Essentials of Life Span Development 1st Edition Santrock Test Bank

Essentials of Life Span Development
1st Edition Santrock Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/essentials-of-life-span-development-1st-edition-santrock-test-bank/
Chapter 10
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:
A. a natural and healthy part of development.

B. an abnormal and unhealthy state that occurs when development goes awry.
C. a simple problem to resolve for well-adjusted adolescents.
D. something that develops when parents put too much pressure on adolescents to grow up.
2. Maria, at age 16, sometimes has mixed-up feelings. Sometimes she gets angry with her parents
because they will not let her stay out late and date whom she pleases, but at other times she is
angry because they do not seem to nurture her the way they do her younger brother and sisters.
Maria is experiencing what Erik Erikson called:
A. identity withdrawal.
B. recognition confusion.
C. psychological diffusion.
D. psychosocial moratorium.
3. According to Erik Erikson, adolescents who become withdrawn and isolated from their peers and
family are suffering from:
A. recognition confusion.
B. identity confusion.
C. recognition moratorium.
D. identity moratorium.
4. An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what

psychologist James Marcia calls:
A. crisis.
B. commitment.
C. foreclosure.
D. moratorium.
5. According to James Marcia, the term _______ refers to the part of identity development in which
adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do.
A. moratorium
B. commitment
C. foreclosure
D. achievement
6. Identity _______ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a
crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.
A. confusion
B. stagnation
C. diffusion
D. moratorium
7. Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown.
Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will probably do what they
advise. According to the psychologist James Marcia, accepting his parents' advice will put Ramon
into:
A. identity diffusion.
B. identity foreclosure.
C. identity moratorium.
D. identity achievement.
8. Harrison has thought for a long time about his future plans. He considered going to a technical
college, but he also considered the value of getting a liberal arts degree from a 4-year college.
The decision caused Harrison a lot of anxiety. Finally, he decided to attend the technical college.
He is still wondering if his choice was the correct one. According to James Marcia, Harrison is
now in a state of:
9. Unlike with Erik Erikson's traditional view of identity formation, contemporary theorists believe that
identity is formed by:
A. a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.

B. the time an adolescent reaches the age of 18 or is graduated from high school.
C. the resolution of a series of crises that emerge during adolescent development.
D. development that takes place in a series of discontinuous stages throughout life.
10. According to the contemporary view of identity development, your sense of identity is
determined:
A. through attachment during infancy.

B. by your choice of family lifestyle.
C. by resolving the identity crisis during adolescence.
D. during infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
11. Researchers believe that the most important changes in identity happen during young adulthood
rather than during adolescence because:
A. adolescents have not achieved the mental development required to achieve an identity.
B. college juniors and seniors are more likely to have completed identity achievement than
younger people.
C. sexual orientation is not fully established until the late adolescent or early adult years.
D. identity development appears to follow the MAMA cycle.
12. Researchers believe that many adolescents who develop positive identities:
A. never enter into an identity crisis.

B. follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
C. reach identity foreclosure by age 16.
D. reach identity achievement by age 16.
13. Jason was confused about whether to propose marriage to his girlfriend. After considerable
internal debate, he decided to propose. After he proposed and she accepted, he felt great and
knew he had done the right thing. As the wedding date approached, however, he was overcome
with doubt. He considered calling off the wedding but did not. Today he is very happily married
and is glad that he stayed with his decision. Jason's experience is an example of:
C. the MAMA cycle of identity development.
D. the values-conflict tension in identity development.
14. Martha's daughter has come to her for advice about what to do with her future. Her mother
explains that any decisions made now are not permanent and that her daughter will continue to
reevaluate her decisions for the rest of her life. Her daughter is relieved to hear that she does not
need to decide "everything" now, but she is not comfortable knowing that these important
decisions will continue to come up in the future. Martha is trying to help her daughter understand
that true identity development:
A. requires exploring one's individuality.

B. may not be stable after teen resolution.
C. requires foreclosure in early adulthood.
D. never really happens because we are never sure who we are.
15. D'Shawn and Mia believe that, to help reduce conflict at home, they should not interfere with their
adolescent's choices. This pattern is likely to provide _______ in their adolescent.
A. identity diffusion
B. identity foreclosure
C. identity moratorium
D. identity achievement
16. Steve and Jen believe that they should make certain that their adolescent knows the right choices
to make, and they use harsh punishment when their directives are not followed. This pattern is
likely to promote _______ in their adolescent.
17. Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:
A. foreclosure.
B. achievement.
C. individuality.
D. connectedness.
18. Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:
A. foreclosure.
B. achievement.
C. individuality.
D. connectedness.
19. Destine has a close friend who is gay. Destine understands her friend very well and empathizes
with her experience. Destine is showing a good sense of:
A. identity.
B. individuality.
C. connectedness.
D. identity assimilation.
20. Cooper and Grotevant (1989) believe that proper identity development occurs when parents
encourage _______ in adolescents.
A. individuality
B. connectedness
C. both individuality and connectedness
D. neither individuality nor connectedness
21. Which of the following would likely be said by a parent who is enabling adolescent identity
development?
A. "I will not allow you to make such a huge mistake. You will not be allowed to do such a thing
while you are living with me!"
B. "You have to learn to think through problems on your own. I can't make your decisions for you,
so let me know what you've decided."
C. "I really don't feel that I should have to be involved here. You handle this decision on your
own."
D. "I know that you feel you don't have any other options, but I disagree with what you are
considering. I'd like for us to discuss this in more detail."
22. The identity of first-generation immigrants is secure and usually stable. Any feelings of being
American that they develop are usually based on:
A. learning English.
B. developing social networks beyond their group of friends.
C. becoming culturally competent.
D. all of these.
23. An "American" identity may be more secure for second-generation immigrants than for their
parents because:
A. their parents gave up their ethnic identity.

B. citizenship is granted at birth.
C. they usually speak English.
D. they disassociate themselves from their ethnic background.
24. Although the period of adolescence is no longer considered a time of ________, it does normally
involve emotional highs and lows in most adolescents.
A. rebellion
B. storm and stress
C. rapid brain development
D. developmental disruption
25. Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents:
A. want autonomy, whereas parents want control.

B. want control, whereas parents want autonomy.
C. and parents have different value systems that are in conflict.
D. want help from parents, but parents want adolescents to work things out themselves.
26. Which of the following would wise parents do as their adolescent children push for control?
A. Let their children control areas of their lives that they understand.
B. Monitor but not interfere in their children's lives.
C. Let children have primary control over important decisions in their lives.
D. There is no rule for this situation; each family must decide what is best for them.
27. Research shows that the adolescents who deal best with separation from parents are the ones
who have ________ attachment to their parents.
A. slight
B. carefree
C. secure
D. insecure
28. Elizabeth has very positive relationships with her peers. She identifies strongly with them, is well
liked, and confides closely in her best friends. Research shows that adolescents like Elizabeth
tend to have:
A. close and secure relationships with their parents as well.

B. closer relationships with their same-sex parent than with their opposite-sex parent.
C. insecure relationships with their parents, because they focus more on their friends.
D. insecure relationships with their parents, so they use their friends to compensate.
29. Parents who are _______ active in their teen's life have _______ conflicts with them.
A. more; more
B. less; fewer
C. more; fewer
D. more; no
30. Which of the following is an appropriate response for a parent who is in conflict with his or her
child?
A. realizing that adolescence lasts a long time and being patient with the child
B. demanding complete compliance from the child to prevent a domino effect from developing
C. relaxing demands on the child to a minimum to stop the conflict
D. seeking outside help from a professional
31. Regi gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Research on parent-adolescent conflict
suggests that the type of thing that Regi and his parents probably argue about the MOST is:
A. whether Regi uses drugs.

B. Regi's delinquent behavior.
C. Regi's friends.
D. whether Regi keeps his room clean.
32. Conflict with parents most often escalates during:
A. early adolescence.
B. middle adolescence.
C. late adolescence.
D. the college years.
33. According to research, adolescents who express disagreement with parents explore identity
development _______ adolescents who do not express disagreement with their parents.
A. less actively than

B. equally as active as
C. more actively than
D. more erratically than
34. Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships
emphasize?
A. Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B. Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C. As adolescents mature, they detach from their parents.
D. As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.
35. One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that it:
A. teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.

B. helps adolescents in developing greater autonomy.
C. convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they thought.
D. teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.
36. A key way in which the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships DIFFER is that
the:
A. old model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
B. new model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
C. old model indicates that parent-child conflicts are greatest early in adolescence.
D. new model recommends that parents detach from their adolescent children.
37. Montemayor (1982) estimated that approximately _______ of families experience an intense and
unhealthy amount of parent-adolescent conflict.
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 40%
38. Harry Stack Sullivan believes most adolescent friendships are built on a need for:
A. respect.
B. compatibility.
C. intimacy.
D. similarity.
39. Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:
A. be more depressed than their peers.

B. develop healthier self-esteem than their peers.
C. engage in more delinquent behavior than their peers.
D. become more social as they grow older.
40. Carlos feels sad and disappointed that he was jilted by his girlfriend. Who is he likely to turn to for
reassurance?
A. his mother
B. his best friend
C. an older sibling
D. his father
41. Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the
neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:
A. should not be concerned, since adolescents frequently have much older friends.
B. should not try to stop his son from hanging out with these friends, since it increases the chance
that his son will rebel.
C. has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors.
D. should not worry, because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own
age.
42. Investigators have found that conformity to peer standards peaks around which grade level?
A. sixth to seventh grade

B. eighth to ninth grade
C. 10th to 11th grade
D. 12th grade
43. Aaron is a junior in high school. Some of Aaron's close friends have recently started engaging in
vandalism and writing graffiti. What is Aaron likely to do?
A. He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive group.
B. He is less likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
C. He is more likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
D. He is likely to engage in even more extreme forms of these behaviors to prove his group
membership.
44. Given what we know about the influence of peers on adolescents, an adolescent's desire to
spend a great deal of time with a clique is probably:
A. positive, because cliques have good effects on self-esteem.

B. negative, because cliques tend to exaggerate individuals' bad characteristics.
C. neither positive nor negative, because the key influence is other aspects of an adolescent's life
before he or she joins a clique.
D. either positive or negative, depending on what behavior the clique promotes.
45. The difference between a clique and a crowd is:
A. the amount of time spent together.

B. the interests shared.
C. the size of the group.
D. the amount of proximity.
46. In view of what you have learned about adolescent social development, which of the following is a
likely reason for the commonness of cliques during adolescence?
A. Cliques provide a place for adolescents to learn antisocial behaviors.

B. Cliques provide a transition between close dependence on family and adult independence.
C. Cliques provide an opportunity for social interaction among those who have few close friends.
D. Cliques encourage adolescents to become more aware of their own personal values and
opinions.
47. Which of the following is true when comparing childhood and adolescent groups?
A. Adolescent groups are more interest based.

B. Childhood groups are more ethnically diverse.
C. Childhood groups have a more rigid structure.
D. Adolescent groups are more neighborhood based.
48. Which of the following best describes how childhood peer groups differ from adolescent peer
groups?
A. Childhood peer groups are not as formalized as adolescent peer groups.

B. Childhood peer groups are more formalized than adolescent peer groups.
C. Childhood peer groups have more opposite-sex participation in groups than adolescent peer
groups.
D. Childhood peer groups are more heterogeneous than adolescent peer groups.
49. The relationship between self-esteem and crowd membership is:
A. unidirectional
B. bidirectional
C. causative
D. nonexistent
50. A new trend in dating among teens is:
A. dating in groups.
B. dating over the Internet.
C. dating multiple partners at once.
D. dating from different ethnic backgrounds.
51. In most cultures, the rite of passage is designed to:
A. maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.

B. test whether adolescents are ready for adult responsibilities.
C. test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D. help adolescents separate from parents and make the transition to adult status.
52. When adolescents are required to undergo some type of initiation or hazing before they can join a
gang or clique, this is comparable to a:
A. rite of passage.
B. gang moratorium.
C. test of identity.
D. diffusion of acceptance.
53. Cultures that have formalized rites of passage are expressing their belief that the transition from
adolescence into adulthood is:
A. too easy.
B. traumatic.
C. a continuous developmental process.
D. a discontinuous developmental process.
54. The transition from adolescence to adulthood for cultures that have rites of passage is less
_______ than for cultures that do not.
A. discontinuous
B. stressful
C. continuous
D. dramatic
55. Where are rites ofpassage most numerous?
A. Africa
B. South America
C. Australia
D. Asia
56. What distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent?
A. strong distinctions between age groups

B. resistance to Western culture
C. rigid social structure
D. low access to formal education
57. _______ refers to the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society.
A. Dualism
B. Pluralism
C. Bilateralism
D. Continuism
58. The process by which minority groups are absorbed into the dominant society is called:
A. assimilation.
B. transmigration.
C. acculturation.
D. reciprocation.
59. Some parents are strongly opposed to bilingual education in their schools. They argue that
immigrant children should learn to speak English, so they can function better in our society.
Parents who hold this view are showing their preference that ethnic minorities be:
A. isolated within our society.

B. assimilated into our society.
C. part of our pluralistic society.
D. accommodated by the educational system.
60. Ethnic families who have been fully assimilated into American culture tend to:
A. lose their traditional ethnic customs.

B. practice the ethnic traditions and customs of their ancestors.
C. see their traditional customs incorporated into the American culture.
D. accommodate their traditional customs to better fit with mainstream society.
61. Assimilation is to _______, as pluralism is to _______.
A. absorption; coexistence.
B. coexistence; absorption.
C. cognitive dimension; social dimension.
D. social dimension; cognitive dimension.
62. The high school in Johnson Station holds an ethnic festival each year where traditional folk songs
and dances are performed, traditional foods are sold, and arts and crafts are displayed from
various ethnic groups. Recognizing diversity between ethnic groups is all part of Johnson
Station's celebrating that we live in:
A. a pluralistic society.
B. a value-laden society.
C. an assimilated society.
D. an ethnic-transitional society.
63. "Viva diversity!" versus "America the melting pot" shows the two sides of:
A. ethnic identity status.

B. value conflicts about ethnicity.
C. the pluralism-diversity conflict.
D. the assimilation-accommodation argument about ethnicity.
64. Although Kesha lives in an affluent suburb with parents who are white-collar professionals, she
still feels the stress of being an ethnic minority in America. This is because:
A. ethnic groups have been assimilated in the American experience.

B. the rites of passage differ among different ethnic groups in America.
C. race and genes determine many universals of adolescent development.
D. discrimination and bias pervade the United States across economic levels.
65. In the study of adolescent development, many differences that are found between ethnic groups
(African-Americans, whites, Latinos, etc.) are really results of:
A. race.
B. genetics.
C. cultural mores.
D. socioeconomic levels.
66. The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents consists of:
A. the lack of clear rites of passage and identity confusion.

B. diversity and difference.
C. prejudice and poverty.
D. bias and assimilation.
67. Because of his Asian background, everyone expects Wen-Yen to excel in school. This type of
stereotype exists because Wen-Yen is a member of:
B. a higher social class.
C. a "model minority" group.
D. an assimilated minority group.
68. Which group of U.S. adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?
A. females
B. African Americans
C. the poor
D. Latinos
69. Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:
A. avoid forming an identity.

B. rebel against an identity.
C. form a negative identity.
D. have society impose an identity.
70. Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:
A. income.
B. number of children in the house.
C. age of the mother.
D. age of the offender.
71. Why do females have higher rates of depression than do males?
A. Females have more negative self-images than do males.

B. Society encourages sadness in females but anger in males.
C. Females have lower amounts of serotonin in their brains than males.
D. They do not; they just seek help more frequently than do males.
72. Ms. Borthwick-Duffy is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens. She should
discuss all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. marital strife between parents.

B. economic strife in the family.
C. having a late onset of puberty.
D. the emotionally unavailable parent.
73. Why do males have higher rates of suicide than females?
A. They are more depressed than females.

B. They attempt suicide more frequently than do females.
C. They use more lethal means than do females.
D. They give no warning signs before they kill themselves.
74. Deanna, a depressed adolescent, is considering suicide. She is:
A. most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.

B. likely to have a history of difficult relations with her family.
C. more likely to succeed in her attempt than is an adolescent boy.
D. an exception, in that few adolescents consider such a drastic action.
75. If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to
include in the program would be:
A. intensive individual attention.

B. strong academic support.
C. community role models.
D. tactics to "scare teens straight."
76. How early should intervention occur to prevent juvenile delinquency?
A. preschool
B. elementary school
C. junior high school
D. high school
77. The one commonality of successful programs developed to help at-risk youths is that they:
A. provide consistent consequences for behavior.

B. provide community involvement.
C. use a collaborative approach.
D. use peer interactions to facilitate learning and growth.
78. This theorist proposed a theoretical extension to Erik Erikson's "identity" construct. He formulated
a classification of identity statuses, where each of four identity status was the result of the
existence or absence of "crisis" and "commitment".
79. This theorist suggested that one's main task in establishing an identity is to balance the need for
individuality and the need for connectedness.
80. This person is considered to be the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of
adolescent friendships. He argued that friends help adolescents meet basic social needs such as
the need for social acceptance and intimacy.
81. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is the 5th developmental stage which
individuals experience during adolescence.
82. This term refers to the "gap" between childhood security and adult autonomy in which society
allows adolescents to "try on" many different identities.
83. This identity status is characterized by both the lack of crisis (exploration), and the lack of
commitment to a self-identity.
84. This identity status is characterized by the current exploration of various identity options without a
commitment to any one of those alternatives.
85. This identity status is characterized by high commitment but no crisis.

86. This identity status is characterized by a commitment to a self-identity following a period of crisis.
87. An aspect of one's identity that is characterized by an individual's sense of separateness from
others and the ability to assert oneself.
88. An aspect of one's identity that is characterized by respect and openness to the views of others.
89. An adolescent "group" consisting of about five individuals who are about the same age and
gender.
90. An adolescent group structure that is usually formed based on reputation. Members may or may
not spend time together.
91. A ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another. These rituals
usually focus on the transition to adult status.
92. The absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group which often means the loss of
behaviors and values of the ethnic group.
93. An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
94. List the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia.
95. List at least four actions that parents can take to increase competent adolescent development.
96. List three functions of adolescent friendships.
97. List four possible causes of juvenile delinquency.

98. List three possible reasons that may account for higher rates of depression in adolescent girls
relative to adolescent boys.
99. List at least four circumstances that place teens at risk for suicide.
100.Explain Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development.
101.Discuss the dimensions of individuality and connectedness.

102.Define ethnic identity.
103.Discuss the double disadvantage experienced by many ethnic minority adolescents.
104.Distinguish between pluralism and assimilation.
105.Briefly compare the old model of parent-adolescent relationships with the new model.
106.Define rite of passage and give an example of a rite of passage an American adolescent may
experience.
Chapter 10 Key
1. According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

(p. 285)
A. a natural and healthy part of development.

B. an abnormal and unhealthy state that occurs when development goes awry.
C. a simple problem to resolve for well-adjusted adolescents.
D. something that develops when parents put too much pressure on adolescents to grow up.
Level: Knowledge
Santrock - Chapter 10 #1
2. Maria, at age 16, sometimes has mixed-up feelings. Sometimes she gets angry with her
(p. 285) parents because they will not let her stay out late and date whom she pleases, but at other
times she is angry because they do not seem to nurture her the way they do her younger
brother and sisters. Maria is experiencing what Erik Erikson called:
A. identity withdrawal.
B. recognition confusion.
C. psychological diffusion.
D. psychosocial moratorium.
Level: Applied
3. According to Erik Erikson, adolescents who become withdrawn and isolated from their peers
(p. 285) and family are suffering from:
A. recognition confusion.
B. identity confusion.
C. recognition moratorium.
D. identity moratorium.
Level: Knowledge
4. An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what

(p. 286) psychologist James Marcia calls:
A. crisis.
B. commitment.
C. foreclosure.
D. moratorium.
Level: Knowledge
5. According to James Marcia, the term _______ refers to the part of identity development in
(p. 286) which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do.
A. moratorium
B. commitment
C. foreclosure
D. achievement
Level: Knowledge
6. Identity _______ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a
(p. 286) crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.
A. confusion
B. stagnation
C. diffusion
D. moratorium
Level: Knowledge
7. Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown.
(p. 286) Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will probably do what they
advise. According to the psychologist James Marcia, accepting his parents' advice will put
Ramon into:
Level: Applied
8. Harrison has thought for a long time about his future plans. He considered going to a technical
(p. 286) college, but he also considered the value of getting a liberal arts degree from a 4-year college.
The decision caused Harrison a lot of anxiety. Finally, he decided to attend the technical
college. He is still wondering if his choice was the correct one. According to James Marcia,
Harrison is now in a state of:
Level: Applied
9. Unlike with Erik Erikson's traditional view of identity formation, contemporary theorists believe
(p. 286) that identity is formed by:
A. a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.

B. the time an adolescent reaches the age of 18 or is graduated from high school.
C. the resolution of a series of crises that emerge during adolescent development.
D. development that takes place in a series of discontinuous stages throughout life.
Level: Conceptual
10. According to the contemporary view of identity development, your sense of identity is
(p. 287) determined:
A. through attachment during infancy.

B. by your choice of family lifestyle.
C. by resolving the identity crisis during adolescence.
D. during infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
Level: Conceptual
11. Researchers believe that the most important changes in identity happen during young
(p. 287) adulthood rather than during adolescence because:
A. adolescents have not achieved the mental development required to achieve an identity.
B. college juniors and seniors are more likely to have completed identity achievement than
younger people.
C. sexual orientation is not fully established until the late adolescent or early adult years.
D. identity development appears to follow the MAMA cycle.
Level: Conceptual
12. Researchers believe that many adolescents who develop positive identities:
(p. 287)
A. never enter into an identity crisis.

B. follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
C. reach identity foreclosure by age 16.
D. reach identity achievement by age 16.
Level: Knowledge
13. Jason was confused about whether to propose marriage to his girlfriend. After considerable
(p. 287) internal debate, he decided to propose. After he proposed and she accepted, he felt great and
knew he had done the right thing. As the wedding date approached, however, he was
overcome with doubt. He considered calling off the wedding but did not. Today he is very
happily married and is glad that he stayed with his decision. Jason's experience is an example
of:
C. the MAMA cycle of identity development.
D. the values-conflict tension in identity development.
Level: Applied
14. Martha's daughter has come to her for advice about what to do with her future. Her mother
(p. 287) explains that any decisions made now are not permanent and that her daughter will continue
to reevaluate her decisions for the rest of her life. Her daughter is relieved to hear that she
does not need to decide "everything" now, but she is not comfortable knowing that these
important decisions will continue to come up in the future. Martha is trying to help her daughter
understand that true identity development:
A. requires exploring one's individuality.

B. may not be stable after teen resolution.
C. requires foreclosure in early adulthood.
D. never really happens because we are never sure who we are.
Level: Applied
15. D'Shawn and Mia believe that, to help reduce conflict at home, they should not interfere with
(p. 290, their adolescent's choices. This pattern is likely to provide _______ in their adolescent.
286)
Level: Applied
16. Steve and Jen believe that they should make certain that their adolescent knows the right
(p. 290, choices to make, and they use harsh punishment when their directives are not followed. This
286)
pattern is likely to promote _______ in their adolescent.
Level: Applied
17. Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

(p. 287)
A. foreclosure.
B. achievement.
C. individuality.
D. connectedness.
Level: Knowledge
18. Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

(p. 287)
A. foreclosure.
B. achievement.
C. individuality.
D. connectedness.
Level: Knowledge
19. Destine has a close friend who is gay. Destine understands her friend very well and
(p. 287) empathizes with her experience. Destine is showing a good sense of:
A. identity.
B. individuality.
C. connectedness.
D. identity assimilation.
Level: Applied
20. Cooper and Grotevant (1989) believe that proper identity development occurs when parents
(p. 287) encourage _______ in adolescents.
A. individuality
B. connectedness
C. both individuality and connectedness
D. neither individuality nor connectedness
Level: Knowledge
21. Which of the following would likely be said by a parent who is enabling adolescent identity
(p. 287) development?
A. "I will not allow you to make such a huge mistake. You will not be allowed to do such a thing
while you are living with me!"
B. "You have to learn to think through problems on your own. I can't make your decisions for
you, so let me know what you've decided."
C. "I really don't feel that I should have to be involved here. You handle this decision on your
own."
D. "I know that you feel you don't have any other options, but I disagree with what you are
considering. I'd like for us to discuss this in more detail."
Level: Applied
22. The identity of first-generation immigrants is secure and usually stable. Any feelings of being
(p. 288) American that they develop are usually based on:
A. learning English.
B. developing social networks beyond their group of friends.
C. becoming culturally competent.
D. all of these.
Level: Knowledge
23. An "American" identity may be more secure for second-generation immigrants than for their
(p. 288) parents because:
A. their parents gave up their ethnic identity.

B. citizenship is granted at birth.
C. they usually speak English.
D. they disassociate themselves from their ethnic background.
Level: Knowledge
24. Although the period of adolescence is no longer considered a time of ________, it does
(p. 289) normally involve emotional highs and lows in most adolescents.
A. rebellion
B. storm and stress
C. rapid brain development
D. developmental disruption
Level: Knowledge
25. Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents:

(p. 289-
290)
A. want autonomy, whereas parents want control.

B. want control, whereas parents want autonomy.
C. and parents have different value systems that are in conflict.
D. want help from parents, but parents want adolescents to work things out themselves.
Level: Knowledge
26. Which of the following would wise parents do as their adolescent children push for control?
(p. 290-
291)
A. Let their children control areas of their lives that they understand.
B. Monitor but not interfere in their children's lives.
C. Let children have primary control over important decisions in their lives.
D. There is no rule for this situation; each family must decide what is best for them.
Level: Applied
27. Research shows that the adolescents who deal best with separation from parents are the ones
(p. 289) who have ________ attachment to their parents.
A. slight
B. carefree
C. secure
D. insecure
Level: Knowledge
28. Elizabeth has very positive relationships with her peers. She identifies strongly with them, is
(p. 289) well liked, and confides closely in her best friends. Research shows that adolescents like
Elizabeth tend to have:
A. close and secure relationships with their parents as well.

B. closer relationships with their same-sex parent than with their opposite-sex parent.
C. insecure relationships with their parents, because they focus more on their friends.
D. insecure relationships with their parents, so they use their friends to compensate.
Level: Applied
29. Parents who are _______ active in their teen's life have _______ conflicts with them.
(p. 290)
A. more; more
B. less; fewer
C. more; fewer
D. more; no
Level: Conceptual
30. Which of the following is an appropriate response for a parent who is in conflict with his or her
(p. 291) child?
A. realizing that adolescence lasts a long time and being patient with the child
B. demanding complete compliance from the child to prevent a domino effect from developing
C. relaxing demands on the child to a minimum to stop the conflict
D. seeking outside help from a professional
Level: Applied
31. Regi gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Research on parent-adolescent conflict
(p. 290) suggests that the type of thing that Regi and his parents probably argue about the MOST is:
A. whether Regi uses drugs.

B. Regi's delinquent behavior.
C. Regi's friends.
D. whether Regi keeps his room clean.
Level: Applied
32. Conflict with parents most often escalates during:

(p. 290)
A. early adolescence.
B. middle adolescence.
C. late adolescence.
D. the college years.
Level: Knowledge
33. According to research, adolescents who express disagreement with parents explore identity
(p. 290) development _______ adolescents who do not express disagreement with their parents.
A. less actively than

B. equally as active as
C. more actively than
D. more erratically than
Level: Knowledge
34. Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships
(p. 290) emphasize?
A. Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B. Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C. As adolescents mature, they detach from their parents.
D. As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.
Level: Conceptual
35. One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that it:
(p. 290)
A. teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.

B. helps adolescents in developing greater autonomy.
C. convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they thought.
D. teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.
Level: Knowledge
36. A key way in which the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships DIFFER is that
(p. 290) the:
A. old model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
B. new model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
C. old model indicates that parent-child conflicts are greatest early in adolescence.
D. new model recommends that parents detach from their adolescent children.
Level: Knowledge
37. Montemayor (1982) estimated that approximately _______ of families experience an intense
(p. 290) and unhealthy amount of parent-adolescent conflict.
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 40%
Level: Knowledge
38. Harry Stack Sullivan believes most adolescent friendships are built on a need for:
(p. 291)
A. respect.
B. compatibility.
C. intimacy.
D. similarity.
Level: Knowledge
39. Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:
(p. 292)
A. be more depressed than their peers.

B. develop healthier self-esteem than their peers.
C. engage in more delinquent behavior than their peers.
D. become more social as they grow older.
Level: Knowledge
40. Carlos feels sad and disappointed that he was jilted by his girlfriend. Who is he likely to turn to
(p. 292) for reassurance?
A. his mother
B. his best friend
C. an older sibling
D. his father
Level: Applied
41. Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the
(p. 292) neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:
A. should not be concerned, since adolescents frequently have much older friends.
B. should not try to stop his son from hanging out with these friends, since it increases the
chance that his son will rebel.
C. has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors.
D. should not worry, because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his
own age.
Level: Applied
42. Investigators have found that conformity to peer standards peaks around which grade level?
(p. 292)
A. sixth to seventh grade

B. eighth to ninth grade
C. 10th to 11th grade
D. 12th grade
Level: Knowledge
43. Aaron is a junior in high school. Some of Aaron's close friends have recently started engaging
(p. 292) in vandalism and writing graffiti. What is Aaron likely to do?
A. He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive group.
B. He is less likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
C. He is more likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
D. He is likely to engage in even more extreme forms of these behaviors to prove his group
membership.
Level: Applied
44. Given what we know about the influence of peers on adolescents, an adolescent's desire to
(p. 293) spend a great deal of time with a clique is probably:
A. positive, because cliques have good effects on self-esteem.

B. negative, because cliques tend to exaggerate individuals' bad characteristics.
C. neither positive nor negative, because the key influence is other aspects of an adolescent's
life before he or she joins a clique.
D. either positive or negative, depending on what behavior the clique promotes.
Level: Conceptual
45. The difference between a clique and a crowd is:

(p. 293)
A. the amount of time spent together.

B. the interests shared.
C. the size of the group.
D. the amount of proximity.
Level: Knowledge
46. In view of what you have learned about adolescent social development, which of the following
(p. 293) is a likely reason for the commonness of cliques during adolescence?
A. Cliques provide a place for adolescents to learn antisocial behaviors.

B. Cliques provide a transition between close dependence on family and adult independence.
C. Cliques provide an opportunity for social interaction among those who have few close
friends.
D. Cliques encourage adolescents to become more aware of their own personal values and
opinions.
Level: Conceptual
47. Which of the following is true when comparing childhood and adolescent groups?
(p. 293)
A. Adolescent groups are more interest based.

B. Childhood groups are more ethnically diverse.
C. Childhood groups have a more rigid structure.
D. Adolescent groups are more neighborhood based.
Level: Knowledge
48. Which of the following best describes how childhood peer groups differ from adolescent peer
(p. 292- groups?
293)
A. Childhood peer groups are not as formalized as adolescent peer groups.

B. Childhood peer groups are more formalized than adolescent peer groups.
C. Childhood peer groups have more opposite-sex participation in groups than adolescent
peer groups.
D. Childhood peer groups are more heterogeneous than adolescent peer groups.
Level: Conceptual
49. The relationship between self-esteem and crowd membership is:

(p. 293)
A. unidirectional
B. bidirectional
C. causative
D. nonexistent
Level: Conceptual
50. A new trend in dating among teens is:

(p. 294)
A. dating in groups.
B. dating over the Internet.
C. dating multiple partners at once.
D. dating from different ethnic backgrounds.
Level: Knowledge
51. In most cultures, the rite of passage is designed to:
(p. 297)
A. maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.

B. test whether adolescents are ready for adult responsibilities.
C. test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D. help adolescents separate from parents and make the transition to adult status.
Level: Conceptual
52. When adolescents are required to undergo some type of initiation or hazing before they can
(p. 297) join a gang or clique, this is comparable to a:
A. rite of passage.
B. gang moratorium.
C. test of identity.
D. diffusion of acceptance.
Level: Conceptual
53. Cultures that have formalized rites of passage are expressing their belief that the transition
(p. 297) from adolescence into adulthood is:
A. too easy.
B. traumatic.
C. a continuous developmental process.
D. a discontinuous developmental process.
Level: Conceptual
54. The transition from adolescence to adulthood for cultures that have rites of passage is less
(p. 297) _______ than for cultures that do not.
A. discontinuous
B. stressful
C. continuous
D. dramatic
Level: Knowledge
55. Where are rites ofpassage most numerous?
(p. 297)
A. Africa
B. South America
C. Australia
D. Asia
Level: Knowledge
56. What distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent?
(p. 297)
A. strong distinctions between age groups

B. resistance to Western culture
C. rigid social structure
D. low access to formal education
Level: Knowledge
57. _______ refers to the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society.
(p. 298)
A. Dualism
B. Pluralism
C. Bilateralism
D. Continuism
Level: Knowledge
58. The process by which minority groups are absorbed into the dominant society is called:
(p. 298)
A. assimilation.
B. transmigration.
C. acculturation.
D. reciprocation.
Level: Knowledge
59. Some parents are strongly opposed to bilingual education in their schools. They argue that
(p. 297) immigrant children should learn to speak English, so they can function better in our society.
Parents who hold this view are showing their preference that ethnic minorities be:
A. isolated within our society.

B. assimilated into our society.
C. part of our pluralistic society.
D. accommodated by the educational system.
Level: Conceptual
60. Ethnic families who have been fully assimilated into American culture tend to:
(p. 298)
A. lose their traditional ethnic customs.

B. practice the ethnic traditions and customs of their ancestors.
C. see their traditional customs incorporated into the American culture.
D. accommodate their traditional customs to better fit with mainstream society.
Level: Knowledge
61. Assimilation is to _______, as pluralism is to _______.

(p. 298)
A. absorption; coexistence.
B. coexistence; absorption.
C. cognitive dimension; social dimension.
D. social dimension; cognitive dimension.
Level: Knowledge
62. The high school in Johnson Station holds an ethnic festival each year where traditional folk
(p. 298) songs and dances are performed, traditional foods are sold, and arts and crafts are displayed
from various ethnic groups. Recognizing diversity between ethnic groups is all part of Johnson
Station's celebrating that we live in:
B. a value-laden society.
C. an assimilated society.
D. an ethnic-transitional society.
Level: Applied
63. "Viva diversity!" versus "America the melting pot" shows the two sides of:
(p. 298)
A. ethnic identity status.

B. value conflicts about ethnicity.
C. the pluralism-diversity conflict.
D. the assimilation-accommodation argument about ethnicity.
Level: Conceptual
64. Although Kesha lives in an affluent suburb with parents who are white-collar professionals, she
(p. 298) still feels the stress of being an ethnic minority in America. This is because:
A. ethnic groups have been assimilated in the American experience.

B. the rites of passage differ among different ethnic groups in America.
C. race and genes determine many universals of adolescent development.
D. discrimination and bias pervade the United States across economic levels.
Level: Applied
65. In the study of adolescent development, many differences that are found between ethnic
(p. 298) groups (African-Americans, whites, Latinos, etc.) are really results of:
A. race.
B. genetics.
C. cultural mores.
D. socioeconomic levels.
Level: Conceptual
66. The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents consists of:
(p. 304)
A. the lack of clear rites of passage and identity confusion.

B. diversity and difference.
C. prejudice and poverty.
D. bias and assimilation.
Level: Knowledge
67. Because of his Asian background, everyone expects Wen-Yen to excel in school. This type of
(p. 299) stereotype exists because Wen-Yen is a member of:
B. a higher social class.
C. a "model minority" group.
D. an assimilated minority group.
Level: Applied
68. Which group of U.S. adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?
(p. 299)
A. females
B. African Americans
C. the poor
D. Latinos
Level: Knowledge
69. Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:

(p. 299)
A. avoid forming an identity.

B. rebel against an identity.
C. form a negative identity.
D. have society impose an identity.
Level: Conceptual
70. Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:

(p. 299-
300)
A. income.
B. number of children in the house.
C. age of the mother.
D. age of the offender.
Level: Knowledge
71. Why do females have higher rates of depression than do males?
(p. 300)
A. Females have more negative self-images than do males.

B. Society encourages sadness in females but anger in males.
C. Females have lower amounts of serotonin in their brains than males.
D. They do not; they just seek help more frequently than do males.
Level: Knowledge
72. Ms. Borthwick-Duffy is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens. She
(p. 300) should discuss all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. marital strife between parents.

B. economic strife in the family.
C. having a late onset of puberty.
D. the emotionally unavailable parent.
Level: Applied
73. Why do males have higher rates of suicide than females?

(p. 302)
A. They are more depressed than females.

B. They attempt suicide more frequently than do females.
C. They use more lethal means than do females.
D. They give no warning signs before they kill themselves.
Level: Knowledge
74. Deanna, a depressed adolescent, is considering suicide. She is:

(p. 302)
A. most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.

B. likely to have a history of difficult relations with her family.
C. more likely to succeed in her attempt than is an adolescent boy.
D. an exception, in that few adolescents consider such a drastic action.
Level: Applied
75. If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to
(p. 303) include in the program would be:
A. intensive individual attention.

B. strong academic support.
C. community role models.
D. tactics to "scare teens straight."
Level: Conceptual
76. How early should intervention occur to prevent juvenile delinquency?

(p. 303)
A. preschool
B. elementary school
C. junior high school
D. high school
Level: Knowledge
77. The one commonality of successful programs developed to help at-risk youths is that they:
(p. 303)
A. provide consistent consequences for behavior.

B. provide community involvement.
C. use a collaborative approach.
D. use peer interactions to facilitate learning and growth.
Level: Conceptual
78. This theorist proposed a theoretical extension to Erik Erikson's "identity" construct. He
(p. 286) formulated a classification of identity statuses, where each of four identity status was the result
of the existence or absence of "crisis" and "commitment".
James Marcia
Level: Knowledge
79. This theorist suggested that one's main task in establishing an identity is to balance the need
(p. 287) for individuality and the need for connectedness.
Catherine Cooper
Level: Knowledge
80. This person is considered to be the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of
(p. 291) adolescent friendships. He argued that friends help adolescents meet basic social needs such
as the need for social acceptance and intimacy.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Level: Knowledge
81. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is the 5th developmental stage which
(p. 285) individuals experience during adolescence.
identity versus identity confusion
Level: Knowledge
82. This term refers to the "gap" between childhood security and adult autonomy in which society
(p. 286) allows adolescents to "try on" many different identities.
psychological moratorium
Level: Knowledge
83. This identity status is characterized by both the lack of crisis (exploration), and the lack of
(p. 286) commitment to a self-identity.
identity diffusion
Level: Knowledge
84. This identity status is characterized by the current exploration of various identity options
(p. 286) without a commitment to any one of those alternatives.
identity moratorium
Level: Knowledge
85. This identity status is characterized by high commitment but no crisis.

(p. 286)
identity foreclosure
Level: Knowledge
86. This identity status is characterized by a commitment to a self-identity following a period of

(p. 286) crisis.
identity achievement
Level: Knowledge
87. An aspect of one's identity that is characterized by an individual's sense of separateness from
(p. 287) others and the ability to assert oneself.
individuality
Level: Knowledge
88. An aspect of one's identity that is characterized by respect and openness to the views of
(p. 287) others.
connectedness
Level: Knowledge
89. An adolescent "group" consisting of about five individuals who are about the same age and
(p. 293) gender.
clique
Level: Knowledge
90. An adolescent group structure that is usually formed based on reputation. Members may or
(p. 293) may not spend time together.
crowd
Level: Knowledge
91. A ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another. These
(p. 297) rituals usually focus on the transition to adult status.
rite of passage
Level: Knowledge
92. The absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group which often means the loss
(p. 298) of behaviors and values of the ethnic group.
assimilation
Level: Knowledge
93. An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
(p. 299)
juvenile delinquent
Level: Knowledge
94. List the four identity statuses proposed by James Marcia.

(p. 286-
287)
identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement
Level: Knowledge
95. List at least four actions that parents can take to increase competent adolescent
(p. 291) development.
Show adolescents warmth and mutual respect.

Demonstrate sustained interest in their lives.
Understand and adapt to cognitive and socioemotional development of adolescents.
Communicate expectations for high standards of conduct and achievement.
Display constructive ways of dealing with problems and conflict.
Recognize that moderate conflict is a normal part of the adolescent desire for independence
and search for identity.
Understand that adolescence is a long journey; adulthood does not happen overnight.
Level: Knowledge
96. List three functions of adolescent friendships.
(p. 291-
292)
intimacy, companionship, social acceptance
Level: Knowledge
97. List four possible causes of juvenile delinquency.

(p. 299)
heredity, identity problems, community influences, family experiences
Level: Knowledge
98. List three possible reasons that may account for higher rates of depression in adolescent girls
(p. 300) relative to adolescent boys.
Females tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it.

Females' self-images, especially their body images, are more negative than those of males.
Females face more discrimination than males.
Puberty occurs earlier for girls than for boys.
Level: Knowledge
99. List at least four circumstances that place teens at risk for suicide.
(p. 302)
Family instability
Lack of affection and emotional support from parents
High control and pressure for achievement by parents
History of physical or sexual abuse
Lack of supportive friendships
Recent and current stressful circumstances (e.g., poor school grades, relationship breakups)
Level: Knowledge
100. Explain Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development.
(p. 286)
The fifth stage of Erikson's theory is identity versus identity confusion. It is at this stage that
adolescents must form an identity about who they are and who they want to become.
Level: Knowledge
101. Discuss the dimensions of individuality and connectedness.

(p. 287)
The dimensions of individuality include self assertion (i.e., the ability to have and communicate
a point of view), as well as separateness (i.e., the use of communication patterns to express
how one is different from others). The dimensions of connectedness include mutuality (i.e.,
sensitivity to and respect for others' views), as well as permeability (i.e., openness to others'
views).
Level: Knowledge
102. Define ethnic identity.

(p. 287-
288)
Ethnic identity is an enduring basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in
an ethnic group, and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
Level: Knowledge
103. Discuss the double disadvantage experienced by many ethnic minority adolescents.
(p. 298)
Many ethnic minority adolescents experience prejudice, discrimination, and bias because of
their minority status. If these adolescents come from families that also happen to be poor, they
also face the stressful effects of poverty. This combines to form a double disadvantage.
Level: Knowledge
104. Distinguish between pluralism and assimilation.
(p. 298)
Pluralism is the coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society.
Assimilation is the absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group, which often
means the loss of some or virtually all of the behavior and values of the ethnic minority group.
Level: Knowledge
105. Briefly compare the old model of parent-adolescent relationships with the new model.
(p. 290)
The old model focus: achievement of autonomy, detachment from parents, isolation of parent
and peer worlds, stressful conflict throughout adolescence, parent-adolescent relationships
filled with storm and stress. The new model focus: attachment and autonomy, parents as
important support systems and attachment figures, connections of adolescent-parent and
adolescent-peer worlds, low to moderate levels of parent-adolescent conflict, conflict as a
positive developmental function, varying amounts of conflict through adolescence with apex
during puberty.
Level: Knowledge
106. Define rite of passage and give an example of a rite of passage an American adolescent may
(p. 297) experience.
Rite of passage: a ceremony or a ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to
another. Most focus on the transition to adult status. Examples: religious initiation ceremonies
(Jewish bar mitzvah, Catholic confirmation), social debuts, school graduation ceremonies.
Level: Knowledge
Chapter 10 Summary
Category # of Questions
Level: Applied 21
Level: Conceptual 18
Level: Knowledge 67
Santrock - Chapter 10 106

Essentials of Life Span Development 1st Edition Santrock Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Essentials of Life Span Development 1st Edition Santrock Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Essentials of Life Span Development

1st Edition Santrock Test Bank

1. According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

A. a natural and healthy part of development.

4. An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what

A. a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.

A. through attachment during infancy.

A. never enter into an identity crisis.

A. requires exploring one's individuality.

17. Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of:

18. Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of:

A. their parents gave up their ethnic identity.

25. Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents:

A. want autonomy, whereas parents want control.

A. close and secure relationships with their parents as well.

A. whether Regi uses drugs.

32. Conflict with parents most often escalates during:

A. less actively than

35. One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that it:

A. teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.

39. Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:

A. be more depressed than their peers.

A. sixth to seventh grade

A. positive, because cliques have good effects on self-esteem.

45. The difference between a clique and a crowd is:

A. the amount of time spent together.

A. Cliques provide a place for adolescents to learn antisocial behaviors.

A. Adolescent groups are more interest based.

A. Childhood peer groups are not as formalized as adolescent peer groups.

49. The relationship between self-esteem and crowd membership is:

50. A new trend in dating among teens is:

51. In most cultures, the rite of passage is designed to:

A. maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.

55. Where are rites ofpassage most numerous?

A. strong distinctions between age groups

A. isolated within our society.

A. lose their traditional ethnic customs.

61. Assimilation is to _______, as pluralism is to _______.

A. ethnic identity status.

A. ethnic groups have been assimilated in the American experience.

A. the lack of clear rites of passage and identity confusion.

69. Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:

A. avoid forming an identity.

70. Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:

71. Why do females have higher rates of depression than do males?

A. Females have more negative self-images than do males.

A. marital strife between parents.

A. They are more depressed than females.

74. Deanna, a depressed adolescent, is considering suicide. She is:

A. most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.

A. intensive individual attention.

76. How early should intervention occur to prevent juvenile delinquency?

A. provide consistent consequences for behavior.

85. This identity status is characterized by high commitment but no crisis.

96. List three functions of adolescent friendships.

97. List four possible causes of juvenile delinquency.

100.Explain Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development.

101.Discuss the dimensions of individuality and connectedness.

103.Discuss the double disadvantage experienced by many ethnic minority adolescents.

104.Distinguish between pluralism and assimilation.

1. According to Erik Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is:

A. a natural and healthy part of development.

4. An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what

A. a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.

61. Assimilation is to _, as pluralism is to _.

61. Assimilation is to _, as pluralism is to _.