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Design of maximally decimated linear phase orthogonal filter bank using

iterative SVD technique and its applications

Conference Paper · May 2016

DOI: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808049

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 20-21, 2016, India

Design of Maximally Decimated Linear Phase

Orthogonal Filter Bank using Iterative SVD
Technique and Its Applications
Sourabh Tonde, Yepuganti Karuna, Rohit Chudiwal

Abstract-Filter Banks traditionally designed by the factorization
method which is complex and time consuming. Singular valued
decomposition technique is introduced to design Linear Phase
Orthogonal filter bank which yields efficient and fast results in
time critical applications. Signal splitting and efficient
reconstruction of the original signal is studied achieving perfect
reconstruction condition due to the orthogonal nature of designed
filter bank. Ultimate aim of proposed methodology is to design two
approximation scenarios in terms of square matrices which
apparently maps into the filter bank matrix. Singular valued
decomposition is iteratively employed to compute both of these
square matrices until achievable convergence is achieved between
to alternate iterations. Proposed algorithm starts with the design
of least square filter bank and ends with the filter bank which
ensures orthogonality conditions as well as all filters in the filter
bank satisfying linear phase condition. Thus, faster design of the
filter bank along with linear phase orthogonal condition yields
multiple applications in signal processing, image processing,
communication etc.
Keywords— Singular Valued Decomposition, Filter Bank, Linear
Phase, Orthogonality, Maximally Decimated, Least Square Filter
Bank, FIR, Perfect Reconstruction, Aliasing Errors, Subband
Coding
I. INTRODUCTION
Analysis Filter bank splits up the original input as instead of
analyzing original input it is better to process sub band
components consisting of narrow bandwidths. At synthesis side
reconstitution of all sub band components takes place to get
back original transmitted signal.
Proposed paper is organized in systematic manner as
follows. Section II describes behavior of Linear Phase
Orthogonal Filter bank along with literature of already
designed filter banks. Section III explains the design procedure
of filter bank using iterative Singular Valued Decomposition
technique along with the flowchart of proposed methodology.
Design examples along with filter bank results are
demonstrated in section IV. Evaluation parameters like ripple
magnitudes, energy differences computed in section V which
signifies the importance of proposed methodology of filter
bank design over computational complex factorization method.
Applications of filter bank in signal processing and image
processing domain is explained in chapter VI. Advantages of
designed Filter bank along with its applications are concluded
in chapter VII of this paper.
x
H0 M N F0

Filter bank is collection of digital filters on both analysis

side and synthesis side as shown in figure 1.Each filter Channel as
H1 M
specified by specific particular frequency band which covers Processing N F1
entire range of applied input. All the filters in filter bank are Unit
independent on each other and designed separately. Analysis . . . . .
filter bank is used at transmitter side whereas bank of receivers . . . . .
is designed by using synthesis filter bank. . . . . .
As shown in the figure 1 analysis Filter Bank H splits input . . . . .
signal x into sub band components followed by decimators .
where as at the synthesis side synthesis Filter Bank F combines
H M 1 M N FM 1
all sub band components into the reconstructed original input
signal y. Filters at the analysis side acts like aliasing filters y
eliminating the effect of overlapping occurred due to down
converters. Synthesis side filters termed as interpolating filters Figure 1.Generalize structure of Filter Bank
used to compensate the effect of mirror images occurred due to
the up converters.
Sourabh Tonde, School of Electronic Science (SENSE),VIT
II. LINEAR PHASE ORTHOGONAL FILTER BANK
University,Vellore,Tamil Nadu, India, sourabhtonde2511@gmail.com A Filter Bank said to be a Linear if all the filters in filter
bank satisfies linear phase condition as shown in equation (1)
Yepuganti Karuna, School of Electronic Science (SENSE),VIT
University,Vellore,Tamil Nadu, India, karun@vit.ac.in h(n)  h  N  n  (1)
Rohit Chudiwal, School of Electronic Science (SENSE),VIT Linear Phase filters rely on symmetric or asymmetric
University,Vellore,Tamil Nadu, India, rohitc0412@gmail.com magnitude response whereas in case of phase response, phase
of the filter must be the linear function of frequency. Any input
signal passing through the filters satisfying linear phase

978-1-5090-0774-5/16/$31.00 © 2016 IEEE

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 20-21, 2016, India

condition results outputs consisting of no any lagging delays III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
and phase distortions. Hence linear phase filters plays crucial Consider transition width ∆, Filter length N and Number of
role in most of the image processing applications like video channels as M
processing where time is crucial parameter over data accuracy. STEP I. Design of optimum linear phase least square filter
As there is no any phase distortions in sub band components Extract coefficients of least square filters by following
hence it is reliable to extract Perfect Reconstruction property as traditional least square error criterion as follow
well at receiver side.
In most of the applications Filter Bank is represented * 1  vm  iT  m p m 
1

into its polyphase structures on both analysis side and synthesis h  m
m  pm  i (3)
 iT m1i 
side. Polyphase Matrix of analysis side E (z) is said to be  
orthogonal if it satisfies orthogonality condition as described in Where intermediate matrices
equation (2)
m  2   m   mT   d (4)
E T
 z E  z  I (2)  
 p ,m  s ,m

Due to this property of orthogonality it is easy to obtain

synthesis filters once we got the analysis filters as synthesis pm  2  Dm    m  d (5)
filter coefficients are only the flip versions of analysis filter  
 p ,m  s ,m

coefficients. Hence instead of taking complex inverse of T

  N 1    
polyphase matrix of analysis side we directly take the complex  m    2 cos   ......cos    (6)
conjugate of polyphase matrix of analysis side due to this   2   2 
orthogonality condition.
Most common method to design filter bank is by
following factorization approach[2]-[9].Filter Banks are
For    p , m D m     M (7)
represented as cascade of the lattices as shown in figure 2 For    s ,m D m    0 (8)
Every lattice consists of the cascade collection of one rotational
unitary matrix and delay element as depicted in figure 3.
Where cutoff bands in pass bands and stop bands.
For m=0
Lattice 1 Lattice 2 …….. Lattice N-1    
 p ,0     ,    (9)
Figure 2. General Factorization of Filter Bank of Length N  M M 
    
 s ,0    ,     ,     (10)
Each Lattice M   M 
Rotational Delay
For m=1,2,…M-2
Matrix Element
.  k
 p ,m    ,
 k  1       k  1  k 
   ,   
Figure 3. Decomposition of Each Lattice to design Filter bank M M   M M 
(11)
Limitation of factorization method of filter bank design [2]-[9]
is increased number of multiplications as method interprets the
product of the lattices depending upon length of the filter. Each   k  1     k  1      k k 
 s ,m    ,     ,    M  , M   
filter again consists of the product of orthogonal rotational  M   M 
matrices which increases complexity in solving linear equations (12)
as it deals with non-traceable complex trigonometric functions
of rotational angles. Only the line search techniques are used to For m=M-1
solved these complex equations which increases computational   M  1     M  1    
time and hence computational power and cost of filter bank  p , M 1    ,     ,  
 M   M 
design.
Thus computational complex factorization algorithm of (13)
filter bank design is avoided by proposed methodology of filter
bank design by following singular valued decompositions. 
 s , M 1   
 M  1   ,
 M  1  
  (14)
Design methodology introduces optimization problems and  M M 
solution of each optimization problem is evaluated by
Let DC leakage parameter
following SVDs iteratively. As most of the time design
procedure deals with matrix operations it compensate the use For m=0 M (15)
of computer aided design tool further eliminating the usage of
v m

2
costly line search algorithms. Initially least square filter bank is STEP II.
evaluated and at the end of the proposed algorithm orthogonal Initialize H by traditional filter bank design method of
linear phase filter bank is designed. factorization. This H is directly taken from the already
designed filter bank of ref [2]. Perform SVD on this H and

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 20-21, 2016, India

transition width is selected as ∆=0.115pi.Table I represents the

extract first M columns of U H
for further computations that
four filters each having eight coefficients of designed filter
is U H ,1
of order N  M bank
H U DV (16) Table I
H H H

STEP III.
Initialize rotational matrix U  as an identity matrix of order -0.0896 0.1394 -0.1459 0.0995
M  M .Compute block diagonal matrix such that 0.1459 -0.0995 -0.0896 0.1394
D  diag U  ,........,U   (17) 0.3591 -0.5584 0.5846 -0.3986
0.5846 -0.3986 -0.3591 0.5584
0.5846 0.3986 -0.3591 -0.5584
STEP IV.
^
0.3591 0.5584 0.5846 0.3986
Obtain First Approximation Matrix VH by computing 0.1459 0.0995 -0.0896 -0.1394
-0.0896 -0.1394 -0.1459 -0.0995
following steps
T T
Table I concludes the satisfaction of orthogonal condition as
B  U H ,1D H (18)
H T H      I M M (29)
B  U B D BV B (19) Hence Analysis filter bank designed by proposed
^ methodology is orthogonal and it is easy to predict synthesis
Compute adaptive VH and  filter bank using the application of orthogonality condition.
^
Equivalence of first and last coefficients of filters in above
T filter bank indicates the satisfaction of linear phase condition.
VH  U BV B (20)
From Table I, filters H1 and H 3 satisfies asymmetric linear
STEP V. phase condition on the other hand filters H 0 and H 2 are
Obtain Second Approximation matrix U  as follow symmetric filters ensuring linear phase condition.
^
  U H ,1VH (21) V. SIMULATION RESULTS

(22) Energy differences between ideal filters and designed filters

Let h m , n ,i
be the singular elements LSF designed in step I compares performance of designed analysis filters with the
ideal filters in terms of frequency selectivity of analysis filters.
N
1 Following equation computes the energy differences between
M 1 M
 2   h m,n ,i.m,nT
^
b i
(23) the ideal filters and designed analysis filters
m 0 n 0 1 
^ EDm  10log10  hmT * m * hm  pmT * hm  (30)
B  b , b ,.......b
^
0 1
^ ^
M 1
 (24) 2 
^
U
T (25) Where hmT are the filter coefficients of are designed filter bank
B B
^
DB V B ^ ^

T
(26) m and pmT is already evaluated in equations
U  V B U B ^ ^
from table I.
(4) and (5) respectively from section III.
Table II concludes that the energy differences between
designed filters and ideal filters is lesser compared to the filter
STEP VI. bank designed in ref [2]
Evaluate analysis filter bank matrix H using previously
^ Table II:
designed approximation matrices U  and V H as follows
m=0 m=1 m=2 m=3
^
H  DU H ,1VH (27) By -9.12dB 1.748dB 1.77dB -9.39dB
factorization[2]
Iterate repeatedly from steps IV to VI until following By Proposed -9.76dB 1.635dB 1.57dB -9.76dB
convergence occurs methodology

tr (( H n1  H n )T ( H n1  H n ))  cutoff (28) Magnitudes of maximum ripples in pass bands and stop
bands is evaluated by the frequency sensitivities of analysis
IV. ORTHOGONAL LINEAR PHASE FILTER BANK filters. For the designed analysis filter bank ripple magnitudes
DESIGN EXAMPLE in both pass band and stop band is computed by the following
equation.
In this section filter bank of M=4 and N=8 is designed by the
proposed methodology. As number of channels is less, large

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 20-21, 2016, India


RM m  max  p ,m s ,m 20log10 H m    Dm  w
(31)
H m   be the magnitude response in Fourier
Where
domain of filter bank designed in table I
Table III
m=0 m=1 m=2 m=3
By 6.10dB 5.27dB 5.30dB 6.41dB
factorization[2]
By Proposed 6.02dB 5.12dB 5.12dB 6.01dB
methodology
Table III concludes the ripple magnitudes in pass bands and
stop bands is less in designed filter bank compared to the filter
bank designed in ref [2]
VI. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR PHASE ORTHOGONAL
FILTER BANK
Filter bank frequently used in image processing for
image compression, where some frequencies are more essential
than remaining others. After decomposition by Filter Bank on
analysis side, the important frequencies of highlighted image
part can be coded with a high resolution that is with assignment
of lower bits. Small differences at these frequencies are
significant and efficient coding schemes that preserves these
differences must be used like Huffman coding or Shannon
Fano coding. On the other hand, less important frequencies
(background part of the image) omitted. If the Filter Bank
satisfies both orthogonal and Linear Phase condition then it is
more advantageous over wavelets for image compression as
most of the wavelets like daubechies violate the linear phase
condition. Power to signal noise ratio (PSNR) as well as
minimum mean square error at the receiver side decides the
quality of compressed image and shows how the mulitrate filter
banks are best in image compression compared to other
traditional compression techniques.
Along with compression there are lots of applications
in image processing like pattern recognition, image
enhancements, multiresolution systems, Laplacian pyramid etc.
 independent of each other they provide flexibility in bandwidth
selections which is always advantageous over wavelets.
REFERENCES
[1] Vaidyanathan, P.P.; Hoang, P.-Q., "Lattice structures for optimal design
and robust implementation of two-channel perfect-reconstruction QMF
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[2] K. Soman, P.P.Vaidyanathan,and T. Q. Nguyen,“Linear phase paraunitary
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VII. CONCLUSION

Designed Filter bank methodology is fast and yields

efficient results compared to computational complex
factorization method. Simulation parameters like energy
differences and maximum ripple magnitudes conclude the
optimum performance of proposed design compared to existing
filter bank designs. Designed orthogonal filter bank efficiently
used over the wavelets in most of the image compression
applications. Assurance of linear phase condition of filter bank
promises better performances in these image compression
applications. As designed filters in the filter bank are

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