclusion section, the researcher describes i i i i i i i i i
globally the results of the research that has been carried out. i i i i i i i i
In the last section, there are references of research sources and

attachments that support this research. This appendix is an analysis of data in the
i i i i i
form of a text speech from president Volodymyr Zelensky. i i i i i i i
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents important aspects related to the previous research and
i i i i i i i i i i
related to the theoretical framework.

i i i i i i
2.1. Previous Research
Table 1 Previous Research

i i i i
No. Researcher Year Theory Focus of Study

1. Noval Kurniadi 2017 George i i The focus of this research is to
i i i
Yule's i analyze the kind of deixis and i i i
theory i context meaning of the deictic

i i i i
expression
i i in Malala
Yousafzai’s speech on July 12, i i
2013, at the United Nations. i i
2. Anita 2017 Levinson i The objective of the research are

i i i i i i i
1987 to know what kinds of temporal i
deixis words and to know how

i
the use temporal deixis in a

i i i i
Donald Trump’s speech. i i
3. Retnowati
i 2019 Yule's and i The objective of the research is
i i i i i i
Levinson's
i to find out about deixis words i
theories i i used in Donald Trump's Speech

i i i
to the UN General Assembly. i i i i
4. Aas Asmarita and 2019 Levinson i To analyze the type of deixis i i i i
Acep Haryudin
i theory i and to find out the most i
(2011) dominant type of deixis in i i
Ridwan Kamil's speech at Asia i i
Africa Conference (KAA) on i i i
April 24th, 2015.
8
Table 2 Differences and Similarities i i i i i
No. Researcher Differences Similarities

1. Noval Kurniadi In the corpus and the The object and the research i i i i i i i
theory of the research.

i i i i methods. i
2. Anita In the corpus, theory, and In i i the i method i of the i
object of the research. i i i i research i i that used i
qualitative i method i and

pragmatic approach.
3. Retnowatii The corpus, object, and This study analyze 5 types
i i i i
theory of the research.

i i i i of deixis. i
4. Aas Asmarita and The corpus, object, and In

i i the i method i of the i
Acep Haryudin i theory of the research.

i i i i research i i that used i
qualitative i method i and

pragmatic approach.
Based on the explanation of previous research on the table above, the

i i i i i i i i i i
similarities of the research are in method. And for the most differences between this
research and the previous research is on the theory used, focus, and the corpus of the
research. The current study examines the study of deictic expressions which are
represemted in Volodymyr Zelensky's Speech Text published in The New York

Times in 2022 with the title "Deictic Expressions Represented in Volodymyr

i i i i i i i i i i
Zelensky's Historical Speech Text (2022)". This study focuses on examining what are
i i i i i i i i
the types of deixis found in Volodymyr Zelensky's historical speech text (2022) and
i i i i i i i i
how does the context of the utterances that was found reveal the deictic expression
represented in Volodymyr Zelensky's historical speech text (2022). By using

i i i i i i i i i
qualitative and pragmatic approach. This study also gives a theoretical contribution
i i i i
regarding the use of Huang's theory (2007).

i i i i
9
2.2. Theoretical Framework
2.2.1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics studies the meaning of someone's speech that is implied il il il il il il il il
behind his speech (Romadi, 2010, p. 10). In line with that, Yule (2006, p.
il il il il i l
5)explains that pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic

il il il il il il il
forms and the users of those forms. Next pragmatics according to Rose and il il il il il
Kasper (2001, p. 2), is delfineld as thel study of communicativel action units

il i i i i
sociocultural contelxt. Communication action includels not only using spelelch acts i i i i
(such as apologizing, complaining, complimelnting, and relquelsting) but also i i i
elngaging in diffelrelnt typels of discoursel and participating in spelelch elvelnts of

i i i i i i i i i
varying lelngth and complelxity. In linel with that Lelvinson (1983, p. 7) delfinels i i i i i i
“Pragmaticsis thel study of languagel from a functional pelrspelctivel, that is, that i i i i i
attelmpts to elxplain facelts of linguistics structurel by relfelrelncel to non-linguistics

i i i i i i i i
prelssurels and causels”. Nelxt Cutting (2002, p. 3) arguels that “Pragmatics takels a
i i i i i i
socio-cultural pelrspelctivel on languagel usagel, elxamining thel way that thel i i i i i i i i
principlels of social belhavior arelelxprelsseld is deltelrmineld by thel social distancel

beltweleln spelakelrs”.
i i i i i
Leech (1993) explains that pragmatics treats meaning as a relationship

il il il il il il
that involves three series (triadic) contexts. Next, according to Jumanto (2011, p. il il il il il il il
34) pragmatics is part of linguistics, both of which are part of communication. il
Therefore pragmatics requires (units) linguistics as a vehicle (text) to transmit

il il il il il il il il
(unit) meaning. Pragmatics according to Huang (2007, p. 1) : il
Pragmatics is a rapidly growing field in contemporary linguistics. In il il
recent years, it has only become a center of intense interest in linguistics and the
il il il il il il il il il il il il
philosophy of language, it has also attracted a considerable amount of attention il il il il il
from anthropologists, artificial intelligence workers, cognitive scientists, il il il il il il
psychologists, and semioticians. il
Based on some of the definitions of pragmatics above, it can be

il il il il il il
synthesized that pragmatics is the study of the meaning of utterances in relation

to certain situations (contexts) which are communicated by speakers and then

10
interpreted by the interlocutors. The meaning studied by pragmatics is not limited
il il il il il il il il il
to what is said by the speaker but is studied by what is meant by the speaker. il il il il il il il il
Therefore, pragmatic studies are studies that involve humans as a whole, humans
as individuals, and humans as social beings. il
According to Levinson (1987), deixis belongs within the domain of il il il il
pragmatics, because it directly concerns the relationship between the structure of il il il il il il il il il il il
language and the context in which they are used. In addition, deixis concerns
theencoding of many different aspects of the circumstances surrounding the

utterance, within the utterance itself. Finally, it can be concluded that deixis
concentrates on the use of context and language structure in the speech event. So
deixis belongs to the domain of pragmatics study.

il il il
2.2.2. Context
In an utterance, there are several aspects of the speech situation or il il il il il il il il il il il
context. Leech (2011, p. 20) argues that context is an equation of knowledge and
background possessed by speech participants. Syafi'e in (Lubis, 2015, p. 87) il il il il il
defines context into four kinds. Namely: (1) Physical Context related to places,
objects, and actions when language use takes place; (2) Epistemic Context relates
il il il il il il il il il il il
to the similarity of background and knowledge possessed by readers or listeners;

(3) Linguistic context related to sentences or speech certain in communication il il il il il il il il il
events; (4) Social Context relates to relations and speakers. So, context relates to
physical and psychological things that occur during speech events, both of which il il il il
make it easier for the speaker and the speaker interlocutor when communicating.
Context has an important role that cannot be separated in the process of

argument reconstruction. The existence of context can help us to understand the

il il i il il il il il il il
meaning of an argument and evaluate the valid or invalid argument (Cummings,

il il il il il il
2007, pp. 5-6) Therefore, in this study context becomes the main tool in solving il il il il il il il
the problems that are built. Context cannot be separated by pragmatics because in
the study of pragmatics, because the context can gives information such as
il i i i il i
participants, identity, location, and time in an utterance. By understanding the il il il il il il
11
context of a conversation, a listener or participant can understand the meaning of
the content of the conversation. Thus, this study takes note of the context of each
utteranceexpressed. So, the meaning of the speaker refers can be understood.

il il il il il il il il il il il il il il
(Cummings, 2007)
From these descriptions, the results of the explanation about context, it il il il i i i i i
can be said that context is a conceptual framework for everything that is used as a
i i i i i i i
reference in speaking or understanding the meaning of speech. The framework

referred to here is a set of roles and relationships that are part of forming
i i i i i i i i i
meaning. Conceptual means that it is in the human mind and is used as an

i i i i i
understanding of the results of thought, experience, or the results of perception

from the human senses. i i i
2.2.3. Deixis
According to Chaer (2010, p. 57), deixis is the relationship between il il il il il il il
words used in speech acts with word referents that are not fixed or can change il il il il il il il il il
and move. As long as the deixis is used correctly, of course the speech act can be il il il il il il il il il il
understood properly. Yule (2006, p. 13) states that deixis is a technical term
il il i l il il il il
(from Greek) for one of the basic things done with speech. Deixis means il il il il il il il il il
"designation" through language which refers to the form related to the context of
the speaker.
il il il
In language activities, the words or phrases that refer to some of these il il il il il il il il il
things move or change depending on who is the speaker, when and where the il il il il il il il il il il il
words are spoken. Words such as me, him, and you are words whose designations il il il il il il
change. The reference of these words can then be known who, where, and when il il il il il il il il il il il il il
the words were spoken. In the study of linguistics, such designation term is called
deixis. Kushartanti (2009, p. 111) states that deixis is a way of referring to

il il il il il
something that is closely related to the speaker's context. Thus, there are
references that come from the speaker, close to the speaker, and far from the
il il il il il il il il il il il il il
speaker. In line with this opinion, Djajasudarma (2006, p. 57)explains that the
il il il il il
phenomenon of deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship

12
between language and context within the structure of the language itself.
il il il il il il il il il il
Designation or deixis is the location of identification or being referred to in

relation to the dimensions of space and time, when spoken by the speaker or the
one being spoken to. il il il
In the field of linguistics there is also a reference term or often called a

reference, namely a word or phrase that refers to a word, phrase or expression to

be given. The center of deixis orientation is always the speaker, who is an

element in the language itself, while anaphora refers in speech both referring to
the word that is behind and referring to the word that is in front. In today's
il il il il il
linguistics, the word is used to describe the function of personal pronouns, il il il il il il
demonstrative pronouns, functions of time, and various other grammatical and

il il il il
lexical characteristics that combine speech with the fabric of space and time in
speech acts. il il
Deixis il is also called il contextual il information lexically il and

grammatically which refers to certain things, whether objects, places, or times, il il il il il il il il
for example, he, here, now. The threeexpressions give orders to designate certain
il il il il il il il il il il il il il il il
contexts so that the meaning of the utterance can be understood firmly. Tenses or
kala is also a type of deixis. For example, then can only be referenced from the il il il il il il il il il il il
situation. Deixis is one part of pragmatics that discusses theexpression or context il il il il il il il
in a sentence. Kridalaksana (2008, p. 45) states that deixis is a thing or function

il il il il il
that shows something outside of language, pronouns, interpretations, etc. Has a il il il il il il
deictic function. Deiktis is related to or has the nature of deixis.

According to Alwi (2014, p. 42) deixis is a semantic symptom il il
contained in a word or construction that can be interpreted as a reference il il il il il il il il il
according to the speaker's situation. Such words or constructions are deixes. So il il il il il il
deixis is a word that has a reference that can be identified through the speaker,
time, and place where the utterance is spoken. Then, a word or sentence has a
deixis meaning if one aspect of the word or sentence changes due to a change in
context. The meaning of a word or sentence that is deixis adapted to the context,
meaning that the meaning changes when the context changes.

13
Based on the several definitions of deixis, it can be concluded that a
deixis is a form of language, either in the form of words or in other forms, that
il il il il il il
serves as a pointer to certain things or functions outside of language. In other

words, a form of language can be said to be deixis if it has a referent or reference il il il il il il il il il il il
that changes or alternates depending on the speaker when expressing the il il il il il il il il il il il il
utterance and is influenced by the context and situation that occurs when the
speech takes place so that a word can be interpreted by its reference with take
into account the situation of the conversation. il il il
2.2.3.1 Types of Deixis
Traditionally, three basic categories of deixis are discussed in il il il il il il il
the linguistics and the philosophy of language literature, namely, person,

place, and time. The reason behind this tripartition is that all ‘pointing’ is
il il il il il
done by human beings, and therefore all ‘pointing’ expressions have to be

related to the uttering person, the place of utterance, and the time of
utterance. (Mey, 2001) Meanwhile, Yan Huang (2007) points out two
il il il il
additional deixes which are social deixis and discourse deixis. il il il il il il
a. Person Deixis
According to Huang (2007, p. 139) personal deixis refers to the il il il il il
identification of the interlocutor or the participant's role in the speech.

Usually expressed (i) by the person's traditional grammatical class, which il il il il il
is reflected in the personal pronoun and associated predicate conventions,

if any, and (ii) by the vocative, which is eg. associated name, title, proper il il il il il il il
names, and their combinations. il il
In this deixis, pronoun consists to three parts. They are first i i i i i
pronoun (I), second pronoun (you) and third pronoun (he, she, it). Pronoun i i i
is also marked by quantity or numbers: usually singular or plural like i i i
English or singular, dual or plural such as Arabic (Allot, 2010, p.57).

i
14
Two points are worth mentioning regarding non-singular of first i i i
person. In the first place, plural of first person does not mean the same as
i i i i i i i i
plural of third person. For example, in English, we does not mean plural i i i i i i i
speakers in the same way that they means more than one third-person
i i i i i i i i i
entity (Levinson S. , 1983, p. 69). Secondly, many of the world’s

i i i
languages have two non-singular first-person pronouns, one meaning ‘we-

i i i i i i
inclusive-of-addressee’ i i i i and the i other i meaning i ‘we-exclusive-of- i i i
addressee’. (Ray 2000: 576)

i i i
For example in sentence: i i i i i
1. We clean up after ourselves around here. i i i i i i i
It creates ambiguity because we in the sentence can be speaker and

addressee, but also can be speaker without addressee (Yule G. , 1996, p.

i i i i i i i i i
11).
Person deixis can also be accomplished by vocatives. Vocatives are

i i i i i i i
NPs that refer to the addressee, but form no part of the arguments of a
i i i i i i i i
predicate. Prosodically, they are separated from the body of an utterance

i i i i i i i i i
that may accompany them. Vocatives in general are grouped into two i i i i i i
types, calls or summonses, as in (2); and addresses, as in (3).

i i i i
2. a. Hey Daddy, look, a spider in the corner! i i i i
b. John, if we don’t leave now, we’ll be late for our next i i i i i i i
appointment. i
c. Doctor Williams, do you think I need a blood test? i i i
3. a. I’m afraid, Sir, we are closing. i i
b. Do you fancy going to a concert of African music, Lucy? i
c. My view, Dean, is that we should set up a new department of

i i i i i i i
linguistics.
15
Three points may be briefly mentioned here. First of all, calls/
i i i i i i i i
summonses, being gestural in nature, are utterance-initial; addresses, on

i i i i i i i i i
the other hand, being symbolic in character, are parenthetical, and can
i i i i i i i
occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. The second point to note is
i i i i i i i i i
that while all addresses can be used as calls/summonses, only some i i i i i i i
calls/summonses can be used as addresses (Zwicky 1974, Levinson 1983: i i i i i i
70–1, Brown and Levinson 1987: 292, Marmaridou 2000: 78–80). Finally, i
as (2) and (3) show, vocatives are in general socially marked. i i i i i
b. Time Deixis
Temporal deixis concerns the coding of points in time and time
il il il il il il
intervals relative to the time the utterance was produced in the speech
event. Before considering how tense deixis is constructed in language, the

first step is to consider the concept of time. As Fillmore (1997, pp. 45-46)
il il il il il il
points out, time is one-dimensional and one-directional. In general, the il il il il il il il il
passage of time is represented in two different ways:

(i) Holding time constant and the "world" moving through time il il il
from past to future; and il
(ii) Keeping the "world" constant and time flowing through the il il il il il
"world" from the future to the past. With respect to the il il il il il il
metaphor "the world moves". il il il
In (i) we can therefore speak of "the years to come"; On the other il il il il il il il il il il
hand, in relation to the "time flies". In (ii) metaphor, we can speak of il il il il il il il
"years to come".
il il
Distinctions can be made between points in time such as "eight il il il il il il il
o'clock" and periods such as "tomorrow night". Periods can be uniquely il il il il
defined by their starting and ending points. They are mostly encoded in the
world's languages based on visible and natural day and night, weeks, il il il il il
months, seasons, and the recurring cycles of the year. Units of time can be
calendar or non-calendar. In calendar usage, period measurement means a

16
naturally given series of units of time of fixed length. il il il il il il
For example: i i
4."July" is a calendar unit. il
On the other hand, in non-calendar use, the measurement of a

period is only used as a unit of measurement related to a particular object

that remains of interest. il il il
In other deictic calendrical unit terms such as today, tomorrow, and

i i i i
yesterday. These deictic names of days divide time into diurnal spans.
i i i i i i i i
Thus today can be glossed as ‘the diurnal span including CT’, tomorrow as i i i
‘the diurnal span following today’, and yesterday as ‘the diurnal span
i i i i
preceding today’ (see also Levinson 1983: 74). Note further that both
i i i i i i i
now/then and today/tomorrow/yesterday can relate to either a time point,

i i i i i i i i
as in (5), or an interminable time period within the relevant span, as in (6), i i i i i i i
or the whole span itself, as in (7). i i i
5. Start the engine now! i i i
6. John is now working as a government’s spin-doctor. i i
7. Yesterday was a public holiday.

i i
c. Spatial Deixis
Spatial deixis is concerned with the definition of place in space in
relation to the speech participants. Spatial deixis deals with the role of
place, indicating the distance or location in relation to the object spoken of

in a conversation. References to previous relative positions of people or

objects are shown by distance theory.

il il il il
17
 Frames of spatial reference i i i i i
Frames of reference, as they are called by Gestalt theorists, are i i i i i i i i i i i
coordinate systems used to compute and specify the location of objects i i i i i i i
with respect to other objects. Cross-linguistically, there are three linguistic

i i i i i i i i i
frames of reference to express spatial relationships between the entity to

be located (referent or figure) and the landmark (or ground):

i i i i i i i
(i) Intrinsic,
(ii) Relative, and i i
(iii) Absolute. i
The first is based on object-centred coordinates, which are

i i i i i i i
determined by the ‘inherent features’ such as the sideness or facets of the

object to be used as ground. This can be illustrated by (8), where ‘the dog’
i i i i i i i i
is the figure and ‘the car’ is the ground. The second, relative frame of
i i i i i i i i i
reference is roughly an egocentric system. It expresses a ternary spacial

relation between a viewpoint, and a figure and a ground that are distinct
i i i i i i i
from the viewpoint. It uses the coordinates fixed on the viewpoint to

i i i i i i i i
assign directions to the figure and the ground. This can be exemplified by i i i i i i i i
(9), where the point of view is given by the location of a perceiver, in this
i i i i i i i i i
case, the speaker. The deictic use of this frame is prototypical. Finally, the
i i i i i i i i i
absolute frame of reference also involves a coordinate system, but one that
i i i i i i i i i i
is based on absolute coordinates like north/south/east/west. This can be

i i i i i i i
shown by (10), where the fixed bearing ‘east’ is used to specify the i i i i i i i i i
relationship between the figure and the ground (Levinson 1996, 2003,
i i i i i i i i
2004, Majid et al. 2004). i
8. The dog is behind the car. i i i
9. The dog is to the left of the car. i i i i
10. The dog is (to the) east of the car. i i i i
18
d. Social Deixis
Social deixis concerns the coding of social positions of speakers, il il il il il
recipients, or third persons or entities and the social relations between

them (Levinson S., 1983, p. 63). Deixis can include social class, social
il il il il
kinship, age, gender, occupation and ethnicity. Social deixis that is defined il il il il il il il
in this way is closely related to human deixis. In fact, there are scholars il il il il il il il
who argue that personal deixis cannot be studied separately from social il il il il il il il
deixis. (Marmaridou, 2000, pp. 79, 81)

il
There are four axes of relational social deixis. Relational

information in social deixis can be represented by: il il il il il il
(i) Speaker and reference (eg referee honor), il il il il il il il il il il il
(ii) Speaker and addressee (eg recipient honor), il il il il il il il il
(iii) Speaker and observer (eg observer honor) and il il il il il il il
(iv) Speaker and attitude (eg formality). il il il il
Referent honorifics are forms that are employed by the speaker to

i i i i i i i i i i
show respect towards the referent; addressee honorifics are forms that are
used by the speaker to show deference towards the addressee. Defined

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
thus, the main difference between the speaker–referent axis and the
speaker–addressee axis, according to Comrie (1976), is that while in the

i i i i i i i i
former, respect or honour can only be conveyed by referring to the target

i i i i i i i i i i
of the respect, in the latter it can be conveyed without such a direct

i i i i i i i i i
reference being necessary. Respectful pronouns such as the French vous

used to address a singular addressee (to be elaborated below) are not

i i i i i i i i i i
addressee honorifics (as has commonly but mistakenly been believed) but
i i i i i i i i i
referent honorifics which happen to refer to the addressee. By contrast, the

Tamil particle -nka is an addressee honorific, which can be adjoined freely i i i i i i i i
to any constituent of a sentence, and which conveys respect to addressees i i i i i i i i i i
only, but not to any referents in the sentence honorifics (e.g., Levinson i i i i i i i i i
1983, 2004, Brown and Levinson 1987: 180). Referent honorifics are more i i i i i i
common than addressee honorifics. i i i
19
Next, bystander honorifics are forms that are used by the speaker
i i i i i i i i
to signify respect to a bystander, including participants in the role of i i i i i
audience and non-participant overhearers. A classic example is the use of

i i i i i i i i i
so-called ‘mother-in-law’ and ‘brother-in-law’ languages in Australian

i i i i
aboriginal languages such as Dyirbal, Guugu Yimidhirr, and Umpila. This i
special ‘avoidance’ language or style/register is used in the presence of

someone, especially a relative, prototypically a mother-in-law, with whom

i i i i i i i
close social contact is taboo. One of the interesting characteristics of such

i i i i i i
a language is that a part or nearly all of its vocabulary has to be replaced i i i i i
by special ‘avoidance’ lexical items. i i i i
Finally, the speaker–setting axis has to do with the relation i i i i i i
between the speaker (and perhaps other participants) and the speech
setting or event. Although the formal/informal style can be said to be

i i i i i i i
characteristic of perhaps all languages to a certain extent (for example,

i i i i i i i i
many European languages have distinct registers for formal and informal
i i i i i i
occasions), the distinction is more firmly grammaticalized and/or i i i
lexicalized in a number of East, South- east and South Asian languages

i i i i i i
including Balinese, Japanese, Korean, Javanese, Thai, and Tibetan. i i i i i i i i
According to Levinson as quoted by O’keeffe, social deixis are i i i i i i i
aspects of the structure of the language that becomes the identity code of
i i i i i i i i i i
the opposite social speakers or can also be referred to as the social

i i i i i i i i i
relationship between the speaker and the listener. Social deixis contains
information about participants in conversations such as, age, kinship, sex, i i i
social class or ethnic group (O'Keeffe, Clancy and Adolphs 55). So it can i i i i
be concluded that social deixis is another information contained in the

i i i i i i
conversation between the speaker and interlocutor on the social aspects of

i i i i i i i i i i
each. The example of forms that are reserved for authorized recipients
placed on most titles of addressees such as:

i i i i i
20
11. Professor, i
12. Mr President, and i i
13. Your Majesty. i
e. Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis refers to the use of linguistic expressions in il il il il il il il il
several utterances to refer to the current, previous or next utterance in the

same spoken or written discourse. For example:

il il il il il il
14. This is how birds evolved from predatory dinosaurs. il il il
15. That is tonight’s evening news. il il il
16. Here goes the main argument. il il il il il
17. In the last section, we discussed conversational implicature, in il il il il il il
this section, we consider conventional implicature, and in the next

section, we shall compare and contrast them.

il il il il
The use of this proximal demonstrative in (14) suggests

il il il il il
information to be conveyed in the following conversation. The same goes il il il il il il il il
for the useof the spatial adverb near at (16) here. In contrast, the deep
distal demonstrative use of (15) refers to an earlier segment of discourse.

The last, this, and next terms in (17) refer to the previous, present, and
next parts of the discourse.

il il il
In addition, some english lexical terms that are intended to trigger i l il il i il il il il
conventional implicatures can also function as discourse deixics when they

il il il il il il
occur at the initial position of the utterance. These may include inil il il il il il il
conclusion, actually, more over, anyways, however, besides, but, even. il il il il il il il il
21
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
3.1. Description of the Data
This study uses Volodymyr Zelensky's Historical Speech Texts (2022) as data
il il il il il il
descriptions, the speech was delivered at the US Congress from a virtual war zone in
the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv. The technique used for data collection in this study is a
il il il il il il
documentary technique. The research material was selected based on research needs
il il il il il il il il il il il il il il il
to collect words containing deix used in the historical speeches of Volodymyr

Zelenskyi in the form of sentences with deictic expressions. After collecting data
manually from 86 sentences, the study classified the data into five types of deixis il il il il il il il il il
based on Yan Huang's theory (2007). Finally, all deixis data were interpreted and
il il i il il il il il
concluded as result of the research. il il il il il
After studying speech and the transcript, this study found five types of deixes
used in Volodymyr Zelensky's speech. They are person, time, spatial, social, and
il il il il il il il il il l
discourse deixis. Table 3.1 below describes the details of the classification.
Table 3 Types of Deixis il il il
No Types of Deixis Number of Utterances

1. Person deictic expression
il 137
2. Time deictic expression il 33
3. Spatial deictic expression l 11
4. Social deictic expression 17
5. Discourse deictic expression il 3
Total 201
22
From Table 1.3 it can be seen that in this study there were 137 person deictic il il il il il il il il i i
expression, 11 time deictic expression, 11 spatial deictic expression, 17 social deictic

i i il i i i i i i i
expression and 3 discourse deictic expression. The type of deictic expression most
i i il i i i il il il i i
often used by Zelensky is person deixis. The use of person deixis plays an important
il il i i il il il il il il
role in how the speaker conveys the message of the speech.

Each deixis expression found has a contextual meaning. This section presents
the results with multiple references representing each category presented. Before
il il il il il il il il il il il il il il il il il
analyzing the deictic representations used in the following speech by Volodymyr

Zelensky, this study intends to tabulate the data collected for the classification of
deixes as described below.

il il il il il
3.2. Analysis of Deictic Expressions Used in Volodymyr Zelensky’s Historical

Speech Text (2022)
Table 4 Analysis Data.1 i
Speech Paragraph Word Types Context of Utterance
Glory to heroes. Thank i i Heroes i i Social The word “Heroes” is i i i
you very i much. Deixis i interpreted or refers toi i i i i
Madam Speaker, i i the meritorious people

i i i i
members i i of the i in ancient times. i i
Congress, ladies and i i
Dat.1 You Person i The i word “You”

gentlemen, Americans,
i i i i
Deixis i refers i i to the i
friends, I am proud to
i
interculators and the i i
greet i i you from

member of congress.
i i i
Ukraine, i from our

Madam Social The word “Madam” i
capital city of Kyiv, a

speaker i i Deixis i interpreted as an older i i i i
city that is under i
woman in French. i
missile and airstrikes i i
“Speaker” i i means i a
23
from Russian troops moderator i in a
every
i i day. But it discussion. In other i
doesn’t give up, and i i words, “Madam

we i have i not even
i i speaker” i i means i a
thought about it for a woman who leads a i
second, just like many

i i discussion.
other i cities i and
Member of i i Social “Melmbelrs i i of thel i
communities i in our
the congress
i i Deixisi Congrelss”, melans thel i i i
beautifuli country,
peloplel i i who arel i
which found
officially prelselnt to i i
themselves in the worst

i i i i
discuss thel topics. i
war since World War i
II. Ladies and i Social The word “Ladiels and i i
gentlemen
i i i Deixisi gelntlelmeln” melans thel
i i i i i
peloplel i i who arel i
officially prelselnt to i i
discuss thel topics. i
Americans i Social The i “Americans” i
Deixisi refers to the American

i i i i
people i i who were i i
present or not, but still

i i
witnessed i i the i
discussion.
Friends i Social The word “Friends” i i
Deixisi refers to the people

i i i i i
who witnessed i i the i
discussion.
I am Person
i The word “I’m“ is i
Deixisi interpreted i i i as
24
Zelensky.
i i
Our Person
i The word “Our” is i
Zelensky
i i and the i
Ukrainian people. i i
"Our" is exclusivei i
indicates Zelensky and i i i
the Ukrainian people.

i i i
Capital city Spatial The word “lCapital city

i
of Kyiv Deixisi of Kyiv” melans thel i i
placel that thel Russian i i
troops attackeld i or
invadeld. i
Russian Social The i word “Rssian

troops Deixisi troops” is refers or i i
interpreted i i i as the i
official army from

Russia that attacked i
Ukraine. i
Everyday
i i Time i “Elvelry day” melans
i i i
Deixisi attack duration by

Russian troops on
Ukrainel which havel i i
not 25 topped until i
now.
It Person
i The i word “It” is
Ukrainian people i i
25
especially in Capital
i i
city of Kyiv.
Themselvesi i i Person i The i word

Deixis i “Themselves” refers to i i i i i
the Ukrainian people i i i
who become i i the i
victims.
Since World i Time i “Since World War II” i
War II. Deixis i means i the i bad

experience
i i i i that
Ukrainian people have i i i
after i previously i
experiencing the war

i i i i
between Ukraine and

i i i i
Russia in 1939 – 1945.
Table 5 Analysis Data.2

i
I have the honor to i i I Person

i The i word “I” is
greet you on behalf of
i i i Deixisi interpreted as Zelensky
i i i i i
the Ukrainian people,

i i i
You Person
i The word “You” is i
Dat.2 brave and freedom- i i i
Deixisi interpreted or refers to

i i i i i
loving people who, for i i
the interculators.
i i
eight years, have been

i i i i i
Eight Years
i i Time i The word “Elight yelars”
i i i
resisting the Russian

i i
Deixisi melans thel timelof thel

i i i i
aggression, those whoi i
Ukrainian-Russian war
give their best sons
i i i
that has gonel through i
26
and daughters to stop i sincel 20 Felbruary 2014 i i
this full-scale Russian i in thel i Crimela i and

invasion. Right now, Donbas relgion. i
the destiny of our

i i
Those i Personi Thel words “Thosel” is

i i
country is being i
Deixis i interpreted i i i as thel i
decided, the destiny of

i i i i
parelnts i of thel i
our people, whether i i i i
Ukrainian army.
Ukrainians will be i
free, whether they will

i i i i i
Right now Time Deixis The words “Right now”
i i i
be able to preserve
i i i i i
are interpreted as the
i i i i i
their democracy.
i i
Ukraine’s Resurrection i i i
Day.
Their
i Personi Thel words “Thelir” is
i i
Deixis i interpreted i i i as the i
possessive pronoun ofl i i
parelnts i of thel i
Ukrainian army.
Our Personi The word “Our” is i
Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky

i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

people.
i i "Our" is
exclusive
i i indicates i
Zelensky i i and the i
They i Personi The word “They” is i i
Their
i Personi Thel words “Thelir” is
i i
27
Deixis i possessive pronoun ofl i i

i
Russia has attacked i Us Personi The word “Us” is refers i i i
not just us, not just our Deixis i to Zelensky and the i i i
land, not just our Ukrainian people. "Us" i i
cities. It went on a
i i is exclusive indicates i i i
brutal offensive i i Zelensky i i and the i
against our values, i Ukrainian people. i i
basic human values. It i
threw tanks and planes

i i

i i i i i
against our freedom, i i
and the i Ukrainian

against our right to
people. i i "Our" is
live freely in our own
i i i
Dat.3 country, choosing our exclusive

i i indicates i
own future, against our i
desire for happiness,

i i i
It Personi The word “It” refers to i i i
against our national

Deixis i the Russian troops that
i
dreams, just like the

i i i
attacked Ukraine cities. i i i
same i dreamsi you

have, you Americans. i i
You Personi The word “You” refers i i i
Deixis i to the Americans as the i i i
referee.
i i i i
Americansi Social The “Americans” refers i i i i
Deixis i to the American people i i i i
who were present or i i i i
not, but still witnessed i i
28
the discussion.
i

i
Just like anyone else i i i i In the i Spatial The word “I” in the
i i
in the United States, I i i i United i Deixisi United States” refers to i i i i
remember
i i i your States i the other Americans
i i i
national memorial in i who did not attend the i i
Rushmore, the faces i i i congress. i
of your prominent i
I Person
presidents, those whoi i i

i i i i i
laid the foundation of i
the speaker, Zelensky.

i i i i i
the United States of

i i i
Your Person
i The word “Your” refers
i i i
America as it is today: i
Deixisi to the i possessive i i
democracy,
i
pronoun of Americans i
Dat.4 independence, i i i i
as the referee. i i i i i
freedom, and care for

i i i
everyone, for every

i i i i i
In Spatial The i word “In
person, for everyone
i i i i
Rushmore i Deixisi Rushmore” refers to the i i i i
who works diligently, i

mountain carved with i
who lives honestly, i i

the faces of fsmous
i i
who respects the law. i i i

United i States’s i
We in Ukraine want i i
prominent i presidents i i
the i same i for our who have had a lot of i
people, i i all that is influence i i on the i
normal part of your development

i i i of the i
own life. i
United i States i of
America, i located i in
state i of Pennington, i
29
South of the Dakota i
region, United States of

i i i
America. i
Prominent i Social The word “Prominent i i
presidents
i i Deixisi presidents” means thei i i i
position of someone i i
who leads a country in i
the past. The context is,

i i i
Zelensky refers it to the

i i i i i
past Americans i
prominent i presidents i i
whose i faces i were i i
carved in the mount i i
Rushmore. i
Those i Person
i The i word “Those” i
Deixisi refers to the Americans

i i i i
prominent presidents. i i i
Today Time i The i word “Today”

Deixisi means the worlds at
i i
this time. i
We
i Person
i The i word “We” i is
Deixisi interpreted as Zelensky i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

people. i i "We" i is
exclusive
i i indicates i
In Ukraine i Spatial “in Ukraine” means in i i
30
Deixisi the place that become
i i i i
the target of invasion.

i i
In context, Ukrainian i
people as the victims

i i i
also have dreams. i i
Our Person
and the i Ukrainian

exclusive
i i indicates i

i
Ladies and gentlemen, i i i i Ladies and i Social “Ladies i and

friends, Americans, in
i i gentlemen,
i i i Deixisi gentlemen” referes to
i i i i i i
your great history, you i friends, i the i people i i who

have pages that would
i i Americans i attended the congress. i i i i
allow you to Both men and women. i i
understandUkrainians,
i
Dat.5
understand i us now “Friends” i is the i
when we need you,

i i i i designation
i for
right now. Remember i i i colleagues i i from
Pearl Harbor, terrible
i i i President i i Zelensky, i i
morning of Dec. 7, i who attended i i the i
1941, when your sky i congress. i
was black from the i
planes attacking you. i “Americans” i is a
31
Just remember i i i it. nickname for people i i i
Remember September
i i i i i i who live in America. i i
the 11th, a terrible day

i i i The i context i is the i
in 2001 when evil i i American people who i i i
tried i to turn your witnessed i i Volodymyr

cities, i independent i i i Zelensky’s speech at
i i i i
territories,
i i in the congress. i i
battlefields, i i when i
I Person
innocent people were i i i i i

i i i i i
attacked, i attacked i
the speaker, Zelensky.

i i i i i
from air, yes. Just like i i
Your Person
i The word “Your” refers i i i
no one else expected i i i i i i
it, you could not stop

it.
You Person
i The word “You” refers i i i
Deixisi to the Americans as the i i i
referee.
i i i i
Us Person
i The i word “Us” is
Deixisi interpreted as Zelensky
i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

people. i i "Us" is
exclusive
i i indicates i
We i Person
Deixisi interpreted as Zelensky
i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

exclusive
i i indicates i
32
Right Now Time Deixis The word “Right now”

i i i
refers to the real time

i i i i i
when the congress was i i i
held. i
Dec. 7, i Time Deixis The word “Dec. 7,

i i i i
1941 1941” is the time when i i i
the incident of Pearli i i
Harbor that Americans i
had experienced. i i i i
September
i i i Time Deixis The word “September
i i i i i i
the 11th i the 11th” is the time of

i i i
an incident happened i i i
that occurred in the i i
World Trade i Center i i
(WTC) building, in
New York America.i i

i
Ourcountry experience i i i i Our Personi The word “Our” is i
the same every day,

i i i i Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky i i i i i
Dat.6
right now at this and the i Ukrainian
moment, every night
i i i people. i i "Our" is
for three i i weeks i i exclusive
i i indicates i
now,various Ukrainian Zelensky i i and the i
33
cities, i Odessa i and Ukrainian people. i i
Kharkiv, Chernihiv
i
Every day,
i i Time Deixis The
i i i words “Right
and Sumy, Zhytomyr
right now at now”, “at this
and Lviv, Mariupol
this moment”, and “Every i i i
and Dnipro, Russia has

moment, i night for three weeks i i i i
turned the Ukrainian

i i
every night
i i now” means the time of i i i
sky into a source of i
for three i i Russian troops attack

death for thousands of
i
weeks nowi i the Ukrainian. i
people. Russian troops

i i
have i already i fired i

Odessa and i Spatial The i words “Odesa.. i
nearly 1,000 missiles

i i
Kharkiv, Deixis i etc”
i refers i i to the i
at Ukraine, countless i i
Chernihiv i several
i i cities i in
bombs. They i use i
and Sumy, Ukraine where bombs i i i
drones to kill us withi

Zhytomyr are often dropped by
i i i
precision.
i
and Lviv, Russian troops.
Mariupol
and Dnipro

troops Deixis i troops” is refers or i i
official army from

Ukraine. i
Us Personi The i word “Us” is

Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

people. i i "Us" is
exclusive
i i indicates i
34
They i Personi The word “They” is i i
Russian troops.

i
This is a terror that i 80 years i Time Deixis The word “80 years”
i i i i
Europe has not seen,

i i i i means i the i time i of
has not seen for 80 i i Europe
i i first
years,
i and we i are i experienced
i i i i terror, i
asking for a reply, for i namely World War II i
an answer to this terror i i since 1939 – 1945 i
from the whole world. i i
We i Personi The i word “We” i is

Is this a lot to ask for,
i i i i i
to create a no-fly zone i i i
and the i Ukrainian

over Ukraine to save
i i i
Dat.7 people. i i "We" i is

people? Is this too
i i
exclusive
i i indicates i
much to ask,
humanitarian no-fly
zone, something that i i
This Discourse i The word “This” refers i i i
Russia would not be i
Deixis i to the “Humanitary, no- i
able to terrorize our i i i
fly zone” word. i
free cities? If this is

i i i
too much to ask, we i

offer an alternative. i i i
i i i i i
and the i Ukrainian

exclusive
i i indicates i
35

i
You know what kind You Person

of defense systems we i i i i i Deixis i to the Americans as the i i i
need, S-300 and other

i i i referee.
i i i i
similar systems. You i
We i Person
know how much
i i i i i
depends i i on the i
and the i Ukrainian

battlefield, i i on the i
ability to use aircraft, i
exclusive
i i indicates i
powerful, i strong
aviation to protect our i
people, our freedom,

i i i i
Dat.8 Our Person

our land, aircraft that

i i i i i
can help Ukraine, help i i i
and the i Ukrainian

Europe.
i i And you
know that they exist i i
exclusive
i i indicates i
and you have them, i i
but they are on earth, i i i
not in the Ukrainian i
sky. They i do not I Person

defend our people. I
i i i i
Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky.
i i i i i
have a dream. These i i i i
words are known to i
each of you today. I

i
can say I have a need. i i i
36
I need to protect our i i i
sky. I need i i your

decision, your help,
i i
which means exactly i i
the same, the same

i i i i
you feel when you i i i
hear the words, ‘I have

i i i
a dream.’ i

i
Ladies and gentlemen, i i i i Ladies and i Social “Ladies i and

friends, i Ukraine i is gentlemen,
i i i Deixisi gentlemen” referes to
i i i i i i
grateful to the United i i i friends i the i people i i who

States i for its attended the congress.
i i i i
overwhelming support,i i Both men and women. i i
for everything
i i that
your government and i i “Friends” i is the i
your people have done i i i i designation

i for
Dat.9 for us, for weapons i colleagues i i from
and ammunition, for President i i Zelensky, i i
training, for finances, i who attended i i the i
for leadership in the i i i congress. i
free i i world, which

Your Person
i The word “Your” refers i i i
helps us to pressure
i i i
the i aggressor i
economically.
i
Us Person
i The i word “Us” is
interpreted as Zelensky i i i i i
37
Deixis i and the i Ukrainian
people. i i "Us" is
exclusive
i i indicates i

i
I am grateful i to I am Personi The word “I am” is i
President Biden for his

i i i Deixis i refers to the speaker,
i i i i i
personal involvement,
i i i Zelensky. i i
for his sincere i i
President
i i Social The word “President” i i i
commitment i to the i
Deixis i refers to the American

i i i i
defense i i i of Ukraine i
president, i i that is
and democracy i all
president Biden. i i i
over the world. I am

i i
His Personi The word “His” refers i i i
grateful to you for the i i
Deixis i to the president Biden. i i i i
Dat.10 resolution
i which
recognizes all those
i i i
You Personi The word “You” refers i i i
who commit crimes i

Deixis i to the Americans as the i i i
against Ukraine, i
referee.
i i i i
against the Ukrainian i
people, i i as war Those i Personi The i word “Those” i
criminals. However, i i
Deixis i refers to the criminals
i i i
now it is true in the i i

against Ukraine. i
darkest time for our

word “Darkest
i i
In the i Time Deixis The

i i i i
country, for the whole

time” means the real
i i
darkest time i i i i i i
of Europe, I call on i i
time which is the worst i i
you to do more. New i i
time i the i Ukrainian
38
packages of sanctions i people i i have i everi i
are needed constantly,

i i i i experienced.
i i i i
every week, until the

i i i i i
Russian military
i i i i i
machine i stops.
and the i Ukrainian
Restrictions i are i
needed for everyone
i i i i i i
exclusive
i i indicates i
on whom this unjust

regime is based.
i i i
Everyweek
i i i i Time Deixis The word “Everyweek”
i i i i i i i
means i the i time i
Zelensky i i wanted i
regarding
i to the i
American assistance in i i
dealing with Russian

i
troops attack.

i
We propose that the i i i We

i Personi The word “We” is i i
United i States i Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky

i i i i i
sanctions all and the i Ukrainian

Dat.11 politicians in the i people. i i "We" i is
Russian Federation
i i exclusive
i i indicates i
who remain in their i i Zelensky i i and the i
offices and do not cut i Ukrainian people. i i
ties with those who

i i
In the i Spatial “In the i Russian
39
are responsible for the
i i i i Russian Deixisi federation” refers to
i i i i
aggression i against Federation i i the politicians located

i i
Ukraine, from State i i in the i Russian

Duma’s members to i i Federation i i
the last official who

i Their i Person
i The i word “Their” i
has lack of morale to i Deixisi refers to the possessive

i i i i i
break this state terror.

i i i pronoun of Russian.
All Americans’ i
Those i Person
i “The i word “Those” i
company must leave i i
Deixisi refers to the important

i i i
Russia from their i
people who can help

i i i
market, i leave i i their i
Zelensky to take this

i i i
market i immediately i i
plan.
because it is flooded
i i i
with our blood. Our Person

and the i Ukrainian

exclusive
i i indicates i

i
Ladies and gentlemen, i i i i Ladies and i Social Ladies and gentlemen” i i i i
members of Congress,
i i i gentlemen,
i i i Deixisi means the people who i i i i
Dat.12
please take the lead. If
i i i i i members of i i attended the congress. i i i i
you have companies i i Congress i Both men and women. i i
in your districts who

finance the Russian i i “Members i i of the i
40
military machine in i Congress, ladies and i i
Russia, you should gentlemen” means the

i i i i i
put pressure. i i I’m people who attended

i i i i
asking to make sure i i the congress. Both men

i i i
that the Russians do

i and women. i
not receive a single

i i i i
penny that they use to

i i i
You Person
destroy
i people
i i in
Deixisi to the Americans as the i i i
Ukraine. i
referee.
i i i i
Your Person
i The i word “Your”
Deixisi refers
i i to possessive i i
pronoun of the i
Americans i as the i
referee.
i i i i
In your Spatial “In your district”

district Deixisi means some areas in
i i i
the United States that.

i i i
In Russia Spatial “In Russia” the i
Deixisi location of military

machine that financed i i
by United i States i
companies. i
I am Person
i The word “I am” is i
Deixisi refers to the speaker,

i i i i i
Zelensky. i i
Theyi Person
i The word “They” is i i
Deixisi interpreted i i i as the i
Russian.
41
i
The destruction of our

i i Our Person
i The word “Our” refers i i i
country, the i Deixis i to the i Volodymyr

destruction of Europe.
i i i Zelensky himself and
i i i
All American ports i Ukrainians people. i i
should be closed for i i "Our" is exclusive

i i
Russian goods. We — i indicates Zelensky and i i i
peacei i is more i the Ukrainian people.

i i i
important than income i
We i Person
i The word “We” refers i i i i
and we have to defend i i i i
Deixis i to the i Volodymyr

this principle in the i i
Zelensky i i himself, i
whole i world. We i
Ukrainians, and the i
already became part

i i i
Dat.13 of interculators i or
the i antiwar
Americans people.
coalition — a big
i i i
"We" inclusive which i i
antiwar coalition that

means himself and the
i i i
unites many countries, i i
audience are included. i i i i
dozens of countries, i i
Based on the context, i i i
those who reacted too i i i
Zelensky i i tried i to
in principle i to
remind audiences that
Putin’s
i i i
Presidenti i
America, Ukraine, and i i
decision to invade our

i i
any other country have

country — but we
i i
becomei i an anti-war
need to move on and
i i i
coalition.
do more. i
This Discourse i The word “This” refersi i i
Deixis i to the i principle i
Zelensky i i mentioned i i
42
before. i i
Those i Person
Deixis i refers to the people

i i i i i
who support president i i
Putis’s decision
i to
invade i Ukraines i
country
President
i i Social “President” means the i i i i
Deixis i position of someone i i
who leads a country. i
The i context i is
president i i of Russia
country.

i
We need to create
i i i i i We i Person i The word “We” is i i
new tools to respond

i i Deixis i interpreted as Zelensky i i i i i
quickly and stop the i and the i Ukrainian

war. The i full-scale i people. i i "We" i is
Dat.14 Russian invasion of exclusive

i i indicates i
Ukraine, which began i i Zelensky i i and the i
on February 24th. And

i Ukrainian people. i i
it would be fair if it i
On February Time Deixis “On

i i i February i 24th”
ended in a day, in 24
i i
24th means i attack by

hours, that evil would i
Russian troops against

be i punished i
Ukraine i starting on
43
immediately. Today, i i February 24th, 2022.
i
the world does not

i i In a day, in Time Deixis “A day” and “in 24
i i
have such tools. The

i i 24 hours hours” means Zelensky i i i
war of the past have i i hopes i that if the i
prompted i our Russian invasion is

predecessors to create
i i i i i only carried out for 1 i
institutions that day, this will be fair for i
should protect i us Ukraine, i which will

from war. But they i immediately i i revenge i i i
unfortunately i don’t its attack.

work. We see it, you i i i
Today Time Deixis “Today”

i i means i the i
see it.
i i
worlds at this time i
Past Time Deixis “Past”

i i means i the i
events
i i of war in
ancient times. i i
Our Personi The word “Our” refers i i i

Zelensky i i himself, i
interculators i or
Americans i people. i i
"we" inclusive which i i
means Zelensky and

i i i
audience. Because the i i i i i
utterance is persuasion
i i i
and the position of i
"we" is as an object i i
then followed by "Our"

i i
44
Us Person
i The word “Us” refers i i i
Deixisi to the i Volodymyr

Zelensky
i i himself, i
interculators i or
Americans i people. i i
"We" inclusive which i i
means Zelensky and

i i i
audience. Because the i i i i i
utterance is persuasion
i i i
and the position of i
"we" is as an object i i
then followed by "us"

i i
Predecessors
i i i Social “Predecessors” can be i i i i
Deixisi interpreted i i i as the i
people who held a job

i i i
or office before the i i i i
current holder. i i

i
So we need new ones, i i i i i We i Person i The word “We” is i i
new institutions, new

i i Deixis i interpreted i i i as
Dat.15 alliances, and we offer i i i Zelensky i i and the i
them. We propose to
i i i Ukrainian people. i i
create an association,
i i "We" i is exclusive i i
U-24, United i for indicates Zelensky and i i i
Peace,i i a union of the Ukrainian people.

i i i
45
responsible
i i countries i In 24 hours Time i “In 24 hours” means i
that have the strength i i i Deixisi the i delivery i i time i
and consciousness to i expected by Zelensky

i i i i i
stop conflicts and the i Ukrainian

immediately, i i provide i people regarding the
i i i i
all the i necessary i i support or assistance i
assistance in 24 hours i needed, which is 1

i i i
if necessary,
i i even i i day.
weapons, if necessary.
i i i
You Person
i The word “You” is i
Sanctions,humanitarian
Deixisi refers not only to the
i i i
support, political
Americans i as the i
support, finances, i
member i i of the i
everything you need to

i i i i
congress, i bust also

keep the peace and
i i i i i
refers to all of the

i i i
quickly save the world, i i
people in the whole

i i i i
to save i lives. i In
world as the listener of i i i
addition, such
the speech. i i i
association, such union

could provide i
Those i Person
assistance to those who i i

Deixisi reefers to the “Victim”
i i i i
are i experiencing
i i i
or designated to a i i
natural disasters, man- i

person i who suffers i
made disasters, who i i

physical, mental, i
fell i victims to and/or economic

i
humanitarian crisis, or losses. i The i context i
epidemics.
i i
here is the victims of
i i i
the covid pandemic.

i i
46
i
Remember i i i how Months, Time i “Months” and “Years” i
difficult it was for the i yearsi Deixisi means the time it takes
i i i i
world to do the i the world to overcome

i i i
simplest thing? Just to i Covid.

give vaccines, vaccines i i i
Ladies and i Social Ladies and gentlemen” i i i i
against Covid to save i
gentlemen,
i i i Deixisi means the people who
i i i i
lives, to prevent new

i i i i
Americans i attended the congress.

i i i i
strains. The i world

Both men and women. i i
spent i months, years

i
doing things like that i
“Americans” i is a
much faster to make i i
nickname for people i i i
sure i there i i are i no

who live in America. i i
human losses, i no
Dat.16 victims. The context is the i i i
Ladies i and
American people who i i i
gentlemen, Americans,
i i i i
witnessed Volodymyr i i
if such alliance would i
Zelensky’s speech at
i i i i
exist today that is U-

i
the congress.
i i
24, we would be able i i i
We i Person
i The word “We” refers i i i i
to save thousands of i

lives in our country, in
i
Zelensky
i i himself, i
many countries of the i i
Ukrainians, listener, i i
world.
and the interculators i i
or Americans people. i i i
In context, Zelensky i i i
tried to interact with

i i
the i audiences i i by
inviting the audience i i i
to rememberi i i the i
47
Covid pandemic i
which has claimed i
many victims. In this

case, Zelensky used i i i i
means i Zelensky i i
conluded i himself, i
Americans, i and the i
other people in any i i i
countries. i
Our Person
i The word “Our” refers
i i i

Zelensky
i i himself, i
Ukrainians, listener, i i
and the interculators i i
or Americans people. i i i
In context, Zelensky i i i
tried to interact with

i i
the i audiences i i by
inviting the audience i i i
to remember
i i i the i
Covid pandemic i
which has claimed i
many victims. In this

case, Zelensky used i i i i
means i Zelensky i i
conluded i himself, i
Americans, i and the i
other people in any i i i
48
countries. i
In our Spatial The i word “In our

country Deixis i country” refers i i not
only to save people i i i
who lives in Ukraine i i
and United States. But i i
also save i all the i
people in the whole

i i i i
world.

i
Those who need peace, i i i i i Months, Time i “Months” and “Years” i
those i who suffer i years

i Deixis i means the time it takes
i i i i
inhumane destruction. i i the world to overcome

i i i
I ask you to watch one i Covid.

video — video of what
i i
Those i Personi The i word “Those” i
the Russian troops did

i
Deixis i refers to the Ukainians

i i i
in our country, in our

Dat.17 land. We have to stop people as the victims.
i i i
i i
I Personi The word “I“ refers to

i i i
it. We must prevent it, i i i
Deixis i the i speaker, i i
preventively
i i i destroy
i
Volodymyr Zelensky. i i
every single aggressor

i i i i
who seeks to subjugate i i i

You Personi The i words “You”
other nations. Please
i i i
Deixis i refers
i i to the i
watch the video. i i

Americans people as i i i
the member of the

i i i i
congress. i
49
troops Deixis i troops” is refers or i i
official army from

Ukraine. i
Our Personi The word “Our” refers

i i i

Zelensky himself and
i i i

i i i
"Our" is exclusive
i i
indicates Zelensky and i i i

i i i
In our Spatial “In our country”

country Deixis i means i the i Ukraine i
cities. i
In our land Spatial “In our land” means i
Deixis i Ukraine cities. i i

i
And in the end, to sum i i Today Time i “Today” means i the i
it up, today — today Deixis i day on which the i
Dat.18 it’s not enough to be

i i congress i was held. i
thei leader
i i of the i The context is, refers
i i i i
nation. Today it takes i to the real time.. i i i
to be the leader of the

i i i i i
50
world, being the leader i i i i Your Personi The i words “Your”
of the world means to i i Deixis i refers
i i to the i
be the leader of peace.

i i i i i i Americans people as
i i i
Peace in your country

i i the member of the
i i i i
doesn’t i depend i i congress. i
anymore only on you i You Personi The i words “You”

and your people. It i i Deixis i refers
i i to the i
depends on those next

i i i i Americans people as
i i i
to you and those who i the member of the

i i i i
are i strong. Strong congress. i
doesn’t i mean i big.

Those i Personi The i word “Those” i
Strong is brave and i
Deixis i refers to the people

i i i i i
ready to fight for the

i i
who brave and ready i i
life of his citizens and i i
to fight for life. i
citizens of the world. i i
For human rights, for

freedom, for the right
i i i
to live decently, and to i i i
die when your time i i i
comes, and not when i i
it’s wanted i by
someone else, by your i i i i
neighbor.
i

i
Dat.19 Today, the Ukrainian i Today Time i “Today” means i the i
people are defending

i i i i i Deixis i day on which the i
not only Ukraine, we i i congress was held. i i
51
are fighting for the
i i Wei Person
i The word “We” is i i
values of Europe and i i i Deixisi interpreted i i i as

the world, sacrificing
i Zelensky
i i and the i
our lives in the name i i i Ukrainian people. i i
of the future. That’s i i "We" i is exclusive

i i
why today the i indicates Zelensky and i i i
American people are i i i i the Ukrainian people.

i i i
helping i not just Our Person

i The word “Our” refers
i i i
Ukraine, but Europe i i i Deixisi to the i Volodymyr

and the world to give i i Zelensky himself and
i i i
the planet the life to

i i i i Ukrainians people. i i
keep justice in history.

i i i "Our" is exclusive
i i
Now, I am almost 45 indicates Zelensky and i i i
years old; today, my

i the Ukrainian people.
i i i
age stopped when the i i i i
Now Time i “Now” can be i
hearts of more than

i i
100 children stopped i i
Zelensky’s day in real

i i i
beating. I see no sense

i i i i i
time. In context, now i i
in life if it cannot stop i
Zelensky’
i i age i has
the deaths. And this is
i i
reached 45 years.
i i i
my main issue as the i i
leader of my people,
i i i i
Today Time i The i word “Today”
great Ukrainians. i
Deixisi mean Zelensky’s day.
i i i
I am Person
i The word “I’m“ refers
i i i
Deixisi to the i speaker, i i
Zelensky.
i i
My Person
i The word “I’m“ refers
i i i
pronoun of the i
52
speaker, Zelensky. i i i i
This Discourse i The i word “This”

Deixis i refers to the previous
i i i i
sentence i i i about the i
many victims,
especially
i i children, i
that more than 100 i
stop breathing.
i In
context, that was an i
issue for him because i i i
he felt that he had

i i i
failed to save them. i i i

i
And as the leader of i i i I am Personi The word “I’m“ refers i i i
my nation, I am Deixis i to the i speaker, i i
addressing i the i Zelensky. i i
President Biden, you

i i i
President
i i Social The word “President” i i i
are the leader of the

i i i i i
Deixis i refers to the American

i i i i
nation, of your great i
Dat.20 president, i i that is

nation. I wish you to be i
president Biden. i i i
the leader of the world;

i i i i
You Personi The i word “You”

being the leader of the
i i i i i
Deixis i refers to the presiden

i i i i i
world means to be the i i i
Biden. i
leader of peace. Thank

i i i i
you. Glory to Ukraine. i

Your Personi The i word “Your”
Deixis i refers to the presiden
i i i i i
53
Biden. i
3.3. Findings and Discussions of the Analysis Data
A. Person Deictic Expression
The first finding is person deictic expression. In the following table, this
i i i i i i i
research will show all words which are categorized as person deictic expressions
i i i i i i i i i
based on the positions of the person in Volodymyr Zelensky’s speech.

i i i i i i i i
Table 24 Person Deictic Expressions

i i i i i
No First Person (active Second Person (active Third Person

person) hearer) (passive hearer)
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1. I, My - You It -
2. We, Us, i You - His, They, i
Our Them, i
Themselv i i
es i
Then, the person deictic is the word that usually called as pronouns. The
i i i i i i i
pronouns itself can be existed in person or things. The following table, the
i i i i i i i i
researcher also classified the person deictic based on the family of pronouns or in
i i i i i i i i i
the form of pronoun including personal pronoun as subject and object, possessive
i i i i i i
pronoun, possessive adjective and the reflexive pronoun.

i i i i i i i i
54
Tabel 25 Person Deictic Expressions Based on Pronoun Categories
i i i i i i i i
Personal Personal Possessive Reflexive Demonstra

Pronoun as Pronoun as Adjective Pronoun tive
Subject Object Pronoun
We inclusive (5) i i Us inclusive (1) i My (4) Themselves i i i Those (10) i
We exclusive (9)
i i i Us exclusive (5) i i Their (5) i (1)
It (3) They (2) i Your (13)
They (2) i Our inclusive (1) i
I (16) Our exclusive i i
You (31) (26)

His (3)
Based on the table 25, after analyzing the context of utterances it can be
i i i i i i i i i
seen that in his speech, Zelensky used pronouns such as "We" inclusive to refer
to the speaker and active hearer, "We" exclusive refers to the speaker not
including the hearer, "It" refers to the Ukrainian people and Russian troops, i i i i i i i i
"They" refers to the Ukrainian people as the victim and "They" refers to the
Russian troops, "I" and "My" refers to the Volodymyr Zelensky himself, "You" i i i i i i
refers to the Americans , president Biden, and referee, "His" refers to the
president Biden, "Us" inclusive to refers to the speaker and active hearer, "Us"
exclusive refers to the speaker does not include the hearer, "Their" refers to the
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
possessive pronoun of the Ukrainian parents, Ukrainian people, and Russian,

i i i i i i
"Your" refers to the possessive pronoun of Americans and president Biden, i i i i i i i i i
"Our" inclusive to refer to the speaker and active hearer, "Our" exclusively refers i i i i i i i i i i i i i
to the speaker not including the hearer , "Themselves" refers to Ukrainian people,
and "Those" refers to Ukrainian parents, Ukrainian people as victims, criminals i i i i i i
against Ukrainian people, prominent American presidents, important people who i i i i i i i i
can help Zelensky to help him, people who support President Putin's the decision
i i i i i i i i i i
to attack Ukraine, people who experienced natural disaster, and people who are i i i i i i i i i i i
brave and ready to fight for life. i i i
55
B. Time Deictic Expressions
The second finding is time deictic expression. The temporal deictic words
i i i i i i i i i
appear in the form of deictic adverb of time (proximal time and distal time).
i i i i i i i
Furthermore, temporal deictic can also be known through the tense. All of time
i i i i i i i i i
deictic expressions can be seen in the following table.

i i i i i i i i
Table 26 The Encoding of Time Deixis in Zelensky’s Speech

i i i i i i i i i
The Encoding of Time Deixis

Tense
Deictic Adverb of Time
Metalinguistic
Linguistic Tense
Proximal Time Distal Time Tense
Everyday (1),
i i Since World i This moment (1), i Began oni
right now (3), War II (1), eight for three week now i i i i i February 24th (1), i
now (3) today years (1), 80 i (1), in the darkest i i in a day (1), in 24
(10), every night i i years (1), Dec.7 i i time (1) i hours (2), the past i
(1) 1941 (1), (1)

September 11th i i i
2011 (1), month

(1), years (1) i
Based on the table 26, this research found that Zelensky uses encoding of
i i i i i i i i i
time deixis in his speech. The encoding of time in time deictic expressions are
divided by two, namely proximal and distal time. The proximal deictic tells
i i i i i i
about the time that happened near to the speaker and the hearer; while the distal
deictic indicates the distance is far away. The tenses that are categorized as
i i i i i i i i i i
temporal deictic expressions are the simple present tense and the present
progressive thense; while the distal deictic expressions are signed by the simple
past tense and the simple future tense.

i i i i i i i
The proximal informs about the real time or the recent time. It can be
i i i i i i i i i
signed by the adverbial words, the verb forms or auxiliary verbs which include
i i i i i i i
the simple present and the present progressive. While the distal is to explain the
56
time that is far away from the speakers which are signed by the adverbial
i i i i i i i i
words, verb forms, and auxiliary verbs which contain the simple past tense or i i i i i i
the present perfect tense. (Huang, 2007, p. 145)

i i i i i i i
One of the basic types of time deixis in English is the choice of verb
i i i i i i i i i
tense. The verb that explains about current time for example the simple present,
the present progressive and the present perfect are categorized as proximal
deictic; while the verbs that explain about past time, future time are categorized
as the distal deictic. The distal deictic expression deals with the event or
i i i i i i i i i i
accident that happened to the past time relative to the speakers. While the
proximal is the opposite to the distal (Huang, 2007). i i i
Furthermore, according to Lyons (1977: 682) and Levinson (Levinson S. ,

i i i
1983, p. 77) tense is also divided into two, metalinguistic tense (M-tense) and i i i i i i i i
linguistic tense (L-tnese). M-tense is meant the theoretical category of tense, i i i i i i i i i i i i i
whereas by L-tense is meant the linguistic realization of M-tense, typically

i i i i i i i i i
through verbal inflection but also in the form of other periphrastic i i i i i
constructions in a particular language. Generally speaking, all languages have i i i i i i
M-tense, but some lack L-tense. In the latter case, M-tense may be lexically
realized by means of adverbs of time or the like expressions equivalent to

yesterday, this week, and next year. M-tense can be given a purely deictic
interpretation. In such a system, one can easily distinguish past tense (i.e. time
i i i i i i i i i
earlier than CT), from present tense (time coinciding with or including CT),
i i i i i i i
from future tense (time later than CT). Furthermore, one can also distinguish i i i i i i i i
time points from time spans (Lyons 1977: 683). While L-tense is not giving the
i i i i i i
clear time. For example, in the Peruvian language Amahaucan, for example,
i i i i i i i i i
there is an L-tense form which means 'yesterday' if it is used in the morning but
i i i i i i i i i
which means 'this morning' if it is used later on in the day (Fillmore, 1997, p. i i i i
73).
57
C. Spatial Deictic Expressions
The third spatial deictic expressions were also found in Volodymyr

i i i i i i
Zelensky's speech which was appeared in the words: “In”. The spatial deictic
i i i i i i i i i
also has proximal and distal deixis which explains about the distances of the i i i i i
speakers and the hearers are closer or not. All of spatial deictic expressions can
i i i i i i i i i i
be seen in the following table.

i i i i i
Table 27 Deicitc Adverb of Space i i i i
Deictic Adverb of Space

Distal
Proximal
(non-proximal, sometimes relatively i i i i
(relatively close to the speaker)

i i i i i i
close to the addressee) i i i i i
Capital City of Kyiv (1) In the United States (1) i i i
In Ukraine (1) i In Rushmore (1) i
Odessa and Kharkiv, Chernihiv and

i i In the Russian Federation (1) i i i
Sumy, Zhytomyr and Lviv, Mariupol

and Dnipro (1)
In our country (2) In your district (1)
In our land (1) In Russia (1)
Based on the table 27, it can be seen that Zelensky often uses words with
i i i i i i i i i i
the prefix "in". The prefix "in" can be proximal or distal depending on the
i i i i i i i i
context of the speech. Proximal spatial deictic is to explain that the place is
i i i i i i i i
near the speaker. Spatial deictic expression also entails whether something is
near the speaker or not. To know the location's of the conversation if it is near
i i i i i i i i
or far will be defined by proximal and distal. Proximal is when the speaker i i i i i i i
takes a place closer to the hearer and the distal is when the speaker is far away
from the hearer. i i i
Furthermore, Huang has explained the frame of spatial reference which is

i i i i i i i i i i
divided into 3 namely intrinsic, relative, and absolute (Huang, 2007, p. 149).
i i i i i
Intrinsic is based on object-centred coordinates, which are determined by the i i i i i i i i i i
58
'inherent features' such as the sideness or facets of the object to be used as
ground. Relatively, the relative frame of reference is roughly an egocentric i i i i i i i i i i i i
system. It expresses a ternary spatial relation between a viewpoint, and a figure

and a ground that is distinct from the viewpoint. It uses the coordinates fixed i i i i i i
on the viewpoint to assign directions to the figure and the ground. The absolute
i i i i i i i i
frame of reference also involves a coordinate system, but one that is based on
i i i i i i i i i i
absolute coordinates like north/south/east/west. There are also languages, like

i i i i i i i i i i
many of those spoken in Australia, which adopt an absolute frame in place of i i i i i
topological terms such as in, on, or above/below/over/under (Levinson 1996: i i i i i i
134). In this case, Zelensky used frame of spatial reference (absolute) "in" to i i i i i i i i i i
point out some places in his speech. i i i i
D. Social Deictic Expression
The four findings are social deictic expressions. The social deictic words
i i i i i i i
are divided into four types. Consist of, speaker and referent (e.g., referent
honorifics), speaker and addressee (e.g., addressee honorifics), speaker and i i i i i i i i i i i
bystander (e.g., bystander honorifics), and speaker and setting (e.g., levels of
i i i i i i i i i
formality). All of the social deictic expressions in Zelensky's speech can be i i i i i i i i i
seen in the following table.

i i i i
Table 28 Four Axes of Relational Social Deixis

i i i i
Four Axes of Relational Social Deixis

Addressee Bystander Levels of
Referent honorifics
honorifics honorifics formality
Prominent presidents i i i President Biden i i i Member of the i i i Madam speaker i i
(1), President Putin (1), i i (2) congress (2), i (1)

Russian troops (3), ladies and i
predecessors (1)i i i gentlemen (5), i i i
Americans (5), i
friends (3) i
59
Based on table 28, it can be seen that Zelensky uses four types of social
i i i i i i i i i
deictic expressions in his speech. The first is, social deictic referent honorific,
i i i i i i i i i i
he was said Prominent presidents (1), President Putin (1), Russian troops (3),
i i i i i i
and predecessors (1). This research indicates that Zelensky respects the
references. The second is, he was addressing president Biden (2) by saying
“president” suggests that the speaker is using honorific references indicating

i i i i i i i i i i
that the speaker respects the address. The third is, he was said "Member of the
congress" (2), "ladies and gentlemen" (5), "Americans" (5), "friends" (3)
i i i i i i i
suggests that the speaker is using honorific bystander indicates that the the
i i i i i i i i
speaker respects the bystanders or the passive hearers. And the last is, he was
called the speaker or moderator by saying "Madam". This research suggests

i i i i i i i i
that the speaker is using the speaker and the setting indicates that the speaker is
using a level of formality. i i
E. Discourse Deictic Expression
The five findings are discourse deictic expressions. The social deictic
i i i i i i i i i
words are divided into two types. The use of the proximal demonstrative this i i i i i i i i
anticipates information to be conveyed in an upcoming stretch of the discourse. i i i i i i i
The same is true of the use of the proximal adverb of space here. By contrast,
i i i i i i i i i i
the use of the distal demonstrative that refers back to a preceding segment of
the discourse. This is also the case with the use of already. The terms last, this,
i i i i i i i i i
and next make reference to a preceding, current, and following portion of the
i i i i i i i i i i
discourse, respectively. All of the social deictic expressions in Zelensky's i i i i i i i i i i
speech can be seen in the following table.

i i i i i i i
Table 29 Discourse Deixis i i i
Discourse Deixis (Propositions)

Proximal Demontrative Distal Demontrative
This This (2)
60
Based on the table 29, it can be seen that Zelensky used discourse deixis
propositions (proximal and distal demonstrative) in his speech. The proximal i i i i i
demonstrative “this” was used by Zelensky to convey his idea by asking the
i i i i i i i i
addressee about creating a save zone for the Ukrainian people. In this case,
i i i i i i i i i i
Zelensky used the demonstrative "this" to make reference to a following

portion of the discourse. Then he also used two distal demonstrative “this”. The
i i i i i i i i
first “this” refers to the principle Zelensky mentioned before. And the second
“this” refers to the previous sentence about the many victims, especially
i i i i i i i i i i
children who stopped breathing more than 100 times. In context, that was an
i i i i i i
issue for him because he felt that he had failed to save them.
i i i i i i i i i
To sum up, this research found that in his speech, Volodymyr Zelensky
did not only use person deictic expressions to refer to persons or pronouns.
However, in his speeches, he also often mentions certain times in the past,
present, and future, as well as the location he wants to convey to his audiences
(proximal or distal location). He also often shows respect for the positions of
other people he mentions in his speech. There is also some informations that
must be understood by the audiences by understanding the discourse deictic
expressions he uses. As a public figure, Zelensky plays an important role in
conveying information clearly. Therefore, an analysis of the use of deictic
expressions in a speech is very important to do, to be able to find out the
context of utterances in more detail (grammatical analysis) in order to be able
to reveal the reference of deictic expressions used in the speech. So that the
listeners can fully understand the message conveyed by the speaker.
61
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1. Conclusion
The results are that this research found five types of deictic expressions in
i i i i i i i i i i
Volodymyr Zelensky's historical speech to the United States Congress virtually from i i i i i i i i
a war zone, at Ukraine's capital city, Kyiv, that was held on March 16, 2022. The five
i i i i i
types of deictic expressions are person deictic, time deictic, spatial deictic, social
i i i i i i i i i i
deictic, and discourse deictic expression.

i i i i i
After knowing the context of utterances, this research finds the used of person
i i i i i i i i i i
deictic expression is a word that refers to person. Time deictic expression is a word
i i i i i i i i i i
that refers to time, spatial deictic expression is a word that refers to place, social
i i i i i i i i i
deictic expression refers to the social status of referees and addressees, and discourse
deictic expression refers to the proposition of information from Volodymyr Zelensky.

i i i i i i i i
Person deictic expression which appears in Zelensky's speech exists in the form of
pronoun including personal pronoun as subject and object; possessive adjective and i i i i i i i
possessive pronoun and also reflexive pronoun. The time deictic expression appears
inside of the speech in the form of the encoding of time namely proximal and distal
i i i i i i i i i
time, to show the audience about the recent time, past time, or even future time. He
also used tense (M-tense) that easily distinguishes past tense and tense (L-tense) that
shows time that is not clear when it is. Next the spatial deixis appears in the form of
i i i i i i i i
adverbs of space, such as proximal (relatively close to the speaker) and distal (non-
i i i i i i i i
proximal, sometimes relatively close to the addressee). In social deictic, he uses four i i i i i i i i i i i i
forms of social deictic expression such as referent honorifics, address honorifics, i i i i i i i
bystander honorifics, and level of formality in his speech. Then, in his discourse
i i i i i i i
deicitic expression, he used “this” proximal demonstrative to make reference to a

following portion of the discourse. And distal demonstrative “this” to make reference i i i i i i i i i
to a previous idea he mentioned before.

i i i i i i i
62
4.2. Suggestions
After completing the research, the rsearcher expects that this research will give
il il il il il i i i i i i i i
benefits to all parties especially for students, lecturers, and other researchers.
1. The next researcher should use method and theory correctly and collect sources
as many as possible. Finding events or news related to deictic expressions in the i i i i i i i i i i
speech in the media, such as The New York Times, CNN, or BBC to understand
i i i i i i i i
what the information behind the speaker means in deixis he or she used. i i i i i i i i i i
2. The researcher also hopes to contribute thoughts about pragmatics study through
i i i i i i
this research. Through this research, the researcher wants to convey to the
i i i i i i i i i i
students that analyzing using pragmatics study is a solution for those who
i i
undergo lectures while working so that the final project can not only be done by
i i i i i i i i
writing about learning methods but also by writing a thesis with pragmatic i i i
science as the research object. Especially the research about deictic expression.
3. This research also is expected for lecturers. A lecturer is the source of knowledge
and experience for her/his students. The analysis of deixis will complete the
knowledge and experience for lecturers in guiding students to provide many i i i i i i i i i i
things by sharing wide information and experience to them. This study also i i i i i i
expect to add information, ideas, knowledge and strategies for lecturers who
i i i i i i i i i
want to improve their quality, so that they become highly knowledgeable and i i i i i i i i
professional lecturers, especially in deictic expression subject.

i i i i i i i i i
4. Furthermore, this research can give the biggest benefit for the researcher herself.
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
By examining, researchers do several processes, start from the first step: reading,
looking for references, observing, giving opinions, analyzing and presenting i i i i i i i
reports. Then by editing several times to get perfect finding the researcher can
explore their ability become a high thinker, so the research can be enjoyed by
readers, students, lecturers or even other readers and useful for all. By doing
those process gives the big benefits for the researcher to have high thinking skill.
63
REFERENCES
Allot, Nicholas. (2010). Key Terms in Pragmatics. London: Continuum. i i
Alwi, H et al. (2014). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. (Cetakan IX). Jakarta: PT
i i i
Balai Pustaka (Persero). i i
Anita. (2017). AnAnalysis of Temporal Deixis in Donald Trump’s Victory Speech. i i i i
Unpublished Thesis. State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. i i i i
Retrieved i i i from: https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/1234

i i i
56789/37751?mode=full i
Asmarita, A., & Haryudin, A. (2019). An analysis deixis in Ridwan Kamil’s speech at i i i
the Asia Africa Conference (KAA). PROJECT (Professional Journal of English

i i i i i i i
Education), 2(5), 622-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i5.p622-627

i i
Chaer, A. (2010). Kesantunan Berbahasa. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. p.7

i i i i
Comrie, Bernard (1976). Linguistic politeness axes: speaker-addressee, speaker-

reference, speaker-bystander. Pragmatic microfiche 1.7: A3–B1.

i i i i i i i i
Cummings, Louise. (2007). Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. pp.5-6 i i
Cutting, Joan. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Routledge. p.3 i i i
Creswell, John W. (2014). Research Design, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

i i i i i i i i
Methods Approaches (Fourth Edition). United State of America: Sage

i i i i i i i
Publications.
Djajasudarma, Fatimah. (2006). Metode Linguistik: Ancangan Metode Penelitian i i i i i i
dan Kajian. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama i
Edmondson, Catie. (2022). Annotated Transcript: Zelensky’s Speech to Congress.

i i i i i i i i
The i New i York Times.Retrieved i i i i on 05 June, i 2022:

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/16/us/politics/transcript-zelensky- i i i
speech.html i i
Fillmore, Charles J. (1997). Lectures on Deixis. Stanford: CSLI

i i i i i
Huang, Yan. (2007). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University. i i
Huang, Yan. (2014). Pragmatics. UK:Oxford University Press i i
Jumanto. (2011). Pragmatik: Dunia Linguistik Tak Selebar Daun Kelor. Semarang: i i i i
WorldPro Publishing. p.34
64
Kenneth, R. Rose; Gabriele, Kasper. (2001). Pragmatics in Language Teaching.
i i i i i i i i
Cambridge University Press. p.2 i i i
Kushartanti; Untung Yuwono; Multamia RMT Lauder. (2009). Pesona Bahasa: i i
Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta: PT Gramedia i i
Kurniadi, Noval. (2017). Deictic Expressions of Malala Yousafzai’s Speech in United i i i i i i
Nations on July 2013. Thesis. i retrieved

i i i from
https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/37040/2/NOVAL%
i i i
20KURNIADI- FAH.pdf
Kridalaksana. (2008). Kamus Linguistik. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia i i i
Pustaka Utama.
Leech, Geoffrey. (1993). Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
i i i i i i
Leech, Geoffrey. (2011). Prinsip-prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.

i i i i i i
p.20
Levinson, Stephen. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.7
i i i i i i i
Levinson, Stephen C. (1987). Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

i i i i i i i
Levinson, Stephen C. (2004). Deixis and pragmatics. In Horn, L. R. and Ward, G.

i i i i
(eds.) 97–121.
i
Lubis, Hasan Hamid. (2015). Analisis Wacana Pragmatik. Bandung: CV Angkasa

Marmaridou, Sophia S. A. (2000). Pragmatic Meaning and Cognition. Amsterdam: i i
John Benjamins. i
Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D., and Levinson, Stephen C. (2004). Can i i i i
language restructure cognition? The case for space. Trends in Cognitive

i i i i i i i i
Sciences 8: 108–14.
i i
Mey, Jocob L. (2001). Pragmatics: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.

i i i
Miftah, Z.M. (2016). Analysis of Deixis in the Article Selected from The Jakarta Post. i i i i i i i
Palangka Raya: IAIN.

Nasution. (2009). Metode Research (Penelitian Ilmiah). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. i i i i i i
Nawawi, Hadari, M. Martini Hadawi. (1995). Instrumen Bidang Penelitian Sosial. i i i
Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. i i
O'Keeffe, Anne, Brian Clancy, and Svenja Adolphs. (2011). Introducing Pragmatics
i i i i i
in Use. USA: Routledge i i i
65
Raty et al. (2018). The Analysis of Deixis and Its Reference Used by Main Character
i i i i i i i i i
in “A Thousand Words” Movie Script by Stev. Thesis. Journal of English i i i i
Education and Teaching.

i i
Retnowaty, R. (2019). Deixis in Donald Trump’s Speech to Un-General Assembly.

i i i i i i i
Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 13(2), 109. i i
https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v13i2.106880
Romadi, Muhammad. (2010). Pragmatik Teori dan Analisis. Surakarta: Yuma i
Pustaka. p.10
Shibatani, Masayoshi. (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge i i i i
University Press.
i i
Yadav, K. T. P., & Jabeen, S. S. (2013). Role and Impact of Visual Communication in
i i i
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentations. In 2nd Annual International Conference

i i i i i i i
on Language, i Literature
i i and Linguistics, Singapore. i https://doi.
org/10.5176/2251-3566_L313 (Vol. 122).
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. NewYork: Oxford University
i i i
Yule, George. (2006). Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

i i i i
Zwicky, Arnold M. (1974). Hey, whatsyaname!. Papers from the Regional Meeting of
i i i i i i i
the Chicago Linguistic Society 10: 787–801.

i i
66
APPENDICES
Annotated Transcript: Zelensky’s Speech to Congress i i i i i i
President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine addressed a joint meeting of the House and
Senate to press his case for more aid to Ukraine amid devastating attacks by Russia.
i i i i i i i
The New York Times. i i i
Published on March 16, 2022 i
(Edmondson, 2022)
i
Glory to heroes. Thank you very much. Madam Speaker, members of the Congress, i i i i i i i i i
ladies and gentlemen, Americans, friends, I am proud to greet you from Ukraine, from
i i i i i i i i i
our capital city of Kyiv, a city that is under missile and airstrikes from Russian troops i i i
every day. But it doesn’t give up, and we have not even thought about it for a second,
i i i i i i i i i
just like many other cities and communities in our beautiful country, which found
i i i i i
themselves in the worst war since World War II.

i i i i i
I have the honor to greet you on behalf of the Ukrainian people, brave and freedom-
loving people who, for eight years, have been resisting the Russian aggression, those i i i i i i i i i i i
who give their best sons and daughters to stop this full-scale Russian invasion. Right i i i i i
now, the destiny of our country is being decided, the destiny of our people, whether
Ukrainians will be free, whether they will be able to preserve their democracy. i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Russia has attacked not just us, not just our land, not just our cities. It went on a brutal i i i
offensive against our values, basic human values. It threw tanks and planes against
i i i i i i
our freedom, against our right to live freely in our own country, choosing our own
i i i i i
future, against our desire for happiness, against our national dreams, just like the same
i i i i i i i i
dreams you have, you Americans.

i i i
67
Just like anyone else in the United States, I remember your national memorial in
Rushmore, the faces of your prominent presidents, those who laid the foundation of i i i i i i i i
the United States of America as it is today: democracy, independence, freedom, and

care for everyone, for every person, for everyone who works diligently, who lives
honestly, who respects the law. We in Ukraine want the same for our people, all that
i i i i i i i i i i
is normal part of your own life. i
Ladies and gentlemen, friends, Americans, in your great history, you have pages that
i i i i i i i i i
would allow you to understand Ukrainians, understand us now when we need you, i i i i i i
right now. Remember Pearl Harbor, terrible morning of Dec. 7, 1941, when your sky i i i i i i i i
was black from the planes attacking you. Just remember it. Remember September the i i i i i i i i i i i i
11th, a terrible day in 2001 when evil tried to turn your cities, independent territories,
in battlefields, when innocent people were attacked, attacked from air, yes. Just like
no one else expected it, you could not stop it. i i i i i i
Our country experience the same every day, Right now at this moment, every night i i i i i i i i i i i
for three weeks now, various Ukrainian cities, Odessa and Kharkiv, Chernihiv and
i i i i i i i
Sumy, Zhytomyr and Lviv, Mariupol and Dnipro, Russia has turned the Ukrainian sky i i
into a source of death for thousands of people. Russian troops have already fired i i i i i i i
nearly 1,000 missiles at Ukraine, countless bombs. They use drones to kill us with
i i i i i i i
precision. i
This is a terror that Europe has not seen, has not seen for 80 years, and we are asking i i i i i i i i i i
for a reply, for an answer to this terror from the whole world. Is this a lot to ask for, to
i i i i i
create a no-fly zone over Ukraine to save people? Is this too much to ask,
i i i i i i i i
humanitarian no-fly zone, something that Russia would not be able to terrorize our i i i i i i
free cities? If this is too much to ask, we offer an alternative.

i i i i i i i
You know what kind of defense systems we need, S-300 and other similar systems. i i i i i i i i i
You know how much depends on the battlefield, on the ability to use aircraft, i i i i i i i
powerful, strong aviation to protect our people, our freedom, our land, aircraft that
i i i i i i
can help Ukraine, help Europe. And you know that they exist and you have them, but
i i i i i i i i i
they are on earth, not in the Ukrainian sky. They do not defend our people. I have a
i i i i i i i i i i
68
dream. These words are known to each of you today. I can say I have a need. I need to
i i i i i i i i i i
protect our sky. I need your decision, your help, which means exactly the same, the
i i i i i i i i i i
same you feel when you hear the words, ‘I have a dream.’
i i i i i i i i
Ladies and gentlemen, friends, Ukraine is grateful to the United States for its
i i i i i i i i i i
overwhelming support, for everything that your government and your people have
i i i i i i i i i
done for us, for weapons and ammunition, for training, for finances, for leadership in
i i i i i
the free world, which helps us to pressure the aggressor economically.

i i i i i i i i i
I am grateful to President Biden for his personal involvement, for his sincere i i i i i i i i i
commitment to the defense of Ukraine and democracy all over the world. I am i i i i i i i i i
grateful to you for the resolution which recognizes all those who commit crimes
i i i i i i i
against Ukraine, against the Ukrainian people, as war criminals. However, now it is i i i i i i
true in the darkest time for our country, for the whole of Europe, I call on you to do
i i i i i i i i
more. New packages of sanctions are needed constantly, every week, until the
Russian military machine stops. Restrictions are needed for everyone on whom this i i i i i i i i i
unjust regime is based. i i i
We propose that the United States sanctions all politicians in the Russian Federation
i i i i i i i i
who remain in their offices and do not cut ties with those who are responsible for the
i i i i i i i i i
aggression against Ukraine, from State Duma’s members to the last official who has
i i i i i i
lack of morale to break this state terror. All Americans’ company must leave Russia i i i i i i i
from their market, leave their market immediately because it is flooded with our
blood.
Ladies and gentlemen, members of Congress, please take the lead. If you have
companies in your districts who finance the Russian military machine in Russia, you
i i i i
should put pressure. I’m asking to make sure that the Russians do not receive a single i i i i i i i i i
penny that they use to destroy people in Ukraine.

i i i i i i i
The destruction of our country, the destruction of Europe. All American ports should
i i i i i i i
be closed for Russian goods. We — peace is more important than income and we
i i i i i i i i
have to defend this principle in the whole world. We already became part of the
antiwar coalition — a big antiwar coalition that unites many countries, dozens of i i i
69
countries, those who reacted too in principle to President Putin’s decision to invadei i i i i i i i i
our country — but we need to move on and do more. i i i i i
We need to create new tools to respond quickly and stop the war. The full-scale
i i i i i i i i i i
Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on February 24th. And it would be fair if it i i i i
ended in a day, in 24 hours, that evil would be punished immediately. Today, the
i i i i i i i i
world does not have such tools. The war of the past have prompted our predecessors i i i i i i i i i
to create institutions that should protect us from war. But they unfortunately don’t
i i i i i
work. We see it, you see it. i i i i i
So we need new ones, new institutions, new alliances, and we offer them. We propose
to create an association, U-24, United for Peace, a union of responsible countries that
i i i i i i i i
have the strength and consciousness to stop conflicts immediately, provide all the
i i i i i i i i
necessary assistance in 24 hours if necessary, even weapons, if necessary. Sanctions,

i i i i i i i i i i
humanitarian support, political support, finances, everything you need to keep the i i i i i i i i
peace and quickly save the world, to save lives. In addition, such association, such
i i i i i i
union could provide assistance to those who are experiencing natural disasters, man- i i i i i i i i
made disasters, who fell victims to humanitarian crisis, or epidemics.

i i i i i
Remember how difficult it was for the world to do the simplest thing? Just to give
i i i i i i i
vaccines, vaccines against Covid to save lives, to prevent new strains. The world
i i i i i i i i
spent months, years doing things like that much faster to make sure there are no
i i i i i i i i i
human losses, no victims. Ladies and gentlemen, Americans, if such alliance would i i i i i i i
exist today that is U-24, we would be able to save thousands of lives in our country, in
i i i i i i
many countries of the world. i i
Those who need peace, those who suffer inhumane destruction. I ask you to watch
i i i i i i i i i
one video — video of what the Russian troops did in our country, in our land. We
i i i i i
have to stop it. We must prevent it, preventively destroy every single aggressor who
seeks to subjugate other nations. Please watch the video.

i i i i i i i i
[After video plays, Mr. Zelensky resumes his speech in English.]

i i i i i i i i i
And in the end, to sum it up, today — today it’s not enough to be the leader of the i i i i i i i i
70
nation. Today it takes to be the leader of the world, being the leader of the world i i i i i i i i i i i
means to be the leader of peace. Peace in your country doesn’t depend anymore only
on you and your people. It depends on those next to you and those who are strong. i i i i i i i i
Strong doesn’t mean big. Strong is brave and ready to fight for the life of his citizens
i i i i i i i
and citizens of the world. For human rights, for freedom, for the right to live decently,
i i i i i i i i
and to die when your time comes, and not when it’s wanted by someone else, by your
i i i i i i i i i i
neighbor.i
Today, the Ukrainian people are defending not only Ukraine, we are fighting for
i i i i i i i i i
the values of Europe and the world, sacrificing our lives in the name of the future.
i i i i i i i i i i
That’s why today the American people are helping not just Ukraine, but Europe and i i i i i i i i i
the world to give the planet the life to keep justice in history. Now, I am almost 45
i i i i i i i i i
years old; today, my age stopped when the hearts of more than 100 children stopped
i i i i i i i i i
beating. I see no sense in life if it cannot stop the deaths. And this is my main issue as
i i i i i i i i i
the leader of my people, great Ukrainians.

i i i i i i
And as the leader of my nation, I am addressing the President Biden, you are the
i i i i i i i i i i
leader of the nation, of your great nation. I wish you to be the leader of the world;
i i i i i i i i i
being the leader of the world means to be the leader of peace. Thank you. Glory to
Ukraine. Thank you for your support. Thank you.

i
71

SI23005

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SI23005

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS USED IN VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY'S

HISTORICAL SPEECH TEXT (2022)

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

Faqih Ababil, NIM: 11180260000060, Analysis of Deixis Found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s

The aims of this research is to analyze deictic expression represented in Volodymyr

Keywords: deictic expression, speech, pragmatics

Alhamdulillah hi Rabbil 'Alamin, all praises to Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala,

1. Hasnul Insani Djohar Ph.D. the Head of English Literature Department;

Jakarta, March 2023

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………… 8

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDINGS ……………………… 22

CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........... 62

Table 1 Previous Research …………………………………….... 8

1.1 Research Background

1.2 Focus of the Study

1.3 Research Questions

1. What are the types of deictic expression found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s

1.4 Objectives of the Research

1.6 Research Method

non-numeric data as the basis for analysis and problem-solving (Creswell,

explanation of how the references are used in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical

speech text (2022).

1.6.2 Unit of Analysis

Zelensky's speech address to the United States Lawmakers Congress (2022) as a

primary object. In addition, there is a secondary object the video of Volodymyr

1.6.3 Data Collection Techniques

speech text. (Nawawi & Hadawi, 1995)

1.6.4 Instrument of the Research

is used to classify deixis in Volodymyr Zelensky's historical speech, 2022. Data

one. (Nawawi & Hadawi, 1995)

1.6.5 Data Analysis Techniques

deixis, and discourse deixis found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech

1.6.6 Research Design

CHAPTER I: Introduction. Introduction which includes the i i

background of the problem, namely an explanation of why this research needs to i i i i i i i i

research. Fourth, research objectives. In the research objective, the researcher

is the research methodology. This sub-chapter contains any methods related to

the research that will be carried out.

CHAPTER II: Literature Review. This chapter contains a literature i i i

review such as previous researches and theoretical framework. This chapter

namely pragmatic theory and Yan Huang’s theory.

CHAPTER III: Research Findings. Discussing the research corpus, i i i

namely Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text (2022). And research

findings of deixis research in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text i i i i i i i i

discourse deixis are found in Volodymyr Zelensky’s historical speech text

CHAPTER IV: Conclusion and Suggestion. Closing in the form of i

conclusions and suggestions. In the conclusion section, the researcher describes i i i i i i i i i

In the last section, there are references of research sources and

form of a text speech from president Volodymyr Zelensky. i i i i i i i

related to the theoretical framework.

2.1. Previous Research

Table 1 Previous Research

No. Researcher Year Theory Focus of Study

Yule's i analyze the kind of deixis and i i i

theory i context meaning of the deictic

2013, at the United Nations. i i

2. Anita 2017 Levinson i The objective of the research are

1987 to know what kinds of temporal i

deixis words and to know how

the use temporal deixis in a

Donald Trump’s speech. i i

theories i i used in Donald Trump's Speech

to the UN General Assembly. i i i i

4. Aas Asmarita and 2019 Levinson i To analyze the type of deixis i i i i