ID253

FINISHING
MATERIALS AND
RESOURCES 1
WALL COVERINGS

IDR. MAY ANN T. MENDOZA, PIID

PART - TIME INSTRUCTOR
WALL
COVERING
WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
Wallcoverings are a type of finishing
that can be used in both
commercial and residential spaces.
The term encompasses everything
from wallpaper to textured fabrics
and has a range of benefits
including both functional and
design properties.
WALL PAPER
Intended to create an atmosphere in a
room because it has no virtue itself.
Wallpaper is essentially a pattern product,
a flattened form seen in two dimensions
instead of three. Papers are available that
tell the same story as the furniture is
telling and that decorate enough to suit
the character, size and shape of the room.

WALL COVERING
KINDS OF
WALLPAPER
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS
• WASHABLES
CAN ALMOST BE DESCRIBED AS CHEAP VINYL. IT CAN BE WASHED OR GENTLY
SCRUBBED BUT NOT WITH ABRAISIVES.

Joined with a butt joint. Has an obvious sheen. Fumes from cigarettes
1.A.) Vinyl
and gas fires react with the PVC coating and discolors it.

Has a fabric substrate laminated with a solid vinyl decorative surface.

1.B.) True
Considered as "breathable" wallpaper Usage: low moisture rooms, living
Vinyl
rooms

Made of paper but with a protective coat of vinyl. Better resistance to

1.C.) Vinyl
grease and moisture. Classified as scrubbable and strippable. Usage:
Coated
Kitchens, bathrooms
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

2. READY-PASTED OR PRE-PASTED
IS THE DESIGNED FOR THE DO-IT-YOURSELF MARKET IN MIND. BACKED WITH AN
ADHESIVE COATING AND SUPPLIED WITH A PLASTIC TROUGH. THIS MUST BE
SOAK IMMEDIATELY BEFORE HANGING TO ACTIVATE THE PASTE. THESE ARE
MORE EXPESIVE THAN STANDARD PAPERS AND EASY PEEL OFF.

3. UNPASTED
THE MAJORITY OF WALLCOVERINGS ARE UNPASTED. ADHESIVE MUST BE
APPLIED ACCORDING TO THE INSTRUCTION ON THE LABEL. THIS ADHESIVE IS
USUALLY APPLIED TO THE WALL AND NOT THE PAPER. IT IS SUITABLE FOR THE
KITCHENS AND BATHROOMS BECAUSE OF ITS STEAM AND WATER RESISTANCE.
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

4. RELIEF
HAS A RAISED TEXTURE THAT YOU CAN FEEL.

Recognized under the name Woodchip.

Because it contains small wood chips. Comes
4. a) Ingrain
in varying degrees of coarseness. Can hide
Papers
defects of the wall. Can be painted over when
dry.

4. b) Trade names for wall coverings whose patterns

Anaglypta and textures are formed entirely by surface
and Lincrusta embossing to various depths or reliefs
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS
B.1.) ANAGLYPTA A Greek term meaning raised ornament. Made
from heavy white paper, backed with wood
pulp and embossed while damp. Relief
patterns remain when hung. Considered as
textured wallpaper. Can be painted over.

B.2.) More rigid material made from a solid paper

LINCRUSTA backing coated with a putty-like mixture of
linseed oil and filler. A low-relief material that
is pressed while still soft. Decorative
Plasterwork

Papers that have relief pattern which are often

4. c) Embossed
colored and gold or silver leafed.
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

5. FAKE AND FANTASIES

WALL COVERINGS MADE TO LOOK LIKE MATERIALS OTHER THAN PAPER.

5.A.) Fake Fabric a favorite.

5.B.) Flock oldest form of wallpaper.

5.C.) Hessian clean texture, Scandinavian feeling.

5.D) Linen-look papers

5.E) Moire paper is subtly shaded to look watered silk or “shot” taffets.

5.F) Fake Leathers suedes ans some very sophisticated retile skin effects.
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

6. “HARD FINISH” LOOKS

HAS A RAISED TEXTURE THAT YOU CAN FEEL.

Thin metal coating that is highly reflective.

6.A) Foil Papers Can be difficult to work with because it shows
imperfection and gets wrinkled easily.

6.B) Wood Grain Photographically printed to resemble a

Papers variety of wood types.

Made to resemble marble, and are sometimes

6.C) Marble Papers
handmade to give individuality of color.
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

7. NATURAL MATERIALS
HAS A RAISED TEXTURE THAT YOU CAN FEEL.

Tiny granules or slim strips of cork applied to

7.A) Cork
paper backing-materials.

Fine films of wood veneers, silver of wood

7.B) Wood
woven together with cotton applied to a paper
Veneers
backing.

7.C) one of the most expensive and exclusive of

Grasscloth/Burlap these types.
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

8. SCENIC PAPER

8.A) Panel Picture

8.B) Panorama

8.C) Photomural

8.D) Repetitive
KINDS OF WALLPAPERS

9. LINING
USED TO PREPARE WALLS AND CEILINGS FOR
PAINTING. LINING PAPER SHOULD BE HUNG IN
THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE TOP PAPER.

10. HAND-PRINTED
HAND-PRINTED PULPS ARE GENERALLY
UNTRIMMED AND COM FROM SMALL
EXCLUSIVE OUTLETS. NOT RECOMMENDED
FOR THE AMATEUR DECORATORS.
METHODS OF DESIGN
PRODUCTION

• MACHINE

• SURFACE PRINTING

• ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING

• SILK-SREEN PRINTING

• WOOD BLOCK
METHODS OF DESIGN PRODUCTION

• MACHINE
CHEAPEST TYPES ARE CALLED
PULP. DESIGN IS PRINTED
DIRECTLY ONTO THE RAW
PAPER. DIFFICULT TO HANG
BECAUSE OF THINNESS AND
UNEVEN SHRINKING.
METHODS OF DESIGN PRODUCTION

2. SURFACE PRINITNG
LARGEST VOLUME OF PRINTED
PAPERS. ENGRAVE WITH METAL
ROLLERS.
METHODS OF DESIGN PRODUCTION

3. ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING
USES COPPER-COVERED STEEL
ROLLERS THAT
PHOTOGRAPHICALLY ENGRAVE
ROTOGRAVURE PATTERNS. EACH
ROLLER CARRIES JUST ONE
COLOR.
METHODS OF DESIGN PRODUCTION

4. SILK - SCREEN PRINTING

PURELY MECHANIZED OR
PARTLY BY HAND. IT WAS
ORIGINALLY MEANT AS A
SUBSTITUTE TO THE
PAINSTAKING METHOD OF
BLOCK PRINTING.

DESIGNS ARE APPLIED BY

INDIVIDUAL SCREENS. ONE
SCREEN PER COLOR OF THE
DESIGN
METHODS OF DESIGN PRODUCTION

5. WOOD BLOCK
EACH MOTIF IN REPEAT IS
IMPRINTED BY HAND-PRESSING
A SEPARATE WOODEN BLOCK.
WALL VINYLS
Wall vinyls are similar to papers, but
receive a plastic coating that makes them
more durable and easiliy cleaned. They are
typically recommended for wet areas of a
house but also suitable for high-traffic
zones and are most often used in
commercial applications.

WALL COVERING
TYPES OF
PATTERNS
TYPES OF PATTERNS
• RANDOM MATCH
RANDOM MATCHES ARE MOST EFFICIENT OF THE WALLPAPER OR
VINYL TYPES. THERE IS NO PATTERN TO MATCH HORIZONTALLY,
THEREFORE COVERING CAN BE CUT WHEREVER NECESSARY.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
2. STRAIGHT MATCH
REPEAT AT REGULAR INTERVALS ACROSS PAPERS. ON INSTALLATION,
THE PATTERN IS CUT AT THE SAME HEIGHT FROM THE CEILING LINE TO
ASSURE ALIGNMENT.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
3. DROP MATCH
DROP MATCHES HAVE THE MOST POTENTIAL FOR WASTE, AS THE
PATTERN DOES NOT MATCH AT THE SAME DISTANCE FROM THE
CEILING, BUT RATHER AT REGULAR DIAGONAL INTERVALS.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
4. FLOCKED
FLOCKING IS A PROCESS
THROUGH WHICH SMALL
FIBERS ARE ADHERED TO
THE SURFACE OF THE PAPER
OR VINYL, ORIGNALLY
CREATE TO IMITATE CUT-
VELVET HANGINGS, FLOCKED
PAPERS ARE TYPICALLY VERY
ORNATE, AND THEIR SOFT
TEXTURAL QUALITIES CAN
ENHANCE THE INTIMACY OF
OTHER MATERIAL IN A ROOM.
SURFACE
PREPAPRATION
REGARDLESS OF WHERE THE
PAPER IS BEING APPLIED, THE
SURFACE THEY ARE COVERING
WILL REQUIRE AS MUCH
PREPARTION AS WITH PAINTED
WALL.
SURFACE PREPARTION
• SEALERS
SERVES TO PRESERVE THE ORIGINAL LOOK OF A MATERIAL. MAY
HAVE GLOSS, SEMI-GLOSS, OR MATTE FINISHES.

Prepares the surface for the actual finish. Provides a good

base for various finishes. Seals and protects wood by filling in
Sanding Sealer
the pores and hardening the fine ends of the grain so that it
can be sanded away smoothly

Partly soaks into the surface. Moves with the wood to prevent
Oleo- Resinous Seal
cracking. Dries slowly. Tends to darken in time.
SURFACE PREPARTION
• SEALERS
SERVES TO PRESERVE THE ORIGINAL LOOK OF A MATERIAL. MAY
HAVE GLOSS, SEMI-GLOSS, OR MATTE FINISHES.

Forms a hard skin on top that may crack when wood shrinks.
Resistant to moisture and chemicals. Used as sealer and
Polyurethane Seal protection to the varnish. Available in oil-base and water-base.
Vernacular term is Diamond Finish because of its hardness
and shine.
SURFACE PREPARTION
2. FILLERS
BASICALLY USED FOR WOOD. SERVES TO COVER HOLES, CRACKS AND
OTHER IMPERFECTIONS IN THE SURFACE BEFORE ACTUAL FINISHING.

Composed of silex or stone dust, japan-drier, linseed oil, &

turpentine. Applied with the grain and must be dried flat for
Paste Fillers
10minutes before wiping a coarse material across the grain.
24hours drying time before it can be sanded.

Plastic wood putty. Used for filling nail holes, cracks and
Crack Fillers
dents. Used for deeper holes.
SURFACE PREPARTION
3. POLISHES
MAY COME IN SPIRIT-BASED, LIQUID OR SOLID WAX, OR IN EMULSION,
SUSPENDED IN WATER. OVER APPLICATION OF SPIRIT WAX POLISHES
WILL LEAD TO SLIPPERY BUILD?UP OF DIRT. MARBLE OR STONE
SURFACES MUST NOT BE POLISHED EVERY DAY.

4. STAINS
AVAILABLE IN WOOD TONES AND COLORS LIKE RED, BLUE AND
GREEN. SAFEST TO USE WATER-BASED STAINS WHICH CAN BE
SEALED WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTION. HOWEVER WATER-BASED
STAINS WILL RAISE THE GRAIN OF WOOD AND MUST BE SANDED OFF
BEFORE SEALING.
SURFACE PREPARTION
4. STAINS

Pigments are derived from various earth clays. Dissolved in

Oil Wood Stains
linseed oil. Turpentine is used in thinning the oil.

Made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts. Dissolved in hot

Water Stains
water.

Mixed with alcohol solution aniline powders and warmed

Spirit or Alcohol Stain
alcohol.
SURFACE PREPARTION

5. SHELLAC
SEED LAC + ALCOHOL.
NATURAL COLOR IS ORANGE.
WHITE COLOR IS OBTAINED BY BLEACHING. A PREPARATORY COAT
FOR VARNISH AND WAX FINISHES.

USED TO COVER WOOD KNOTS BECAUSE IT KILLS THE RESIN IN THE

KNOT AND PREVENTS DISCOLORATION.
SURFACE PREPARTION
6. VARNISH
RESOLUTION OF RESIN IN DRYING OIL OR IN A VOLATILE SOLVENT
SUCH AS SPIRIT VARNISH. CONTAINS NO PIGMENT AND HARDENS
INTO A SMOOTH, HARD AND GLOSSY COAT BY OXIDATION OF THE OIL
OR EVAPORATION OF ALCOHOL.

4-24HOURS DRYING TIME. SHOULD NEVER BE APPLIED WHEN THE

WEATHER IS MOIST OR HUMID. VARNISH CAN BE STRIPPED OFF BY
USING STRIPSOL. IT IS REDUNDANT TO STATE CLEAR VARNISH.

Oil Varnishes More durable than spirit varnishes.

Spirit Varnishes
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Quickest, easiest and most

versatile of all the faux painting
Spongeing techniques. Adds texture to
walls in random patterns. Best
to use a sea sponge.

Produces delicate, fabric like

texture with a soft variegated
Ragging
appearance. Gives an intimate
mood.
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Achieved by pulling a dry brush

through wet paint to reveal fine
lines or pin stripes of the base
Dragging
color. Creates a feeling of
elegant silk fabric and gives a
luxurious look.

Gives a translucent texture,

fluidity and calmness. Lends a
Color washing
rustic country look. Works best
with earthy colors.
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Creates striated effect with

paint and glaze. This technique
is used to create waves,
Combing
horizontal stripes or checkered
patterns. Mimics the sheen of
opulent silk.
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Straightforward technique that

adds depth to any painted object.
Splattering Adding a variety of grey, black
and white splattering. Very messy
to execute on walls.

Simulating grains of woods with

Wood graining paint and pigments. Vernacular
term is Duco Varnish.
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES

Marbling Creating faux marble.

Employs the use of stencils to add

Stenciling texture, prints and designs to the
wall.
SURFACE PREPARTION
7. PAINT
CONTAINS POLYURETHANE, ACRYLIC OR EPOXY RESIN.
FAUX PAINTING TECHNIQUES
Painting on any large surface.
Employ fresco techniques which
Murals
uses water soluble paints with a
damp lime wash.

Means trick the eye. Also called

Illusionism. Murals that give the
Trompe L' oeil appearance of 3D realism. Due to
the discovery of linear perspective
during the Renaissance.
PAINT TYPES
 PRIMER PAINTS
P
WITH ALL FINISH PAINTS, THE SUCCESS OF THE FINAL SURFACE
A DEPENDS ON THE PREPARATION OF THE WALL OR OBJECT
I PAINTED. IT IS COMMON PRACTICE TO PRIME A WALL PRIOR TO
N PAINTING.
T PRIMER SHOULD BE USED FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: ALL
UNCOATED SURFACES, WALLPAPER, PATCHED/REPAIRED AREAS,
T PANELING, STAINED AREAS, EXISTING OIL-BASED PAINT, AND
Y DRAMATAIC CHANGES IN COLOR.

P WITHOUT PRIMERS, IT IS HARD TO ACHIEVE THE PERFECT

E FINISHING. THE PRIMER PROVIDES A STRONG BASE SO THAT THE
TOPCOAT WILL BOND TO. THE BENEFITS OF PRIMING WALLS ARE
S MANY, INCLUDING LONG-LASTING, BETTER PROTECTION, AND
STRONGER ADHESION BETWEEN PAINTED WALLS.
 PRIMER PAINTS
P
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T

T
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P
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 LATEX PAINT
P
LATEX AINTS ARE MADE WITH A SYNTHETIC POLYVINYL MATERIAL
A THAT IS WATER SOLUBLE, ALLOWING FOR EASY CLEAN UP. LATEX
I PAINT DRY MORE QUICKLY THAN OIL-BASED PAINTS AND RELEASE
N LESS OFF-GASSING ODOR AS THEY DRY. THEIR FAST-DRYING
PROPERTIES PERMIT QUICKER RECOATING. LATEX PAINTS ARE
T ALSO MORE ELASTIC THAN OIL-BASED PAINTS AND, AS SUCH ARE
LESS PRONE TO SUBSTRATE CRACKING.
T
LATEX PAINT IS ESPECIALLY GREAT ON CONCRETE SURFACES. LIKE
Y STUCCO, CONCRETE CAN BE PAINTED WITH SPECIAL LATEX
P MASONRY PAINT.
E
S
 ALKYD PAINTS
P OIL PAINTS TEND TO BE MORE DURABLE AND RESISTANT TO
A WATER AND TEAR. MADE WITH AN ALKYD BASE, THEY DRY MUCH
I MORE SLOWLY THAN LATEX PAINTS. CONSENQUENTLY, THEY
PRODUCE SMOOTHER FINISHES SINCE BRUSH STROKES AND
N OTHER DISCREPANCIES TEND TO DISAPPEAR AS THE PAINT LAYER
T LEVELS ITSELF

ENAMEL PAINTS
T
DRY TO AN EXTREMELY HARD AND DURABLE FINISH. THIS FINISH IS
Y USALLY MADE BY ADDING VARNISHES AND OTHER HARDENDERS
P TO A BASE PAINT. ENAMELS ARE USED ON WALLS, BUT ALSO ON
E APPLIANCES, SIGNAGES AND OTHER ITEMS THAT NEED A
WATERPROOF COATING. APPLYING ENAMEL PAINT ON WOOD
S ENABLES THE PAINT TO LAST LONGER, GIVING THE SURFACE A
HARD, GLOSSY AND DURABLE FINISH.
 STAINS AND VARNISHES
P STAINS, AN ALTERNATIVE TO PAINT, ARE
A COLOR FINSIHES THAT ABSORB INTO
I THE MATERIAL THEY BEING APPLLIED TO
- USUALLY WOOD. STAINS COME IN A
N RANGE OF TRANSPARANCIES,
T CONTROLLING HOW MUCH OF THE
SUBSTRATE REMAINS VISIBLE ONCE
T THESTAIN IS APPLIED.

Y STAINS ARE UNSUITABLE FNISHES

P ALONE AND NEED TO BE VARNISHED TO
E CREATE DURABLE SURFACE. VARNISHES
ARE TRANSPARENT FILMS AND ARE
S AVAILABLE IN SEVERAL SHEENS.
PAINT
SHEENS
P
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P
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OTHER TYPES
OF WALL
COVERINGS
COMMERCIAL - GRADE WALL COVERINGS
COMMERCIAL - GRADE WALL
COVERINGS CAN NO LONGER
BE EASILY CATEGORIZED. THE
TYPES OF MATERIALS THAT
THEY COMPRISE, INCLUDING
THEIR MIXING OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS ON THE SAME
SURFACE, HAVE PRODUCED A
RANGE OF SURFACES THAT
ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY
SOPHISTICATED, WHILE
INCREASING THEIR SENSUAL
AESTHETIC QUALITIES.
ENVIRONMENTAL GRAPHICS
WAYFINDING, PLACEMAKNIG AND DIRECTIONAL GRAPHICS ARE
OFTEN INTEGRATED WITH A DESIGN PROJECT. THE RANGE OF
MATERIALS AND ILLUMINATION TECHNOLOGIES, RANGING FROM
PLAYFUL TO SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS, AID IN THE JOY OF
MOVING THROUGH A SPACE.
ACOUSTIC
AS DESIGNS BECOME
MORE SOPHISTICATED,
THE NEED FOR ACOUSTIC
CONTROL IS BECOMING
MORE OF IMPORTANT IN
THE RANGE OF MATERIALS
A DESIGNER MUST
INCOPORATE. RELYING ON
POROUS SURFACES THAT
HAVE MANY SMALL
POCKETS TO ABSORB
SOUND, THEIR ACOUSTIC
BENEFITS ARE MEASURED
BY HOW MUCH SOUND A
MATERIAL MITIGATES.
TEXTILES
TEXTILE COVERINGS
ARE SPECIAL CLASS OF
FABRICS THAT HAVE
BEEN ENGINEERED FOR
SURFACE INSTALLATION.
TEXTILE ADHERED TO A
BACKING PAPER TO
PROVIDE THE
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
REQUIRED DURING
INSTALLATION AND TO
PREVENT GLUE
ABSORPTION.
THANK YOU!
by: IDr. May Ann T. Mendoza