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STE02465 Augered Cast-In-Place Pile Installation Guidelines
STE02465 Augered Cast-In-Place Pile Installation Guidelines
STE02465 Augered Cast-In-Place Pile Installation Guidelines
PIP STE02465
Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Design Guidelines
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these
technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and
engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While
this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users,
individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take
precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and
particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering
situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The
use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of
preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the
same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All
Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines
should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or
regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or
acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and
will be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn.
Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at www.pip.org.
PIP will not consider requests for interpretations (inquiries) for this Practice.
PIP STE02465
Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Design Guidelines
Table of Contents
6. Inspection..................................... 4
7. Spoils Handling............................ 4
8. Grout ............................................. 4
9. Codes............................................ 5
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides recommendations for the design and installation of augered
cast-in-place piles for use by the engineers and specifiers of augered cast-in-place
piles.
1.2 Scope
This Practice supplements PIP STS02465 and provides assistance to the engineer in
the preparation of contract documents for furnishing and installing augered cast-in-
place piles.
This Practice is modeled on the DFI Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Manual. For
additional information, refer to that manual and also to the DFI Inspector’s Guide to
Augered Cast-in-Place Piles.
This Practice does not describe requirements for lateral displacement or drilled
displacement piles, also known as augered cast-in-place displacement (ACIP-D)
piles. ACIP-D piles may be a good substitute for augered cast-in-place piles in some
soil types/conditions. Because of reduced or eliminated spoils, ACIP-D piles may be
a good choice in contaminated soil conditions. However, the different types of
proprietary ACIP-D piles may be more or less suited for different soil conditions.
Appropriate engineering, including geotechnical engineering, is required. DFI is
developing a practice manual on ACIP-D piles, and the Federal Highway
Administration is developing a manual on augered cast-in-place piles that addresses
ACIP-D piles. Both manuals are due out in 2005.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practice and other references should be reviewed by
those preparing contract documents for augered cast-in-place piles.
3. Definitions
engineer of record: The engineer responsible for structural design of the project
geotechnical engineer: The party responsible for performing the geotechnical investigation
and/or geotechnical consulting during the piling work
inspector: The party responsible for performing inspection during the pile work
owner: The party who owns the facility wherein the augered cast-in-place piles will be
installed
purchaser: The party who awards the contract to the supplier. The purchaser may be the
owner or the owner’s authorized agent.
supplier: The party responsible for furnishing and installing augered cast-in-place piles
4. General
4.1 The recommendations given in this Practice should be considered in design and
construction of augered cast-in-place pile foundation systems.
4.2 These recommendations are provided because of the unique features of the system
and should be considered because they improve the final product and reduce
problems during construction. These recommendations are not all inclusive, and the
specifications and plans should be reviewed by a geotechnical professional
experienced in augered cast-in-place pile design and construction.
5. Preaward Meeting
A preaward or preconstruction meeting, including at a minimum the supplier, purchaser,
engineer of record, geotechnical engineer, and inspector, should be held to discuss topics
such as the following.
a. Safety requirements
b. Site entry procedures
c. Available subsurface information
d. Underground utility identification and location
e. Survey for elevation and location of piles
f. Reinforcing steel placement
g. Grout
h. Excavated materials disposal
i. Action required if potentially contaminated soil is encountered
j. Testing and inspection
k. Responsibility for required reports
6. Inspection
6.1 The inspection data requirements for augered cast-in-place piles during installation
differ from the data typically obtained for driven piles.
6.2 During pile installation, problems that are difficult to detect can occur, which can
reduce the load carrying capacity of the pile. For these reasons, careful, purchaser-
retained inspection by an experienced professional (preferably a geotechnical
engineer) on a full-time basis is considered essential.
6.3 Careful attention should be given to the inspection requirements by an experienced
professional. Modifications should be made to the inspection requirements to fit the
specific requirements of each project.
6.4 For the inspection, automated instrumentation and monitoring systems to measure
various elements of the installation process and to produce readout by computer are
available. If this type of instrumentation is desired and is to be provided by the
supplier, the requirements should be stated by adding an addenda coversheet to
invoke and modify PIP STS02465, Section 4.2.3. The instrumentation will be an
additional cost to the purchaser. Even if the instrumentation is provided by the
supplier, a qualified inspector should be present during the pile work. The special
instrumentation is not normally used or available for piles installed in areas having
restricted headroom conditions.
7. Spoils Handling
7.1 The drilling process produces spoils in the form of excess grout and soil returned to
the surface by the augers.
7.2 The contract documents should clearly state which party is responsible for removing
and disposing spoils, any restrictions on the disposal, and location of a disposal area
that the owner can provide, if any.
7.3 If the soil is contaminated, handling and disposal costs should be considered in
determining the feasibility of the system.
7.4 If contaminated spoil disposal is an issue, but drilled piles are preferred over driven
piles, augered cast-in-place displacement (ACIP-D) piles may be considered (see
Section 2, this Practice). All types of ACIP-D piles do not necessarily eliminate
spoils, but they at least significantly reduce the quantity of spoils.
8. Grout
8.1 The required grout strength should be designated on the plans if other than the
4,000 psi (27,580 kPa) at 28 days “default” given in PIP STS02465,
Section 4.3.2.7.3.
8.2 Allowable maximum grout temperature and holding time stated in PIP STS02465,
Section 4.3.2.7.5, differ from the temperatures and holding times given in the DFI
Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Manual guideline specification. However, as also noted
in the DFI Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Manual commentary, opinions differ about
the allowable maximum temperature, and some think that 90°F (32°C) should be the
maximum (same as given in PIP STS02465). The DFI Augered Cast-in-Place Piles
Manual also notes that excessive mixing time and temperature can be detrimental to
grout strength.
8.3 As stated in Section 8.2 (this Practice), the requirements in PIP STS02465 are based
on 90°F (32°C) allowable maximum temperature. As a result, if a higher and
potentially detrimental grout temperature is considered on a particular project or is
requested by the supplier, the engineer of record is alerted and given the opportunity
to consider whether to allow higher temperatures. If greater temperatures and/or
extended holding times are allowed, special procedures for grouting should be
developed and followed. It is recommended that additional strength test cubes that
represent grout placed at high temperatures and/or after extended holding times be
made. To prepare for an occurrence of low strength test results, definitions of
remedial actions and assignment of responsibility for the actions should be made and
agreed upon beforehand.
8.4 The minimum theoretical grout volume specified in PIP STS02465, Section 4.4.6.13,
should be increased as necessary to match the volume used in the test piles and/or
the recommendations of the geotechnical engineer, which are made according to soil
type encountered during soil borings.
9. Codes
9.1 Governing codes should be checked for limitations that are more restrictive than
those in PIP STS02465. Some building codes place specific limits on design stresses
(and/or maximum loads) for this type of pile.
9.2 Codes should be checked for other limitations, such as spacing between piles
constructed within 24 hours of one another, reinforcing cover, length to diameter
ratio, etc.
11. Reinforcement
11.1 Reinforcement cages, if required, should be limited in length to the minimum
actually needed for moment and shear resistance.
11.2 Cages longer than about 20 to 25 ft (6 to 8 m) are difficult or impossible to install. If
possible, cages should be limited to approximately 15-ft (4.5-m) length. Installation
of cages longer than 25 ft (8 m) is normally unsuccessful.
11.3 Full-length single bar reinforcement is commonly employed for tension piles.
11.4 Longitudinal reinforcement and spiral confining steel (or suitable alternative
reinforcement) may be needed to withstand seismic pile-soil interaction loading
conditions, particularly if these piles derive a significant share of their support in end
bearing resistance during and immediately after a major earthquake. Competent
geotechnical and structural engineers should confirm the suitability of these
foundation elements for the expected loading/distortion conditions.
11.5 According to ASCE 7-2002, Section A9.7.5.4.1, full-length reinforcement cages are
required in piles for structures in Seismic Design Category E or F. Accommodations
in the design should be made by the engineer of record to facilitate the installation of
full-length cages, such as bending reinforcement bars toward the center at the bottom
of the cage so that the cage does not catch on the sides of the pile grout hole. In such
cases, the supplier should provide a plan to assure that a full-length cage can be
installed. In certain soil conditions with deep piles, this requirement may preclude
the use of augered cast-in-place piles. A sufficient quantity of grout to complete a
pile should be at the site before pile installation begins.
13.2 Typically, the best pricing for the purchaser can be obtained by requesting lump sum
bids for the entire installation of the piles and requesting unit pricing for over and
under the bid quantity of piles.
14. Surveying
14.1 The contract documents should clearly state which party is responsible for the survey
locating the piles and marking cut-off elevations.
14.2 Location of benchmarks and description of datum plane should be provided, if
appropriate.