WELCOME

TO
OUR
PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY:
Laxmi subedi, aasha raj
nisha thakur
PCL nursing 3rd year
BREAST
CANCER
 Content
• Introduction
• Types
• Risk Factors
• Causes
• Signs &Symptoms
• Stages
• Diagnostic Investigation
• Management
✓ Medical Management
✓ Surgical management
✓ Nursing Management
• Prevention
CANCER
• cancer is a class of disease characterized by
uncontrolled growth and spreads of abnormal
cells.
BREAST CANCER
• The term "breast cancer" refers to a malignant tumor that has
developed from cells in the breast. Usually breast cancer either
begins in the cells of the lobules, which are the milk producing glands,
or the ducts, the passages that drain milk from the lobules to the
nipple.
TYPES OF BREAST CANCER

Types of Breast Cancer Majority of primary breast cancers are

Adenocarcinoma located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
• Ductal Carcinoma (Most common)
• Lobular carcinoma (are usually 15% of breast cancer)
• Invasive breast cancer
• Inflammatory breast cancer
 Ductal carcinoma
• Ductal means the cancer started in the milk ducts, the tubes that
carry milk from the lobules to the nipple. Carcinoma refers to any
cancer that begins in the skin or other tissues that cover internal
organs, such as breast tissue.
Lobular carcinoma

• lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that begins in the

milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast.
 Invasive Breast Cancer

• Breast cancers that have spread into surrounding breast tissue are
known as invasive breast cancers.
Inflammatory breast cancer
• It is a rare and very aggressive disease in which cancer cells block
lymph vessels in the skin of the breast.
RISK FACTORS
• Starting menopause at a later age
• Having no children or having a first child after age 30
• . Women with previous history of breast cancer
• Not breastfeeding
• Using birth control pills
• Being overweight after menopause Having first menstruation before
age 12 or entering menopause after age 55.
• Drinking alcohol (more than one drink a day)
• Lack of exercise
 CAUSES
• Hormonal factors like when the cells come in contact with
estrogen
• Genetic factors like gene mutation
• Reproductive disease history
• Previous treatment using radiation
• Heredity
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
• New lump in the breast or underarm
• Thickening or swelling of part of the breast
• Mass which is hard with irregular borders
• Irritation or dimpling of breast skin
• Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast
• Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area
• Nipple discharge other than breast milk
• Any change in the size or the shape of the breast
 STAGES OF BREAST CANCER
➢Tumor(T)
• T1 means that the tumour is 2 centimetres (cm) across or less.
• T2 means that the tumour is more than 2 centimetres but no more than
5 centimetres across.
• T3 means the tumour is bigger than 5 centimetres across.
• T4 means the tumour has spread into the chest wall (the structures
surrounding and protecting the lungs)
➢ Node(N)
• Node (N) describes whether the cancer has spread to the lymph
nodes.
➢Metastasis(M)
• Metastasis (M) describes whether the cancer has spread to a different
part of the body.
Diagnostics Investigation
• History
• Physical examination
• Breast self Examination
• Needle Biopsy
• Mammogram
• Ultrasound
• MRI
Needle Biospy
Ultrasound
 MRT (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
)
Medical management
•Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.
Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery in
women with larger breast tumors. Chemotherapy is also
used in women whose cancer has already spread to other
parts of the body.
Hormonal Therapy
• Hormonal therapy is prescribed to women with ER-positive breast cancer
to block certain hormones that fuel cancer growth. An example of
hormonal therapy is the drug tamoxifen. This drug blocks the effects of
estrogen, which can help breast cancer cells survive and grow. Most
women with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer benefit from this drug.

Radiotherapy
Radiation is very effective in killing cancer cells that may remain after
surgery or recur where the tumour was removed. Radiation therapy can be
delivered by either external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy (internal
radiotherapy).
Surgical Management

• Lumpectomy
This is also referred to as breast conserving therapy. The
surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of
normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove
the lymph nodes.
Nursing management
• Monitor for adverse effects of radiation therapy such as fatigue, sore
throat, dry cough, nausea, anorexia.
• Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone marrow suppression,
nausea and vomiting, alopecia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis,
anxiety, and depression.
• Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating emotional shock
to the woman. Provide psychological support to the patient throughout
the diagnostic and treatment process.
• Involve the patient in planning and treatment. o Describe surgical
procedures to alleviate fear.
Cont...
• Prepare the patient for the effects of chemotherapy, and plan ahead for
alopecia, fatigue.
• Administer antiemetics prophylactically, as directed, for patients receiving
chemotherapy.
• Administer I.V. fluids and hyperalimentation as indicated
• Help patient identify and use support persons or family or community.
• Suggest to the patient the psychological interventions may be necessary
for anxiety, depression, or sexual problems.
• Teach the recommended cancer-screening procedures.
Prevention
• Get screened for breast cancer regularly
• Control your weight and Do regular exercise
• Know your family history of breast cancer Limit the amount of alcohol
• Avoid induced abortions
• Avoid unnecessary Medical radiation exposure
• Preventive mastectomy
Reference
• https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.ne
t%2Fmanalihsolanki%2Fbreast-cancer-ppt-17274120
• https://www.onpedia.com>breast cancer
• www.onpedia.com
• Rai. L, Essential text book of medical &Surgical Nursing 1 and 2, 2nd
edition (2076-077) ,Akshav publication kathmandu page no. 555,556
• Mandal G.N., Essential text Book of Medical surgical Nursing , Safal
publication Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal. Pageno. 679
THANK
YOU