PIB

Compilation
August 2023
Important topics
covered:
China Reaf�irms Territorial Claims
with New Map Release
Electri�ied Flex fuel vehicle
Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions)
Bill, 2023
Geographical Indication Tag
ULLAS Initiative
 AUGUST 2023 – PIB COMPILATIONS

GS2: GS-3
Polity & Constitution Indian Economy
Pg- 1 Pg- 12
1 Investor Education and 1 Green Hydrogen
Protection Fund Authority
2 Geographical Indication
2 Jan Vishwas (Amendment
Tag
of Provisions) Bill, 2023
3 Vivad se Vishwas II

Social Justice & Agriculture Pg- 16

Governance Pg- 4
1 Khanan Prahari 1 Hydroponics Farming
2 Graphene-Aurora Program
Industry & Infrastructure
Pg- 18
1 Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR)
International Relations Transportation
Pg- 8 2 Strategic Petroleum
1 China Reaffirms Territorial Reserve
Claims with New Map 3 CITIIS 2.0 Program
Release
2 India and Papua New
Guinea Sign MoU for Science & Technology
Sharing India Stack:
Advancing Digital
Pg- 23
Transformation 1 ASTRA Missile
2 Electrified Flex fuel vehicle

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 AUGUST 2023 – PIB COMPILATIONS

Environment & Ecology PRELIMS SPECIAL*

Pg- 23
1 Himalayan Vulture
PRELIMS Pg- 29

1 EXERCISE BRIGHT STAR-

Internal Security 23
Challenges Pg- 26 2 ULLAS Initiative
1 Exercise Zayed Talwar 3 MSME Card
2 Exercise MALABAR

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 GS-II: Polity & Constitution: Aug ’23 PIB

Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority

Context:
Recently, in a step towards financial literacy, Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA)
launched two Investor Awareness Vans titled “Niveshak Sarathi as part of the Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav
celebrations.

Relevance:
GS II: Polity and Governance

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA)
2. Key Facts about Investor Education Protection Fund (IEPF)

Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA):

 Establishment and Mandate: The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) was
established in 2016 as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. It operates under the Ministry
of Corporate Affairs and is responsible for the administration of the Investor Education Protection
Fund (IEPF).
 Responsibilities: The primary functions of IEPFA include the administration of the Investor
Education Protection Fund, facilitating refunds of unclaimed dividends, shares, matured deposits,
and debentures to investors, and promoting awareness among investors about their rights and
responsibilities.

Key Facts about Investor Education Protection Fund (IEPF):

 Legal Framework: The IEPF was established under Section 205C of the Companies Act, 1956,
through the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999.
 Unclaimed Amounts: The IEPF is credited with amounts that remain unpaid and unclaimed for a
period of seven years from their due date for payment. These include:
o Unpaid dividends in the accounts of companies
o Application money received by companies for securities allotment that is due for refund
o Matured deposits held by companies
o Matured debentures with companies
o Grants and donations provided by the Central Government, State Governments,
companies, or other institutions for the purposes of the Fund.
 Utilization: The Fund is utilized to promote investor education and awareness, and to refund
eligible claims of investors related to unclaimed amounts.
 Investment Income: The Fund generates interest or other income through investments made from
the accumulated amounts.

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 GS-II: Polity & Constitution: Aug ’23 PIB

Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023

Context:
Recently, the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023 was passed in Lok Sabha during the monsoon
session and aims at giving a boost to Ease of Living and Ease of Doing Business.

Relevance:
GS II: Polity and Governance

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023
2. Need
3. Benefits
4. Concerns

Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023:

 The Jan Vishwas Bill aims to amend 183 provisions in 42 Central Acts administered by 19
Ministries/Departments, covering diverse sectors like environment, agriculture, media, industry,
trade, information technology, copyright, motor vehicles, cinematography, and food safety, among
others.
 The primary objective of the Bill is to decriminalize minor offenses that do not pose any threat to
public interest or national security. Instead, these offenses will be replaced with civil penalties or
administrative actions.
 Background:
 The Bill was introduced in Lok Sabha on 22nd December 2022 and has been referred to the Joint
Committee of Parliament for further review and consideration.

Key Features of the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023:

 Conversion of Offences: The Bill aims to replace imprisonment clauses and/or fines in certain
provisions with penalties.
 Adjudicating Officers: Penalties will be determined by adjudicating officers appointed by the
respective Ministries/Departments.
 Compounding of Offences: The Bill introduces compounding of offenses in certain provisions,
allowing offenders to settle cases by paying a certain amount without going through a court trial.
 Periodic Revision: Fines and penalties will be revised every three years, with an increase of 10% of
the minimum amount for various offenses in specified Acts.
 Repealing Obsolete Provisions: The Bill removes all offenses and penalties under the outdated
Indian Post Office Act of 1898.

Need:
The key reasons for introducing the Jan Vishwas Bill are as follows:
 Rationalize criminal provisions to ease the burden on the justice system by focusing on more
serious offenses.
 Address technical and procedural defaults without imposing harsh penalties.
 Achieve a balanced approach that matches the severity of the offense with the prescribed
punishment.
 Foster a favorable legal environment that promotes business growth by eliminating barriers and
hindrances.

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 GS-II: Polity & Constitution: Aug ’23 PIB

Benefits:
 Efficient Justice System: The introduction of administrative adjudication mechanisms reduces
pressure on the justice system and helps in reducing case pendency, ensuring more efficient justice
dispensation.
 Trust-Based Governance: The Bill promotes trust-based governance by assuring citizens,
businesses, and government departments that minor, technical, or procedural defaults will not lead
to imprisonment.

Concerns:
 Quasi-Decriminalization: Critics argue that the Bill represents a form of 'quasi-decriminalization,'
and more efforts are needed to achieve true decriminalization.
 Technical Competence: Concerns were raised about the technical competence of adjudicating
officers under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986, for handling legal proceedings.

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 GS-II: Social Justice & Governance: Aug ’23 PIB

Khanan Prahari

Context:
The Ministry of Coal has launched the Khanan Prahari mobile app, revolutionizing the fight against illicit coal
mining activities.

Relevance:
GS II: Government policies and Interventions

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Khanan Prahari: Empowering Citizens Against Illegal Mining
2. Status of Coal Mining in India

Khanan Prahari: Empowering Citizens Against Illegal Mining

 Innovative Reporting App: Khanan Prahari is a mobile app enabling citizens to actively report
instances of illegal coal mining by submitting geo-tagged photos and textual information.
 Comprehensive System: The app is complemented by the Coal Mine Surveillance & Management
System (CMSMS) web portal, developed in collaboration with Bhaskaracharya Institute of Space
Application & Geoinformatics and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute.
 Public Participation: This initiative combines advanced technology with public involvement to
address illegal mining effectively.
 Active Engagement: The public's active engagement is evident with 483 complaints lodged through
the app, showcasing their commitment to curbing illegal mining.

Key Features:
 Incident Reporting: Users can report illegal mining incidents by capturing photos and providing
comments.
 Confidentiality: The app ensures the confidentiality of users' identities, prioritizing privacy.
 Complaint Tracking: Complainants receive a unique complaint number to track the progress of
their reports easily.

Status of Coal Mining in India

 Coal Importance: India ranks as the world's second-largest coal producer and possesses the fifth-
largest coal deposits globally. Coal, often called 'Black Gold,' is a crucial fossil fuel.
 Import Dependency: Despite significant coal reserves, India imports coal due to its high
consumption. Coal imports surged by 30% in 2022-23.
 Major Producing States: Key coal-producing states include Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West
Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, and Telangana.

Historical Evolution:
 Early Beginnings: India's coal mining history spans 220 years, starting in 1774 with the East India
Company in Raniganj Coalfield.

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 Growth Catalyst: The introduction of steam locomotives in 1853 propelled coal production.
 Post-Independence: National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC) formed in 1956 for organized
industry growth.
 Nationalization: Nationalization of coking coal mines (1971-72) and non-coking mines (1973)
aimed at addressing mining concerns and labor conditions.
 Post-Nationalization: Demand-supply gaps minimal till 1991; liberalization reforms in 1993 led to
captive consumption allocation.
 Modernization: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 enabled auction-based coal allocation;
2018 allowed private firms into commercial mining.

Graphene-Aurora Program

Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) Secretary launched the ‘Graphene-
Aurora program’ at a function in Maker Village Kochi, Kerala.

Relevance:
GS II: Government policies and Interventions

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Graphene-Aurora Program
2. Graphene: Remarkable Properties and Characteristics

Graphene-Aurora Program
 The Graphene-Aurora Program is set to be executed by Digital University Kerala.
 Joint funding will come from the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), the
Government of Kerala, and industry partners.
 Carborundum Pvt Limited has emerged as a prominent industry participant.

Objectives:
 The program aims to foster the growth of deep/emerging Graphene technology and innovation
ecosystem.
 It envisions providing guidance, development, implementation, and support to SMEs and startups in
the commercialization of graphene technologies.

Significance:
 By establishing a commercialization eco-system for graphene, India seeks to establish a prominent
position in the global market for new materials.
 The program aims to facilitate the scale adoption of developed graphene technologies, contributing
to India's prominence in the emerging technology landscape.

Graphene: Remarkable Properties and Characteristics

Source and Composition:
 Graphene is derived from graphite and consists solely of carbon atoms.
 It's a fundamental element present in everyday items, such as pencil lead.

Exceptional Attributes:
 Acknowledged as the thinnest material globally, it boasts incredible strength and exceptional
conductivity in both heat and electricity.
 Surpasses copper in electrical conductivity, making it an outstanding conductor.
 Remarkably, it is 200 times stronger than steel while being six times lighter.

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Transparency and Impermeability:

 Graphene exhibits near-perfect transparency, permitting only a mere 2% light absorption.
 It possesses unparalleled gas impermeability, even blocking gases as lightweight as hydrogen and
helium.

MASI Portal

Context:
Recently, the Minister of Women and Child Development informed the Rajya Sabha about MASI Portal.

Relevance:
GS II: Government Policies and Interventions

Dimensions of the Article:

1. MASI Portal: Monitoring App for Seamless Inspection of Child Care Institutions
2. About NCPCR

MASI Portal: Monitoring App for Seamless Inspection of Child Care Institutions
 The MASI portal is developed by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR).
 It facilitates synchronous monitoring of Child Care Institutions (CCIs) and their inspection
mechanisms nationwide.
 The app is linked to a monitoring portal that automatically generates reports for effective and
efficient inspection of CCIs as per the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 (amended in 2021).
 Unified inspections by various authorities, including Child Welfare Committees, State Inspection
Committees, Juvenile Justice Boards, and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights, are
conducted through the MASI app.
 It serves as a single platform for inspections of all CCIs in the country, enabling streamlined
processes and follow-ups before and after inspection cycles.
 The app generates comprehensive reports upon submission of inspection questionnaires by the
authorities.

About NCPCR
 It is an Indian statutory body that was established in 2007 under an Act of Parliament – the
Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 – and works under the auspices of the Union
Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD).
 Its mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative systems conform to
the vision of children’s rights (ages 0 to 18 years) as enunciated in the Indian Constitution and the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
 The Commission envisions a rights-based approach that pervades national-state-local policies and
programmes.
 As a result, the Commission envisions the state playing an indispensable role in ensuring o Children
and their well-being, o Strong institution-building processes, o Respect for local bodies and
decentralisation at the community level, and greater social concern in this direction.

Composition of NCPCR
 The commission consists of the following members:
o A Chairperson
o Six other members

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Functions the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR):

The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) carries out the following functions:

Safeguards:
 Examines and reviews safeguards provided by or under any law and recommends measures for
their effective implementation.
 Reports on the operation of those safeguards to the Central Government on an annual basis and at
any other times deemed appropriate.

Investigation and Study:

 Investigates child rights violations and suggests legal action when necessary.
 Studies treaties and other international instruments and reviews existing policies, programs, and
provides recommendations on child rights.
 Promotes research in the field of child rights.

Public Education and Advocacy:

 Educates the public about children’s rights and raises knowledge of the safeguards that can be used
to defend these rights through publications, the media, and other available channels.
 Promotes, respects, and gives children’s opinions significant attention in its work and in the work of
other government departments and organizations working with children.
 Creates and distributes information on children’s rights.
 Compiles and examines child data.
 Encourages the inclusion of child rights in the school curriculum, teacher preparation programs,
and training for other professionals who work with children.
 Examines all barriers preventing children from exercising their rights in the wake of terrorism,
intergroup conflict, riots, natural disasters, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment,
torture, and exploitation, as well as pornography and prostitution, and recommends appropriate
corrective measures.

Complaints and Suo Moto Actions:

 Inquires into complaints or takes suo moto notice of matters related to deprivation and violation of
child rights, non-implementation of laws providing for the protection and development of children,
non-compliance with decisions, instructions, or policies intended to lessen hardships for children,
ensure their wellbeing, and offer relief to such children, or takes up the issues arising out of such
matters with appropriate authorities.

Power of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR):

The commission has all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 while inquiring into
any matter that falls under the CPCR Act, 2005.
 The commission is authorized to exercise the following powers:
 Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person.
 Discovery and production of any document.
 Receiving evidence on affidavits.
 Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
 Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents.

The Commission is authorized to forward any case to a Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the same.

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 GS-II: International Relations: Aug ’23 PIB

China Reaffirms Territorial Claims with New Map Release

Context:
China has introduced the "2023 edition of the standard map of China," reinforcing its territorial assertions in
contested areas. This move aligns with China's "National Mapping Awareness Publicity Week," highlighting the
importance of precise and uniform cartography practices.

Relevance:
GS II: International Relations

Dimensions of the Article:

1. China's Territorial Claims in the New Map
2. India-China Border Dispute: Key Points
3. Border Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
4. Implications of China's New Map on India
5. Strategies for India to Address China's Territorial and Regional Assertiveness

China's Territorial Claims in the New Map

China's latest map release reinforces its territorial assertions through several key points:
 Incorporating Disputed Regions: The map solidifies China's territorial claims over disputed
regions like Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin area.
 Ongoing Controversies: These territorial claims have long been contentious issues between China
and India.
 "Nine-Dash Line": The map prominently displays the controversial demarcation, encompassing the
entire South China Sea and emphasizing China's expansive maritime claims.
 Inclusion of Tenth Dash Line: The map introduces the tenth dash line, underscoring China's stance
on Taiwan's sovereignty.
 Consistency with Actions: China's move aligns with its previous actions, such as standardizing
place names in Arunachal Pradesh and surrounding areas.
 Digital Mapping Initiatives: Alongside the physical map, China plans to release digital maps for
diverse applications like location-based services, precision agriculture, platform economy, and
intelligent connected vehicles.

India-China Border Dispute: Key Points

The India-China border dispute centers around several crucial aspects:

 Complex Territorial Disputes: The dispute involves the lengthy and intricate territorial
disagreements along the 3,488-kilometer shared border between India and China.
 Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh: The main contested regions are Aksai Chin in the west and
Arunachal Pradesh in the east.

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 Aksai Chin: China administers Aksai Chin within its Xinjiang region, while India regards it as part of
Ladakh. This area's significance lies in its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) and its potential military importance.
 Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as "South Tibet,"
but India administers it as a northeastern state.
 Undefined Demarcation: The border lacks a clear demarcation, and certain stretches lack a
mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC was established post the 1962 Sino-Indian
War.
 Three Sectors: The India-China border is divided into Western (Ladakh), Middle (Himachal Pradesh
and Uttarakhand), and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim) sectors.
 Historical Military Standoffs: The dispute has resulted in multiple military confrontations and
conflicts, notably the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Both nations have pursued agreements and protocols
to manage tensions and maintain peace along the border.
 Recent Confrontations: Notable recent conflicts occurred in Ladakh's Galwan Valley in 2020 and
Arunachal Pradesh's Tawang in 2022.
 Escalation Trend: Observers on both sides of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) recognize an increase
in significant military confrontations since 2013.

Border Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Overview

The India-China border dispute has seen various attempts at resolution and management through several
mechanisms:
 Shimla Convention (1914): This convention aimed to establish the boundary between Tibet and
North East India. It was attended by representatives of China, Tibet, and British India. While British
India and Tibet signed the agreement, China did not. India recognizes the Shimla agreement and the
McMahon Line, but China rejects both.
 Panchsheel Doctrine: The Panchsheel, or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, stressed mutual
respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. It aimed to foster peaceful relations between India
and China.
 Agreement on Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility (1993): This agreement called for
refraining from using force, acknowledging the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and resolving the
border dispute through negotiations. It aimed to maintain peace and stability along the border.
 Agreement on Confidence Building Measures (1996): This agreement aimed to reduce tensions
along the border. It included pledges on non-aggression, advance notification of significant troop
movements, and the exchange of maps indicating the LAC to address disagreements.
 Border Defence Co-operation Agreement (2013): Following the Depsang Valley incident, this
agreement was signed to enhance communication and coordination between military personnel
along the border. It aimed to prevent misunderstandings and reduce the risk of conflicts.

Implications of China's New Map on India:

China's release of the new map with its territorial claims has several implications for India:
 Territorial Claims: China's inclusion of disputed territories in its official map challenges India's
sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, areas that have been points of contention
between the two countries for years.
 Escalating Border Dispute: By reinforcing its territorial claims, China is escalating the border
dispute between the two nations, potentially leading to increased tensions along the India-China
border.
 Diplomatic Tensions: China's actions can lead to diplomatic tensions between India and China.
India has consistently rejected China's territorial claims and is likely to respond by reaffirming its
own claims over the disputed areas.
 Bilateral Relations: The release of the new map can strain India-China relations in various areas.
Cooperation in trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges may be affected as both
countries grapple with territorial disputes.
 Regional Balance of Power: The India-China border dispute has implications for the broader
regional balance of power. It can influence India's strategic alignments with other countries and
regional groupings to counter China's influence in the region.
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 Security Concerns: The heightened territorial dispute can impact the security situation in the
border region and necessitate increased military presence and readiness, diverting resources from
other developmental activities.
 International Attention: China's actions and territorial claims are likely to attract international
attention and concern.

Strategies for India to Address China's Territorial and Regional Assertiveness:

To effectively tackle China's territorial and regional assertiveness, India can consider the following strategies:
 Diplomatic Engagement: Continue diplomatic talks with China through established mechanisms
like the Special Representative talks and Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination
(WMCC) on India-China border affairs.
 Peaceful Resolution: Emphasize peaceful resolution of disputes, adherence to bilateral agreements,
and the importance of maintaining peace and stability along the border.
 Border Infrastructure: Invest in improving border infrastructure, including roads, bridges,
airstrips, and communication networks, to enhance mobility and response capabilities for Indian
forces.
 Logistics and Bases: Develop logistics hubs and forward bases to ensure swift deployment of
troops and supplies in the border regions.
 Modernization of Armed Forces: Invest in modernizing the armed forces with advanced
equipment, technology, and surveillance capabilities to effectively monitor and respond to any
border incidents.
 Troop Training: Focus on enhancing the training and readiness of troops stationed in border
areas.
 Regional Partnerships: Strengthen partnerships with like-minded countries and regional
organizations that share concerns about China's assertiveness in territorial disputes.
 Collaboration on Defense: Collaborate on intelligence-sharing, joint military exercises, and
coordinated responses to regional challenges.
 Diversification of Economic Ties: Diversify economic ties to reduce dependence on China and
enhance economic resilience.
 Trade Agreements: Explore trade agreements and partnerships with countries that can provide
alternative markets and investment opportunities.
 International Advocacy: Raise the border issue at international forums to garner support for a
peaceful resolution based on international norms and principles.
 Upholding Norms: Uphold international norms and principles related to territorial integrity and
dispute resolution mechanisms.
 Legal Approach: Continue to engage with international legal experts to present India's case on the
border issue.

-Source: The Hindu

India and Papua New Guinea Sign MoU for Sharing India Stack:
Advancing Digital Transformation

Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) of India and the Ministry of
Information and Communication Technology (MICT) of Papua New Guinea have taken a significant step
towards digital transformation by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to share India Stack.

Relevance: GS II: International Relations

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Key Highlights of the MoU between India and Papua New Guinea
2. India Stack
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Key Highlights of the MoU between India and Papua New Guinea:
 Sharing of India Stack to support identity, data, and payment services on a large scale.
 Implementation of population-scale Digital Public Infrastructure and Transformational
Platforms/projects for improved living standards and governance efficiency.
 Strengthening digital identity systems and digital payment mechanisms to enable seamless
transactions.

India Stack:
 India Stack is a set of APIs (Application Programming Interface) that enables governments,
businesses, startups, and developers to utilize a unique digital infrastructure to address challenging
issues related to presence-less, paperless, and cashless service delivery in India.
 It is a government-led initiative aimed at establishing a robust digital infrastructure to facilitate
various digital services across different sectors.
 The components of India Stack are owned and maintained by different agencies.
 The primary goal of India Stack is to streamline and enhance identity verification, data exchange,
and digital payment processes, making them more accessible and efficient for citizens.
 It includes digital public goods, which are digital resources and tools made available to the public to
support different digital services and initiatives.
 Key components of India Stack include Aadhaar, a unique biometric-based identification system,
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for instant digital payments, and Digital Locker for secure storage
of personal documents.
 The vision of India Stack is not limited to India alone; it can be adapted and applied to other nations,
whether developed or emerging, to improve their digital infrastructure and services.

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 GS-III: Indian Economy: Aug ’23 PIB

Green Hydrogen

Context:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) recently defined a clear Green Hydrogen Standard, which
establishes emission thresholds for hydrogen production categorized as 'green'.

Relevance:
GS III: Indian Economy

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Green Hydrogen and its Emission Threshold
2. India's Initiatives to Promote Green Hydrogen

Green Hydrogen and its Emission Threshold

Definition of Green Hydrogen:
 "Green Hydrogen" refers to hydrogen gas produced using renewable energy sources, such as
electrolysis or biomass conversion.
 It also encompasses electricity generated from renewable sources that are stored in energy storage
systems or supplied to the grid in compliance with relevant regulations.

Emission Threshold:
 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has established an emission threshold for
Green Hydrogen.
 To qualify as Green Hydrogen, the well-to-gate emission should not exceed 2 kg carbon dioxide
(CO2) equivalent per kg of Hydrogen (H2).
 This calculation is based on an average over the last 12 months and includes emissions associated
with various stages of production, including water treatment, electrolysis, gas purification, drying,
and compression of hydrogen.

Methodology and Monitoring:

 The MNRE will outline a comprehensive methodology for measuring, reporting, monitoring, on-site
verification, and certification of green hydrogen and its derivatives.
 The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), under the Ministry of Power, will play a crucial role as the
Nodal Authority responsible for accrediting agencies overseeing the monitoring, verification, and
certification of projects involved in the production of green hydrogen.

India's Initiatives to Promote Green Hydrogen

National Green Hydrogen Mission:
 The launch of the National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to significantly boost green hydrogen
production in India.
 The mission targets the annual production of 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030.
 This initiative is closely aligned with India's plan to establish approximately 125 gigawatts of
renewable energy capacity.
 The program provides financial incentives to support domestic production of electrolysers and
green hydrogen.

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 These incentives intend to accelerate the adoption of green hydrogen technology, foster
technological advancements, and drive down production costs.

Green Hydrogen Consumption Obligations:

 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has proposed the introduction of green
hydrogen consumption obligations.
 Similar to the renewable purchase obligations for electricity distribution companies, these
obligations will apply to the fertilizer and petroleum refining sectors.
 These industries will be required to incorporate a certain percentage of green hydrogen in their
overall hydrogen consumption.
 This measure aims to drive the adoption of green hydrogen across key sectors, further contributing
to India's transition to cleaner energy sources.

Geographical Indication Tag

Context:
Recently, Mushkbudji Rice received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy

Dimensions of the Article:

 About Mushkbudji Rice
 Geographical Indications (GI) Tag

Mushkbudji Rice:
 Distinctive Variety: Mushkbudji Rice is a type of short bold aromatic rice cultivated in the higher
elevations of the Kashmir valley.
 Flavorful Characteristics: When cooked, this rice exhibits a unique combination of taste, aroma, and
rich organoleptic qualities, making it stand out from other rice varieties.
 Growing Regions: It is primarily cultivated in specific areas within the Kashmir valley, particularly
in places like Sagam, Panzgam, and Soaf Shali of the Anantnag district, as well as the Beerwah belt of
the Budgam district.
 Traditional Significance: Traditionally, the consumption of aromatic rice like Mushkbudji has been
reserved for special occasions, celebrations, marriages, and festivals in the Kashmir region.

Geographical Indications (GI) Tag

Definition and Importance:
 Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product.
 They assure consumers of the product's quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific
geographical locality.
 GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under
international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS.

Administration and Registration:

 Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
 The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the
Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
 The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each.

Significance and Examples:

 GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin.
 The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea.

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 GS-III: Indian Economy: Aug ’23 PIB

 Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu
with 39.

Ownership and Proprietorship:

 Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI
tag.
 The registered proprietor's name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the
applied product.
 Protection and Enforcement:
 Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the
product's name or origin.
 Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with
their specific geographical regions.

Location of the Geographical Indications Registry:

 The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India.

-Source: Indian Express

Vivad se Vishwas II

Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Finance launched the scheme, “Vivad se Vishwas II to effectively settle the
pending contractual disputes of government and government undertakings. The scheme was announced in
the Union Budget 2023-24 by the Union Finance Minister.

Relevance:
GS III: Indian Economy

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Vivad Se Vishwas-II Scheme:
2. Objectives
3. Coverage

Vivad Se Vishwas-II Scheme:

 Vivad Se Vishwas-II Scheme is a voluntary settlement initiative designed to address long-standing
contractual disputes involving government entities.
 It is tailored for disputes where the Arbitral Award is under legal challenge, providing a framework
for efficient resolution.

Key Features:
 Targeted Cases: The scheme focuses on disputes where the Arbitral Award is contested in court.
 Standardized Terms: The scheme introduces standardized terms for settlements.
 Graded Settlement Options: Options for settlement are provided based on the extent of dispute
pendency.
 Arbitral Award: This is a final award that concludes arbitration proceedings.

Objectives:
 Efficient Resolution: The scheme aims to expedite the resolution of contractual disputes.
 Ease of Doing Business: It seeks to enhance the business environment by facilitating smoother
interactions with government agencies.
 Investment Promotion: Encourages fresh investments in the country by establishing a conducive
dispute resolution mechanism.

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 GS-III: Indian Economy: Aug ’23 PIB

Implementation:
 Digital Platform: The scheme will be executed through an online mechanism on the Government e-
Marketplace (GeM) portal.

Coverage:
 Government Agencies: The scheme applies to disputes with Central government entities, including
autonomous bodies, public sector banks, financial institutions, and central public sector
enterprises.
 Union Territories: Disputes with union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi and
their agencies are covered.
 Opt-Out Provision: Certain organizations, like metro corporations with a 50% Centre stake, can
choose to opt out if they secure board approvals.

Settlement Amount:
 Court Awards: For cases with court awards, the settlement amount can reach up to 85% of the net
awarded or upheld sum by the court.
 Arbitral Awards: For arbitral awards, the settlement threshold is "up to" 65% of the net amount.

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 GS-III: Agriculture: Aug ’23 PIB

Hydroponics Farming

Context:
Recently, the Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare informed the Lok Sabha that ICAR-Indian
Institute of Horticulture Research, Bengaluru (IIHR) has developed a variant of hydroponics.

Relevance:
GS III: Agriculture

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Hydroponics Farming
2. Merits of Hydroponics Farming
3. Demerits of Hydroponics Farming

Hydroponics Farming
 Hydroponics offers an alternative to traditional farming, focusing on soil-less cultivation to boost
productivity and water efficiency.
 Gaining traction in India, especially among forward-thinking entrepreneurs and farmers seeking
sustainable and effective crop cultivation methods.

Emerging Trend:
 Hydroponics presents a novel concept in the Indian agricultural landscape.
 Capturing attention from innovative farmers and entrepreneurs aiming for efficient and eco-
friendly crop production.

Application Areas:
 Currently, hydroponics is predominantly practiced in urban farming setups.
 Rooftop gardening and commercial farming are also adopting hydroponic techniques for enhanced
results.

Introducing "Cocoponics":
 "Cocoponics" refers to the soilless production of vegetables using cocopeat as a substrate.
 This approach has demonstrated higher success rates in various vegetable crops, showcasing its
potential for improved outcomes.

Merits of Hydroponics Farming:

 Enhanced Water Efficiency: Hydroponics significantly reduces water usage compared to traditional
soil-based farming by delivering water directly to plant roots, minimizing wastage.
 Optimized Nutrient Delivery: Nutrient solutions can be tailored to meet specific plant needs,
ensuring balanced and efficient nutrient uptake, leading to healthier and faster growth.
 Space Utilization: Hydroponic systems can be set up in limited spaces, making it suitable for urban
farming, rooftop gardens, and vertical farming, maximizing land use.
 Faster Growth Rates: Plants in hydroponic systems often grow faster than those in soil due to
consistent access to nutrients and ideal growing conditions.

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 Reduced Pest and Disease Risk: Soil-borne pests and diseases are minimized, reducing the need for
chemical treatments and enhancing crop health.
 Year-Round Cultivation: Hydroponics enables year-round cultivation regardless of external weather
conditions, ensuring a continuous supply of crops.

Demerits of Hydroponics Farming:

 Initial Setup Cost: Establishing a hydroponic system can be expensive, requiring investment in
equipment, infrastructure, and nutrient solutions.
 Technical Expertise: Successful hydroponic farming demands knowledge of system setup, nutrient
management, pH control, and troubleshooting.
 Dependency on Technology: Hydroponic systems require consistent monitoring and control of
factors like water quality, nutrient levels, and environmental conditions.
 Power Dependency: Hydroponic systems often rely on electricity to power pumps, lights, and
climate control, making them vulnerable to power outages.
 Nutrient Management Complexity: Accurate nutrient formulation is critical, and imbalances can
lead to nutrient deficiencies or toxicities affecting plant growth.
 Risk of System Failures: Malfunctions in pumps, timers, or other components can disrupt the
hydroponic system, potentially damaging crops.
 Limited Crop Diversity: While hydroponics can support a variety of crops, certain plants with
extensive root systems may not thrive in hydroponic setups.

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 GS-III: Industry & Infrastructure: Aug ’23 PIB

Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) Transportation

Context:
The Ministry of Coal is promoting the Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) transportation strategy, aimed at streamlining the
movement of domestic coal.

Relevance:
GS III: Infrastructure

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) Transportation
2. Growth and Future Significance
3. Challenges and Considerations

Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) Transportation:

Innovative Multimodal Strategy
 RSR is a pioneering multimodal transportation approach.
 Integrates rail and sea routes to ensure seamless coal movement from mines to ports and final
users.

Enhanced Efficiency and Reduced Costs

 Objective: Aims to boost logistical efficiency and decrease transportation expenses.

Addressing Coal Movement Challenges

 Purpose: RSR targets efficient coal transfer from production centers to regions of consumption.
 Significant Dispatch: Around 75% of domestic raw coal dispatch originates from major coal-
producing states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
 Coal Production Projection: The Ministry of Coal anticipates an increased coal production to meet
escalating energy demand, with a projected CAGR of about 7.7% by FY’30.

Leveraging Coastal Shipping

 Coastal Shipping Advantage: Coastal shipping is cost-effective and environmentally conscious for
transporting goods, including coal.
 Port Potential: RSR emphasizes tapping into the potential of ports along India's Southern and
Western coasts.
 Effective Distribution: Ensures streamlined coal movement to powerhouses in states such as
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh.

Cost Efficiency and Competitiveness

 Cost Savings: Adoption of RSR could lead to substantial cost reduction.
 Potential Savings: Estimated savings of Rs. 760-1300 per ton for end-users in Southern India.

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 Competitive Edge: Cost benefits make domestically produced coal more competitive against
imported coal.

Reducing Congestion and Logistics Enhancement

 Railway Dominance: Presently, railways handle 55% of coal evacuation, with a vision to elevate
this to 75% by FY'30.
 Alleviating Congestion: RSR aims to alleviate congestion on conventional rail routes prone to
bottlenecks due to high traffic.

Growth and Future Significance

 Remarkable Growth: Rail-sea-rail coal transportation has grown by approximately 125% in the
past four years.
 Increasing Coal Production: With a predicted doubling of coal production in the next seven years,
RSR's success becomes pivotal for uninterrupted coal supply across consumption centers.

Challenges and Considerations

 Infrastructure Requirements: Efficient RSR implementation necessitates robust rail and port
infrastructure.
 Risk Mitigation: Addressing potential challenges like adverse weather, technical glitches, and
transport disruptions through risk mitigation strategies.
 Collaborative Execution: Seamless collaboration among Ministries involved in RSR strategy
implementation is vital for smooth execution.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Context
Recently, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas provided valuable insights into the Strategic Petroleum
Reserve Programme during a written reply in the Lok Sabha.

Relevance:
GS-III: Industry and Infrastructure

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Strategic Petroleum Reserves
2. Strategic Petroleum Reserves in India

Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs)

 Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) refer to reserves of crude oil that nations maintain to
guarantee a consistent crude oil supply, particularly in the face of geopolitical instability or
disruptions in oil availability.

Purpose and Importance:

 SPRs serve the critical purpose of safeguarding against potential supply shocks caused by
geopolitical events or other disruptions.
 These reserves play a pivotal role in ensuring a continuous flow of energy resources to support a
country's economic progress and advancement.

Key Points:
 Strategic Petroleum Reserves are stockpiles of crude oil held by countries.
 They aim to ensure a stable oil supply during geopolitical uncertainties and supply disruptions.
 These reserves are stored underground to maintain a reliable energy flow.
 Their main role is to support a nation's growth and development by providing consistent energy
resources.
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Benefits of SPRs:
 Energy Security: SPRs provide a safety net against sudden supply disruptions, ensuring an
uninterrupted energy supply.
 Economic Stability: By releasing oil during shortages, SPRs help stabilize domestic fuel prices and
prevent price spikes.
 Geopolitical Preparedness: SPRs enhance a nation's ability to respond to global energy dynamics
and geopolitical developments.
 Emergency Response: SPRs contribute to disaster management by ensuring essential energy
resources are available during emergencies.

India's Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) Infrastructure and Capacity

 Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd. (ISPRL) was established by the Government of India as a
Special Purpose Vehicle under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas in 2004.
 The SPR infrastructure is a critical component of India's energy security strategy, aimed at
safeguarding against disruptions in oil supply.

Existing SPR Facilities:

India's current underground SPR sites possess a collective capacity of 5.33 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of
crude oil. These facilities are strategically located across two states:
 Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh: 1.33 MMT capacity
 Mangaluru, Karnataka: 1.5 MMT capacity
 Padur, Karnataka: 2.5 MMT capacity

Filling Strategy:
 Taking advantage of favorable crude oil prices in April/May 2020, India efficiently maximized its
existing SPR storage capacity. This tactical decision resulted in significant potential savings,
estimated at approximately INR 5000 crore.

Expansion Plans and Commercial-Cum-Strategic Facilities:

In a noteworthy development, the Indian Government granted approval for the establishment of two additional
commercial-cum-strategic SPR sites:
 Chandikhol, Odisha: 4 MMT capacity
 Padur, Karnataka: 2.5 MMT capacity (expansion)
 These facilities, with a total storage capacity of 6.5 MMT, will operate through a Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) model.

Transfer and Timeline: Upon the conclusion of the 60-year Concession Period, the entity granted the concession
will transfer the SPR, along with associated infrastructure like Single Mooring Points (SPMs) and
onshore/offshore pipelines, back to the Government of India.

Historical Context:
 The roots of India's SPR initiative trace back to the Gulf War in 1990. Faced with a significant
energy
 crisis during that period, India's limited oil reserves posed a mere three-day buffer.
 Though the crisis was averted at the time, the persisting risk of energy disruptions remained a
continuous concern.
 To address this energy security challenge, the administration under Atal Bihari Vajpayee proposed
the establishment of strategic petroleum reserves in 1998.
 Presently, with escalating energy consumption, the rationale for developing and maintaining such
reserves becomes increasingly compelling.

Global Comparison:
 In the realm of global strategic petroleum reserves, India's infrastructure stands alongside other
major economies:
 United States: 714 million barrels

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 GS-III: Industry & Infrastructure: Aug ’23 PIB

 China: 475 million barrels

 Japan: 324 million barrels
 India's commitment to strengthening its SPR infrastructure underscores the nation's proactive
approach to mitigating energy supply risks and ensuring stability in the face of global energy
dynamics.

CITIIS 2.0 Program

Context:
Recently, the Government has approved the ‘City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain 2.0 (CITIIS
2.0)’.

Relevance:
GS III: Infrastructure

Dimensions of the Article:

1. About CITIIS Program
2. CITIIS 2.0 Program
3. What is the Smart Cities Mission?

About CITIIS Program:

 The CITIIS (Cities Investments to Innovate Integrate and Sustain) Challenge was launched in
partnership with AFD and the European Union.
 It aimed to extend a loan of EUR 100 million for the implementation of innovative projects selected
through an All-India Challenge in sectors like sustainable mobility, public open spaces, urban
governance & ICT, and social and organizational innovation in low-income settlements.
 The program was launched on July 9, 2018, and completed activities such as preparatory
workshops, proposal submission by cities, evaluation of proposals, and selection of 12 projects in a
record time.
 Currently, the 12 projects are being implemented in cities like Agartala, Amaravati, Amritsar,
Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Dehradun, Hubbali-Dharwad, Kochi, Puducherry, Surat, Ujjain, and
Visakhapatnam.

CITIIS 2.0 Program:

 The program aims to support selected projects that promote circular economy, integrated waste
management at the city level, climate-oriented reform actions at the state level, and institutional
strengthening and knowledge dissemination at the national level.

Duration and Partnerships:

 The program will span over four years, from 2023 to 2027.
 It is conceived and will be implemented in partnership with the French Development Agency (AFD),
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European Union (EU), and the National Institute of
Urban Affairs (NIUA).

Funding:
 The funding for CITIIS 2.0 includes a loan of �1,760 crore split equally between AFD and KfW.
 Additionally, there is a technical assistance grant of �106 crore from the European Union.

Components of CITIIS 2.0:

CITIIS 2.0 comprises three major components:
 Financial and technical support for developing projects focused on building climate resilience,
adaptation, and mitigation in up to 18 smart cities.
 Interventions at the central, state, and city levels to further climate governance.
 Promoting circular economy with a focus on integrated waste management at the city level.

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What is the Smart Cities Mission?

 The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was
launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on June 25, 2015.
 Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services
and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
 Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry
selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.
 The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city, but in
2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline
for Shillong alone.

What kinds of projects were proposed?

 After the Ministry gave broad guidelines to the participating cities, the project proposals ranged
from making certain stretches of roads more accessible and pedestrian-friendly to more capital-
intensive ones like laying water pipelines and constructing sewage treatment plants.
 All 100 cities have also constructed Integrated Command and Control Centres to monitor all
security, emergency and civic services.
 During the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, these centres were converted into emergency response
units by many of the cities.

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 GS-III: Science & Technology: Aug ’23 PIB

ASTRA Missile

Context:
Recently, Tejas, Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) LSP-7 successfully fired the ASTRA off the coast of Goa on August
23, 2023.

Relevance:
GS III: Science and Technology

Dimensions of the Article:

1. ASTRA Missile
2. Key Features of LCA Tejas

ASTRA Missile:
 Indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile.
 Purpose: Engaging and neutralizing highly agile supersonic aerial targets.
 Designed and developed by DRDL, RCI, and other DRDO labs.
 A significant stride towards 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' with Astra BVR integrated into Tejas fighters.

Key Features of LCA Tejas:

 Lightest, smallest, and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft.
 Equipped for various air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided weaponry.
 Capability for air-to-air refueling.
 Tejas has a maximum payload capacity of 4000 kg.
 Achieves a speed of Mach 1.8.

Electrified Flex fuel vehicle

Context:
Recently, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways of India unveiled the Prototype of BS-6 Stage-II,
Electrified Flex fuel vehicle.

Relevance:
GS III: Science and Technology

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle: A Breakthrough in Sustainable Mobility
2. Ethanol and Ethanol Blending in India

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Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle: A Breakthrough in Sustainable Mobility

 Introduction to the world's first BS-6 Stage-II Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle.
 Unique combination of a Flexi Fuel engine and an electric powertrain.

Understanding the Mechanics of Flexible Fuel Cars Utilizing Ethanol

 Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) and their internal combustion engines.
 Capability to operate using various gasoline-ethanol blends, up to 83% ethanol.
 Common composition of flex fuel: 85% ethanol and 15% petrol.
 Overcoming the energy disparity: Bio-ethanol's lower energy content.
 Advancements in technology to equalize the calorific value of bio-ethanol and petrol.
 Pioneering the way: India's first 100% dual fuel vehicle for Indian roads.
 Global Landscape of Flex Fuel Engines: Adoption and Popularity
 Prevalence of flex fuel engines in diverse regions: Brazil, the United States, European Union, China.
 Implication of widespread use and its contribution to sustainable transportation.

Ethanol and Ethanol Blending in India:

 Ethanol is an agricultural by-product obtained mainly from the processing of sugar from sugarcane,
but it can also be derived from other sources such as rice husk or maize.
 Ethanol blending is the practice of mixing ethanol with petrol in order to reduce the consumption of
fossil fuels in vehicles.
 E20 fuel refers to a blend consisting of 20% ethanol and 80% petrol.
 In February 2023, the Prime Minister of India launched the E20 fuel pilot project in Bengaluru,
which involves blending 20% ethanol with petrol.
 Initially, this pilot project covers at least 15 cities and is expected to be gradually implemented
nationwide.
 Over the years, India has been steadily increasing the proportion of ethanol blended with petrol.
The blending rate has risen from 1.53% in 2013-14 to 10.17% in 2022.
 The government has advanced its target of achieving 20% ethanol blending in petrol from 2030 to
2025, aiming to further reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
 As part of its G20 presidency, the Indian government has proposed the establishment of a global
biofuel alliance with countries like Brazil. This alliance would focus on promoting the use of biofuels
internationally.

-Source: The Hindu

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 GS-III: Environment & Ecology: Aug ’23 PIB

Himalayan Vulture

Context:
Recently, the Assam State Zoo in Guwahati has achieved a groundbreaking feat by successfully breeding the
elusive Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in captivity for the first time in India.

Relevance:
GS III: Environment and Ecology

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Exploring the Himalayan Vulture
2. Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac: Impact on Vultures

Exploring the Himalayan Vulture

Conservation Status:
 IUCN Red List: Near Threatened.
 CITES Appendix II.

Impressive Characteristics:
 Stature and Wingspan: Among the largest Old World vulture species, boasts an imposing wingspan
and formidable presence.
 Camouflaged Plumage: Adorned with shades of black and brown, aiding in seamless blending with
rugged mountain landscapes.
 Mastery of Scavenging: Possesses a powerful hooked beak and keen eyesight, excelling as an
efficient scavenger, vital for carrion clean-up.

Habitat and Range:

 Himalayan Haven: Primarily found in the towering peaks and valleys of the Himalayan mountain
range.
 Winter Migration: Commonly migrates to the Indian plains during the winter season.
 Extensive Range: Thrives across countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China, adapting to
challenging high-altitude settings.

Ecosystem Role:
 Ecological Cleaner: Serves as a crucial top predator and scavenger, maintaining habitat health by
disposing of animal remains.
 Disease Prevention: Acts as a shield against disease spread from decaying carcasses, contributing
to ecosystem balance.

Captive Breeding Challenges and Success:

 Snowy Breeding Habits: Natural breeding in snow-clad mountains posed captivity challenges.

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 Acclimatization Triumph: Successful zoo breeding via long-term captivity and acclimatization to
tropical conditions.

Threats and Conservation Efforts:

 Vulnerability Factors: Habitat loss, food scarcity, and accidental poisoning from veterinary drugs
contribute to its vulnerable status.
 Conservation Breeding Centers: Vital role played by centers like the Vulture Conservation
Breeding Centre (VCBC) in Rani, Assam, in safeguarding this vulture species.

Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac: Impact on Vultures

Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac: NSAIDs for Pain and Inflammation:
 Ketoprofen and aceclofenac are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used to
alleviate pain and reduce inflammation in animals, particularly cattle.
 These drugs are prescribed for various conditions including arthritis, injuries, and post-surgery
pain management.

Harmful Effects on Vultures:

 Lethal Consequences: These NSAIDs have proven to be detrimental to vultures, leading to severe
health consequences and even death.
 Kidney Failure: Consumption of animal carcasses treated with ketoprofen or aceclofenac results in
kidney failure among vultures.
 Carcass Contamination: Vultures feeding on treated animal remains ingest the drugs, which wreak
havoc on their renal system, ultimately causing fatal damage.

Ecological Impact:
 Ecosystem Disruption: The decline in vulture populations due to NSAID toxicity disrupts the
ecological balance, as vultures play a crucial role in scavenging carcasses and preventing the spread
of diseases.
 Carrion Cleanup: Vultures' natural scavenging behavior contributes to the removal of carcasses,
thus reducing the risk of diseases that could arise from decaying animal remains.

Conservation Concerns and Measures:

 Drastic Decline: The toxic effects of these NSAIDs have significantly contributed to the decline of
vulture populations in certain regions.
 Conservation Initiatives: Awareness campaigns, changes in veterinary practices, and efforts to
limit the use of these harmful drugs in livestock have been implemented to mitigate the impact on
vultures.
 Vulture Safe Zones: Establishing designated areas where safe food sources are available can help
safeguard vultures from the dangers of NSAID-contaminated carcasses.

Importance of Vulture Conservation:

 Environmental Balance: Vultures' role in carrion disposal prevents the spread of diseases and
contributes to a healthier ecosystem.
 Biodiversity Protection: Ensuring vulture survival is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and
preventing imbalances in the food chain.

-Source: The Hindu

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 GS-III: Internal Security: Aug ’23 PIB

Exercise Zayed Talwar

Context:
Indian Navy and United Arab Emirates to conduct bilateral exercise ‘Zayed Talwar from 8th to 11 August 2023.

Relevance:
GS III: Security Challenges

Exercise Zayed Talwar

Participating Ships:
 The Indian Navy's exercise Zayed Talwar features the involvement of two prominent ships: INS
Visakhapatnam and INS Trikand.

Professional Engagement:
 The exercise entails robust professional interactions between the visiting Indian ships and the UAE
Naval Force.
 These interactions span diverse facets of maritime operations, facilitating knowledge exchange and
expertise sharing.

Mutual Learning:
 As part of the exercise, the Indian and UAE naval entities will engage in the exchange of best
practices.
 The goal is to bolster cooperation and fortify the bond between the two naval forces.

Enhanced Partnership:
 Exercise Zayed Talwar plays a pivotal role in elevating the maritime partnership between the Indian
and UAE navies.
 It fosters a shared comprehension of security challenges within the region.

Exercise MALABAR

Context:
The 27th edition of Exercise MALABAR took place off the East Coast of Australia near Sydney, concluding on
August 21, 2023.

Relevance:
GS III: Security Challenges

Dimensions of the Article:

1. About Exercise MALABAR
2. Operations and Integration
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 GS-III: Internal Security: Aug ’23 PIB

About Exercise MALABAR

 Participating navies included the Indian Navy (IN), Royal Australian Navy (RAN), Japan Maritime
Self Defence Force (JMSDF), and the US Navy (USN).
 Phases of Exercise:
 The exercise was conducted in two phases:
o Harbour Phase
o Sea Phase

Participating Units:
 The Indian Navy was represented by indigenously built Destroyer INS Kolkata, Frigate INS Sahyadri,
and P8I Maritime Patrol Aircraft.
 Participating units also included RAN ships HMAS Choules and HMAS Brisbane, USS Raphael
Peralta, and JS Shiranui, along with submarines, fighter aircraft, maritime patrol aircraft, and
shipborne helicopters.

Operations and Integration:

 Ships sailed for the sea phase from Sydney harbour, while air assets operated from RAAF Amberley
Brisbane.
 The sea phase witnessed complex and high-intensity exercises in air, surface, and undersea
domains, including weapon firings and cross-deck helicopter operations.
 The joint exercises at sea aimed to hone war-fighting skills and enhance interoperability,
showcasing the ability to undertake advanced maritime operations.
 Integration of air assets highlighted seamless coordination between Indian, Australian, and US
maritime patrol aircraft units.

Shared Commitment and Regional Stability:

 Exercise MALABAR underscored the strong cooperation and shared values among the participating
nations.
 It emphasized the collective ability of these four navies to ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-
Pacific region, promoting peace, security, and regional stability.
 The exercise reaffirmed the commitment of the navies to maritime security through collaborative
training and mutual understanding.

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EXERCISE BRIGHT STAR-23

Context:
Recently, an Indian Air Force (IAF) contingent departed to participate in Exercise BRIGHT STAR-23, scheduled
to be held at Cairo (West) Air Base, Egypt, from 27 August to 16 September 2023.

Relevance:
Facts for Prelims

EXERCISE BRIGHT STAR-23

 Nature: Biennial multilateral tri-service exercise.
 Origins: Initiated in 1980, arising from the Egypt-Israel peace treaty, with US involvement.
 IAF's Debut: Marks the first participation of the Indian Air Force (IAF) in Ex BRIGHT STAR-23.
 Participating Countries: United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Greece, and Qatar.
 IAF Contingent: Comprises five MiG-29, two IL-78, two C-130, and two C-17 aircraft.
 Personnel Inclusion: Involves IAF's Garud Special Forces, and members from Squadrons 28, 77, 78,
and 81.
 Objective: Focuses on joint operation planning and execution. Facilitates cross-border bonding and
enhances strategic relations among participants.
 India-Egypt Relations: Historic partnership with collaborative efforts in aero-engine and aircraft
development during the 1960s, along with pilot training exchanges.

ULLAS Initiative

Context:
Recently, the Union Minister of Education launched the logo, slogan-Jan Jan Sakshar and mobile application of
ULLAS in New Delhi.

Relevance:
Facts for Prelims

ULLAS Initiative: Empowering Lifelong Learning and Literacy

 The Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society (ULLAS) initiative is a transformative
education program aimed at revolutionizing literacy and learning across India.
 It fosters an inclusive learning ecosystem that reaches every individual, filling the gaps in basic
literacy and essential life skills.
 Implemented through volunteerism, ULLAS provides basic education, digital and financial literacy,
and critical life skills to individuals aged 15 and above who missed the opportunity for formal
schooling.

Key Aspects of ULLAS Initiative:

 Slogan: ULLAS: Nav Bharat Saksharta Karyakram

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 Prelims: Aug ’23 PIB

 ULLAS App: The user-friendly and interactive ULLAS app is available on both Android and iOS
platforms. It serves as a digital gateway, connecting learners to diverse educational resources
through the DIKSHA portal of NCERT.
 Registration: The ULLAS app allows learners and volunteers to register easily, either through self-
registration or by surveyors.
 Significance: The initiative focuses on promoting functional literacy, vocational skills, and essential
life skills such as financial literacy, legal literacy, and digital literacy. Empowering citizens to
actively participate in nation-building is another crucial aspect of the program.
 Continuous Learning: ULLAS fosters a culture of continuous learning and knowledge-sharing within
communities, contributing to a well-informed and empowered society.

MSME Card

Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), in association with the National
Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) had launched the MSME RuPay Credit Card on a pilot basis, pan-India for
Udyam registered MSMEs.

Relevance:
Facts for Prelims

MSME RuPay Credit Card:

 The MSME RuPay Credit Card is designed to provide a simplified payment mechanism to Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for their business-related operational expenses.
 This card allows MSMEs to make digital payments, pay utility bills, taxes, and other statutory
payments conveniently.

Interest-Free Credit Period:

 MSME borrowers using the RuPay Credit Card can benefit from an interest-free credit period for
their business spending, subject to the policies set by the issuing bank.
 This feature allows MSMEs to manage their cash flow more effectively and meet their financial
needs without incurring immediate interest charges.

NPCI - National Payments Corporation of India:

 The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an umbrella organization responsible for
operating retail payments and settlement systems in India.
 It was established as a joint initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks'
Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
 NPCI's primary goal is to create a robust and efficient Payment & Settlement Infrastructure in India,
facilitating secure and seamless electronic transactions for various payment services.

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