Transformer Protection

Motaz Al-Fayomi
Senior Protection Engineer
00962795159787
Motaz.fayomi@yahoo.com
The International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE)
Electrical Fault Types :

a-Winding Short Circuit

b-Inter-turn faults Short Circuits Inside of Winding)
c-Short Circuits (Outside of Winding)
d-Earth Fault
 Small Distribution Transformer Protection:
1-Fuses
500kVA Distribution Transformer Protection:
1- OC & EF Protection
500kVA>Tx> 5MVA Transformer Protection:
1- REF Protection
2- OC & EF Protection
3- Oil level/Temp Protection
Tx<5MVA Power Transformer Protection:
1- Differential protection
2- REF Protection
3- OC & EF Protection
4-Over flux protection
5-Voltage protection
6- Buchholz/Oil level/Temp Protection
 ABB Transformer Protection Relays Family

RET615 RET620

RET630 RET670

PCM600 V2.11
REX640 Protection and Control IED
Manager
OVER CURRENT
O/C Relay Testing

1-Pickup Testing
2- Timing Test
 CONSTANTS

A P
IEC CURVE TYPE TIME (sec)
0.14 0.02 10.029
NORMAL INVERSE
13.5 1 13.500
VERY INVERSE
0.14 0.02 10.029
INVERSE
80 2 26.667
TOC

EXTREMLY INVERSE
0.05 0.04 1.778
SHORT TIME INVERSE

120 1 120.000
LONG TIME INVERSE

1
K1(TMS) set
1.15
I1> (set)
2.3
I(inj)

I(inj)/I1> (set)
2

TOC:TIME OVER CURRENT

 RI and RD-type inverse-time characteristics

The RI-type simulates the behavior of electromechanical relays.

The RD-type is an earth-fault specific characteristic.

 Number of start phases

"1 out of 3", the operation of PHxPTOC is enabled with the presence of high current in
one-phase.

"2 out of 3" or "3 out of 3", single-phase faults are not detected.

"3 out of 3" requires the fault to be present in all three phases.
 Measurement modes

• RMS

RMS consists of both AC and DC components.

• DFT which is a numerically calculated fundamental component of the signal

DFT : Discrete Fourier Transform
The fundamental frequency component of the measured signal is numerically
calculated from the samples.

• Peak-to-peak
The measurement quantity is made by calculating the average from the positive and
negative peak values. The DC component is not included.
 Type of reset curve

Immediate reset
Timer resets immediately

Definite time reset

The time determined with the Reset delay time setting after the current drops below the
set Start value

Inverse reset
• available only for ANSI (IEEE) and user programmable curves.
• If you use other curve types, immediate reset occurs
Standard delayed inverse reset
 EARTH FAULT RELAY
50N/51N Residual connection 50G/51G Neutral connection
Differential Protection (87) Application
The ratio of operate coil and restraint coil is 20%
(Iop/Ires) =((10A/50A)=0.2 , 0.2 * 100 =20%)
The pickup setting of this relay is 25% so the restraint coil is applying more force than
the operate coil and the relay will NOT TRIP
 Method Manufacturer

Siemens relay series 7UT51x, 7UT6x, 7UM62x...: K1=1

Siemens relay series 7SD5x, 7SD6x, 7SD8x
GEC /AREVA relays series KBCH...: K1=2
AREVA relay series P530C: K1=2
(|Ip|+|Is|)/K1
Schweitzer relay series SEL487E, SEL787, SEL700G, K1=1

Schweitzer relay series SEL300G, SEL387: K1=2

Toshiba relay series GSRT100: K1=2
ABB relay series RET615, RET620: K1=2
(Ip-Is)/K1 AEG relay series PQ7...: K1=2
Various conventional relays: K1=1
GE Multilin relay SR 745 (depending on its firmware)
(|Ip|+|Is|×K2)/K1
K2 fixed to 1, K1=2 and for three-winding transformers K1=3

ABB relay series RED670, RET670

Siemens relay series 7UM8x, 7UT8x
Means: the bigger one
max (|Ip|, |Is|) of the two values. GE relay series SR745, G60, M60, T60, L90
ELIN relays series DRS...
GE Multilin relay SR 745 (depending on its firmware)

Means: the smaller

min (|Ip|, |Is|) one of the two values.

where "a" is the angle ABB relay series RET316

sqrt (Ip×Is×cos (a) ) between Ip and Is. NSE differential relays
(|Ip| + |Is| - |Idiff|)/K1 ZIV transformer differential relays, such as the 8IDV
 Operating Characteristic

Idiff=|Ip-Is|
ID>> Trip Characteristic
Sum

Blocking
Saturation
Tap changer/
Leakage

ID>
Magnetization

Ibias=|Ip|+|Is|
Fault inside protected Zone Internal
High Diff current

Fault outside protected Zone

Fault
High Bias current

Normal Situation
External
Diff current is zero
Bias current according
Fault
to load current No Fault
 Combined Characteristic

Half of the coordinates =

Doubling of the characteristic
Idiff
diff / Inn
Idiff / In
6,0 6,0

5,0 5,0

4,0
Trip 4,0
D
L1 + L2 + L3 Trip
3,0 3,0 D
L1 L2 + L3
D Characteristic
2,0 2,0
L2 + L3 L2 + L3
≥1 Trip
only L1 no Trip (OR)
1,0 1,0

0,0 0,0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
IIbias
bias // IInn Ibias / In
Low operate value (Basic setting)
-CT errors
-Varying tap change position
(if not compensated)
-Transformer no-load current

-Transformer over-magnetization U/f <

-Setting Range 5-50%

• ≥ 20% for transformers
• ≥ 5% for generators
 End Section 1
-Fixed to 0.5xIn

Slope Section-2
-Differential current caused by CT error
and tap-changer position (if not
compensated) increase at the same
ratio as load current increases

-Setting Range 10-50%

 End Section 2
-CT Saturation at high through fault cases

-Setting Range 10-50%

• 1.5-2.0 for transformers

• 1.0-1.5 for generators

• 1.0 for motors

D
D
D
≥1 Trip
(OR)
Low-impedance Restricted Earth-fault Protection “REF”

If the positive directions

of the winding 1 and
winding 2 protection
relay currents
are opposite, the CT
connection type setting
parameter is "Type 1"
If the positive directions of the
winding 1 and winding 2
protection relay currents
equate, the CT connection type
setting parameter is "Type 2"
High-impedance Restricted Earth-fault Protection “REF”
Relay
Connection
Diagram
The voltage outputs work in two ranges:
• Range 1: 0 to 150 V AC
• Range 2: -220 to 220 V DC
 Front view
Auxiliary DC supply (0 ... 264 V)

Four voltage outputs: 4 x binary outputs

4 x 300 V or 1 x 600 V Option ELT-1:
DC measuring inputs
Six current outputs: (0 ... 10 V and 0 ... 20 mA)
6 x 32 A / 6 x 430 VA or
3 x 64 A / 3 x 860 VA or
1 x 128 A / 1 x 1000 VA

All outputs are

overload and
short-circuit
proof.

16.8 kg (37.0 lbs)

450 x 145 x 390 mm (17.7 x 5.7 x 15.4˝)
Generator combination socket
3 x 300 V and 3 x 25 A 10 x multifunctional inputs, binary (dry/wet)
Option ELT-1: analog measurement
 Back view
2 counter inputs

4 binary outputs (transistor)

Interface for CMIRIG-B

Temperature USB port

controlled fans
for reduced noise

2 isolated Ethernet interfaces for

6 low level outputs (± 10 VPK) • PC control
Option LLO-2: 6 additional • CMControl
outputs • IEC 61850 GOOSE and Sampled Values
• IEEE 1588 time synchronization (CMGPS 588)
STEP1:Test Object
STEP2: Test Hardware:
STEP3: Test Module
 Idiff, A
P2? (4.0, 2.1)

P1? (3.0, 1.3)

Slop-1=0.0%
Idiff min=0.3 (0.5, 0.3)

`
End section-1=0.5 End section -2=3.0 4.0 I Bias ,A

Slop -2 =40%=(P1-0.3)/(3.0-0.5)→P1=40%(3.0-0.5)+0.3=1.3A

Slop -3 =80%=(P2-1.3)/(4.0-3.00)→P2=80%(4.0-3.00)+1.3=2.1A
 DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION
Idmin 0.3 Id section 1 0.3
End Section1 0.5 Id section 2 1.3
End Section2 3 Id section 3 2.1
Slop Section2 0.4
DIFF

Slop Section3 0.8

Ibase 1
IBias section1 1
IBias section2 3
IBias section3 4
Section 1 0 ≤ IBias ≤ End Section1*IBase
Slop section 2 Endsection1*IBase ≤ IBias ≤ Endsection2*IBase
Slop section 3 IBias ≥ End section2*IBase
 Zero Sequence Elimination IL – I0
IP IS

 +2  +3 
IP =  −1 IS =  0 
1
I0 = ( IL1 + IL2 + IL3 )
3
 −1  0 

 2  3  5   +2  +3  1
IBias = IP + IS =  1 + 0  =  1 IDiff = IP − IS =  −1 −  0  = 1
 1 0   1  −1  0  1

 +2 0   +2  +3   +1  +2

IP = IP − IP0 =  −1 − 0  =  −1 IS = IS − IS0 =  0  −  +1 =  −1
 −1 0   −1  0   +1  −1

2 2  4   +2  +2 0 

IBias = IP + IS =  1 +  1 =  2  IDiff = IP − IS =  −1 −  −1 = 0 
 1  1  2   −1  −1 0 
Calculated Diff Current (Id) Value = (I N Tr / I CT ratio) × I Set Diff > × KVG
Where: - KVG (FACTOR) is according to transformer vector group as per following table:
 √3/2=

1/√3=
 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis

i1 iDiff = i1
even
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0

iDiff = i1
even i1
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y
∆
t=0
i1 I2 = 0

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1 uneven

-T1 3. und 5.
Harm. iDiff = i1 + i2
i1
i1 i2
-T2

t=0
Inrush -T2 t=0
 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis

iDiff = i1 + i2
Over excitation (U/f)
UTr > UN uneven
5. Harm.

i1 i2

External fault with

iDiff = i1 + i2
CT-saturation at the
even
Low voltage side and
uneven
HV LV

i1 i2

Internal fault with

iDiff = i1
CT-saturation at the
High voltage side even
and
uneven
HV LV

i1 I2 ≈ 0
 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis

1-Transformer inrush currents and CT saturation cause high degrees of second

harmonic in the differential current.

2-The excitation current cause high degree of fifth harmonic, if the transformer is inside
the protected zone.

3-If we have internal fault at the same time as the harmonic content is above set level
and the differential current is below IdMinHigh, will block a trip

4- frequency of 2nd harmonic =50*2=100Hz

frequency of 5th harmonic =50*5=250Hz
frequency of 2nd harmonic =60*2=120Hz
frequency of 5th harmonic =60*5=300Hz
 Cross Block test

Cross Cross
Winding IR IY IB
Block on Block Off
I > pickup
I > pickup with
without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
I > pickup
I > pickup with
HV without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
I > pickup
I > pickup with
without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
I > pickup
I > pickup with
without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
I > pickup
I > pickup with
l.V without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
I > pickup
I > pickup with
without 2nd Block Trip
2nd harmonic
harmonic
 Double-pole power outputs Dual single-pole
Dual single-pole power
PO3 and PO4 with trip circuit signal/trip output
outputs PO1 and PO2
supervision contact SO3

PO1 and PO2 are rated Contacts PO3 and PO4 output contact SO3
for continuous current of are almost always has a continuous rating
8 A. used for energizing the of 5 A.
The contacts are breaker trip coils Used as external contact,
normally used for closing such as breaker
circuit breakers and auxiliary contact, is
energizing high burden recommended to break the
trip relays. circuit
 Dual single-pole high-speed power outputs HSO1, HSO2 and HSO3

The high-speed power outputs have a continuous rating of 6 A. When two of

HSO contacts are connected in series, the breaking rate is equal to that of
output contact PO1.
 Calculation for YNd11 Transformer Stability and Sensitivity (Tap No. 11).

Transformer Details:

Tap: 11 Normal, MVA= 60MVA, HV=132 KV, MV=33kV, %Imp=7.88

HV CT Ratio=400/1
MV CT Ratio=2000/1

Calculation of Secondary Current:

Current In HV:
Tap: 11(Normal)
I= 60x10^6/(1.732x132x10^3)
Full Load Current = 262.43 A

Current In MV:
Tap: 11(Normal)
I= 60x10^6/(1.732x33x10^3)
Full Load Current = 1049.72 A
Applied 3 Phase Voltage From Generator or ACDB (400 V L-L) In HV Side
Before Diff. CT’s & Make 3 Phase Short With Ground at MV Side After Diff
CT’s.
Method 1:
HV Voltage × Short Circuit Impedance = 132000 × 0.0788 = 10401.6 V
At 10401.6 V Will Reached The Rated Currents At Both HV and MV
At 400 V The Current At HV Will Be
IHV = (400 × 262.43)/10401.6 = 10.09 A (L-L)
At 400 V The Current At MV Will Be
IMV = (400 × 1049.72)/10401.6= 40.367A (L-L)

Method 2:
I Short Circuit At MV=Full Load Current/%Imp
= (262.43/0.0788)=3330.329 A
At 400V Short Circuit Current Will Be:
=(3330.329 *400)/132000 = 10.09 A(HV)
=(3330.329 *400)/33000 = 40.367 A(MV)
CT Secondary Values = (Rated CT Secondary × Actual Primary
Current)/Rated CT Primary
IHV(Sec) = (1 × 10.09)/400 = 0.0252 A
IMV(Sec) = (1 × 40.367)/2000 = 0.02018 A

Per Unit Values According To The Differential Relay:

HV Factor K1 = Full Load Current/ HV CT Ratio=262.43/400=0.656

MV Factor K2 = Full Load Current/ MV CT Ratio=1049.72/2000=0.525
IHV (P.U.) = IHV(Sec) / HV Factor = 0.0252 / 0.656= 0.0384
IMV (P.U.) = IMV(Sec) / MV Factor = 0.02018 / 0.525= 0.0384

IDiff = IHV (P.U.) - IMV (P.U.)

IBias = (IHV (P.U.) + IMV (P.U.) )/2
At Stability:
IDiff = 0.0384 – 0.0384 = Zero
IBias = (0.0384 + 0.0384)/2 = 0.0384
At Sensitivity:
IDiff = 0.0384 = 0.0384
IBias = (0.0384 )/2 = 0.0192
87T Stability Test (3-Phase Fault In Zone at MV Side)

HV Side MV Side Sec.Current At Diff.Relay

Phase
Diff. Bias
Pri.(A) Phase Angle Pri.(A) Phase Angle
Current(PU) Current(PU)
R 10.08 270˚ 40.26 59˚ 0.002 0.038
Y 10.00 30˚ 40.07 179˚ 0.002 0.038
B 10.07 149˚ 40.30 299˚ 0.003 0.038
N 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A
 87T Sensitivity Test (3-Phase Fault In Zone)

HV Side MV Side Sec.Current At Diff.Relay

Phase
Phase
Pri.(A) Pri.(A) Phase Angle Diff. Current(PU) Bias Current(PU)
Angle
R 10.04 270˚ 0.00 N/A 0.038 0.019
Y 9.98 30˚ 0.00 N/A 0.038 0.019
B 10.05 150˚ 0.00 N/A 0.038 0.019
N 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A
64REF Stability Test (Earth Fault Out of Zone)

HV Side MV Side Sec.Current At Diff.Relay

Phase R.E.F.
Phase Diff. Bias
Pri.(A) Pri.(A) Phase Angle Unit
Angle Current(PU) Current(PU)
1(A)
R 10.00 269˚ 23.15 89˚ 0.002 0.032
Y 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A 0.001 0.006
0.14
B 0.00 N/A 22.71 270˚ 0.001 0.006
N 9.93 270˚ 0.00 N/A N/A N/A
64REF Sensitivity Test (Earth Fault In Zone)

HV Side MV Side Measurement Current At Diff.Relay

Phase R.E.F.
Phase Diff. Bias
Pri.(A) Pri.(A) Phase Angle Unit
Angle Current(PU) Current(PU)
1(A)
R 10.00 270˚ 23.22 89˚ 0.001 0.032
Y 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A 0.000 0.006
20.00
B 0.00 N/A 22.89 270˚ 0.001 0.006
N 9.96 90˚ 0.00 N/A N/A N/A
Thank you !