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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Rhizomes and Leaves of

Newmania sontraensis H.Ð.Trân, Luu & Škornick (Zingiberaceae) from
Vietnam

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DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2022.2026253

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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the

Rhizomes and Leaves of Newmania sontraensis
H.Ð.Trân, Luu & Škornick (Zingiberaceae) from
Vietnam

Doan Quoc Tuan, Dinh Dien, Ty Viet Pham, Thang Quoc Le, Duc Viet Ho, Le
Trong Nhan, Le Tuan Anh, Phung Thanh Huong & Nguyen Thi Hoai

To cite this article: Doan Quoc Tuan, Dinh Dien, Ty Viet Pham, Thang Quoc Le, Duc Viet Ho, Le
Trong Nhan, Le Tuan Anh, Phung Thanh Huong & Nguyen Thi Hoai (2021) Chemical Composition
of Essential Oil from the Rhizomes and Leaves of Newmania�sontraensis H.Ð.Trân, Luu & Škornick
(Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24:6, 1260-1268, DOI:
10.1080/0972060X.2022.2026253

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 J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268 1260

Journal of Essential
Oil-Bearing Plants
ISSN: 0972-060X (Print); ISSN: 0976-5026 (Online) https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop

Article

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Rhizomes and Leaves

of Newmania sontraensis H.Ð.Trân, Luu & Škornick (Zingiberaceae) from
Vietnam

Doan Quoc Tuan 1, Dinh Dien 2, Ty Viet Pham 3, Thang Quoc Le 3, Duc Viet
Ho 1, Le Trong Nhan 1, Le Tuan Anh 4, Phung Thanh Huong 5, Nguyen Thi
Hoai 1*

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University,
06 Ngo Quyen, Hue City, Viet Nam
2
Faculty of Forestry, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University,
102 Phung Hung, Hue City, Vietnam
3
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue
City, Vietnam
4
Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of
Nature, VAST, Hue 530000"
5
Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
* Corresponding Author: nthoai@hueuni.edu.vn (Nguyen Thi Hoai)
Received 16 August 2021; Received in revised form 28 December 2021; Accepted 05 January 2022

Abstract: This research aims to identify the volatile compounds from rhizomes and leaves of Newmania
sontraensis. The constituents of essential oil from the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis were analyzed by
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-one compounds were identified in the rhizomes
compared to the leaves which showed thirty-two volatile compounds corresponding to 83.28 % and 76.41 % of
the oil content, respectively. The chemical composition of the rhizome oil was characterized by hydrocarbon
monoterpenes accounting for 36.26 %. The major compounds found in the rhizome oil included β-pinene (22.41
%), 1,8-cineole (8.32 %), bicyclogermacrene (6.94 %), α-terpinyl acetate (5.74 %), α-pinene (5.71 %), and camphene
(5.58 %). Meanwhile, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main compounds found in the leaf oil accounting
for 54.18 %. Bicyclogermacrene (14.60 %), δ-elemene (9.89 %), β-elemene (7.26 %), and α-terpinyl acetate (4.27
%) were determined to be the main components found in leaf oil. This was the first report on the chemical
constituents of essential oils from rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis.
Keywords: Newmania sontraensis, essential oil, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, bicyclogermacrene.

Introduction Southeast Asia and can be found in a variety of

Zingiberaceae is the largest family of the order
Zingiberales comprising 53 genera and more than
1600 species. It is distributed in tropical and
subtropical areas 1,2. The greatest concentration
of ginger species occurs in the islands of
J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 2021, 24, 1260-1268
DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2022.2026253
forest ecosystems ranging from lowlands to high
mountainous areas 1,2. Most of the members of
Zingiberaceae are perennial rhizomatous herbs
that grow on the ground in moist shady regions.
Several species are well-known as spices, medi-
© 2021 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons
 Doan Quoc Tuan et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268
cinal plants, food, cosmetics, and decoration 3.
There are more than 144 species of Zingiber-
aceae belonging to 19 genera found in Vietnam 4.
In recent years, several new Zingiberaceae species
have been discovered in Vietnam 5-16. The chemi-
cal compositions of essential oils have only been
studied for one of these species 17,18. Most of the
essential oil from Zingiberaceae is extracted from
rhizomes and leaves 2 and the common technique
for extracting essential oil from these species is
hydrodistillation. Numerous constituents from
essential oils (EO) of Zingiberaceae have been
reported previously including terpenes, ketones,
alcohols, phytoestrogens and flavonoids 19.
Newmania Ngoc Sâm Lý & Škornicková is a
new endemic Vietnamese ginger genus that was
first discovered and illustrated in 2011 by com-
paring morphological characters and analyzing
molecular structures 5. Up to now, six species
have been described from central Vietnam, namely
N. rthostachys, N. serpens, N. sessilanthera, N.
cristata, N. gracilis and N. sontraensis 13 .
Therein, N. sontraensis H.Ð.Trân, Luu &
Škornick is a new ginger species that was recorded
in 2018 in Central Vietnam 13. N. sontraensis is a
terrestrial herb found in the forests of central
Vietnam. Most of the specimens of N. sontraensis
were seen in the evergreen forest at 250 to 660
m above sea level. N. sontraensis has the follow-
ing morphological characteristics: 160 cm tall with
2-5 leafy shoots per rhizome; subterranean
rhizome, branched, light-brown externally, cream
white internally; N. sontraensis flowers are
cream white with a dark red-purple reticulate
pattern (pedicel and ovary 8-10.5 cm long),
flowering was recorded beginning in April,
fruiting in May and may extend to throughout
June; inflorescence rises from the rhizome at the
base of the leafy shoot. It was provisionally
proposed to treat N. sontraensis as Endangered,
B1ab(iii) +2ab(iii) 13,20 . Remarkably, since
Newmania was discovered and recorded in 2011,
no chemical data on the essential oil compositions
of this genus including N. sontraensis, has been
reported. This is the first study on the chemical
compositions of essential oils from the rhizomes
and leaves of N. sontraensis collected in
Vietnam.
1261
Materials and methods
The rhizomes (0.5 kg) and leaves (0.5 kg) of N.
sontraensis H.Ð.Trân, Luu & Škornick were
collected from Phong Dien district, Thua Thien
Hue province in February 2021 (16°28’1.10" N
107°20’3.35E), identified by Dr. Nguyen Tien
Chinh, Viet Nam National Museum of Nature. A
voucher specimen (PD-T121) was deposited at
the Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of
Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Viet
Nam.
Hydrodistillation of the essential oils
In this process, the fresh rhizomes and leaves of
N. sontraensis were separately hydrodistilled using
a Clevenger-type apparatus according to speci-
fication 21. The distillation time was three hours
at normal pressure. The essential oils were treated
with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove moisture
content and kept in the refrigerator at 4oC until
further analysis. Each experiment was repeated
in triplicate.
Analysis of the essential oils
The chemical composition of the essential oil was
analyzed using the GCMS-QP2010 Plus system
(Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with Equity-
5 capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film
thickness) and coupled with a mass spectrometer
(MSD QP2010 Plus) used for GC/MS analysis.
The oil was diluted with n-hexane in a ratio of
1:100, and 1 μL was used for analysis. The analyti-
cal conditions were as follows: carrier gas helium
(1.5 mL/min), injector temperature of 280°C,
interface temperature of 280°C, and a column
temperature programmed from 60°C (2 min hold)
to 240°C at 3°C/min (10 min hold) and then
increased to 280°C at 5°C/min (40 min hold).
Samples were injected using a splitless mode. The
MS conditions were as follows: ionization voltage
70 eV; acquisitions scan mass range of 45-500
(m/z) at a sampling rate of 1.0 scan/s. The retention
indices (RI) of constituents were determined by
co-injection with reference to a homologous series
of n-alkanes (C8 - C38) under the same conditions.
The identification of components was carried
out by comparison of their RI values with those in
the literature 22. Further identification was
 Doan Quoc Tuan et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268
performed by comparison of their mass spectra
with those from NIST 11 and WILEY 7 stored in
the GC/MS database. Quantification was
performed using the relative peak area percentage.
Results and discussion
The yields of essential oils, based on fresh weight
(w/w) from the rhizomes and leaves of N.
sontraensis were 0.11 ± 0.02 % and 0.06 ± 0.02
%, respectively. The essential oils of both parts
were obtained as pale-yellow liquid with a charac-
teristic odor and lighter density than water.
The GC/MS analysis indicated that the number
of constituents identified in the essential oil from
the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis was
thirty-one and thirty-two, accounting for 83.28 %
and 76.41 % of the whole composition, respecti-
vely (Table 1). The constituents were classified
into five groups based on their structures, including
monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated mono-
terpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated
sesquiterpenes, and other compounds. The mono-
terpene hydrocarbons (36.26 %) were the most
abundant class identified in the rhizomes, whereas
these compounds only accounted for a very small
proportion (4.44 %) in the leaf oil. The major
compounds were found in rhizome oil including
β-pinene (22.41 %), 1,8-cineole (8.32 %), bicyclo-
germacrene (6.94 %), α-terpinyl acetate (5.74 %),
1262
α-pinene (5.71 %), and camphene (5.58 %). On
the contrary, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the
main type in the leaves with nineteen components
that account for 54.18 % of the oil content. The
dominant constituents were found as bicyclo-
germacrene (14.60 %), δ-elemene (9.89 %), β-
elemene (7.26 %), and α-terpinyl acetate (4.27
%). Most of the major substances in the rhizome
essential oils are present in the leaf essential oils,
except for α-pinene (Table 1). A significant amount
of β-pinene (22.41; 3.05 %), bicyclogermacrene
(6.94; 14.60 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (5.74; 4.27
%) was identified in both oils.
β-Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene isomer, found
in many plants and this is the main component of
various essential oils, such as Pinus spp., Piper
spp, Santiria trimera, Hornstedtia bella 23-27.
β-Pinene against Candida strains with MIC values
from 56.25 to 1800 μmol/L, Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) with the MIC value of 6.25 μg/
mL 28,29. The essential oil from Piper aequale
containing β-pinene (15.56 %) and α-pinene
(12.57 %) exhibited strong cytotoxic activity
against the human cancer cell lines HCT-116 and
ACP03 with IC50 values of 8.69 and 1.54 μg/mL,
respectively 25 . The essential oil of Salvia
aramiensis with 10.3 % β-pinenes demonstrated
DPPH inhibition with an IC50 value of 12.2 ± 1.0
μg/mL30. Furthermore, β-pinenes has shown an

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil

from the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis

Concentration(%)
No. Compoundsa RT RI b RI c Rhizome Leaf

1 α-Pinene 6.769 932 929 5.71 0.56

2 Camphene 7.247 946 944 5.58 0.41
3 β-Pinene 8.389 974 981 22.41 3.05
4 Myrcene 8.659 988 990 1.05 0.2
5 Limonene 10.038 1024 1026 - 0.78
6 1,8-Cineole 10.230 1026 1031 8.32 0.64
7 γ-Terpinene 11.260 1054 1057 0.57 -
8 Terpinolene 12.492 1086 1088 0.94 -
9 α-Terpineol 17.001 1186 1191 1.28 -
10 Geraniol 19.839 1249 1255 0.7 -
11 Isononyl acetate 21.212 1283 1286 0.95 -
12 δ-Elemene 23.574 1335 1329 1.28 9.89
 Doan Quoc Tuan et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268 1263
table 1. (continued).

Concentration(%)
No. Compoundsa RT RI b RI c Rhizome Leaf

13 α-Terpinyl acetate 23.696 1346 1341 5.74 4.27

14 α-Copaene 25.130 1374 1377 0.22 0.64
15 β-Elemene 25.930 1389 1393 1.2 7.26
16 α-Gurjunene 26.541 1409 1410 0.34 0.71
17 (E)-Caryophyllene 26.968 1417 1421 1.52 4.62
18 γ-Elemene 27.571 1434 1435 - 0.63
19 α-Guaiene 27.776 1437 1440 - 0.78
20 α-Humulene 28.388 1452 1455 1.56 1.48
21 allo-Aromadendrene 28.735 1458 1462 - 3.16
22 10-epi-β-Acoradiene 29.373 1474 1479 0.85 2.54
23 β-Selinene 29.832 1489 1488 0.57 3.57
24 Bicyclogermacrene 30.272 1500 1501 6.94 14.60
25 (E,E)-α-Farnesene 30.638 1505 1510 - 2.05
26 γ-Cadinene 30.897 1513 1517 - 0.60
27 δ-Cadinene 31.267 1522 1526 1.26 1.65
28 Germacrene D-4-ol 33.346 1574 1580 - 1.57
29 Spathulenol 33.427 1577 1581 2.13 1.04
30 Thujopsan-2-β-ol 33.637 1588 1587 - 1.41
31 Globulol 33.631 1590 1587 1.94 -
32 Viridiflorol 33.928 1592 1594 1.56 0.59
33 Ledol 34.355 1602 1605 0.95 0.76
34 β-Oplopenone 34.571 1607 1611 - 0.63
35 β-Acorenol 35.701 1636 1642 1.21 -
36 epi-α-Muurolol 35.825 1640 1645 - 1.11
37 epi-α-Cadinol 36.321 1640 1646 1.75 1.96
38 α-Cadinol 36.346 1652 1659 2.53 -
39 ar-Turmerone 36.646 1668 1667 0.64 -
40 n-Tetradecanol 37.023 1671 1677 - 0.51
41 5-neo-Cedranol 36.868 1683 1673 0.85 -
42 (Z)-β-Santalol acetate 42.293 1818 1826 0.9 -
43 Phytol 51.587 2116 2111 2.74
Total number of constituents/% identify 31 32
Monoterpene hydrocarbons (Sr. no. 1-5, 7, 8) 36.26 5.00
Oxygenated monoterpene (Sr. no. 6, 9,10) 10.30 0.64
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (Sr. no. 12, 14-27) 15.57 54.18
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (Sr. no. 28-39, 41) 13.56 9.07
Others (Sr. no.11, 13, 40, 42, 43) 7.59 7.52
Total 83.28 76.41

a
Elution order on Equity-5 column
b
Retention Indices on Equity-5 column
c
Literature retention indeices
RT retention time on Equity-5 column
- Not identified
 Doan Quoc Tuan et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268
insecticidal activity against the fly Musca domes-
tica, the fruit fly Bemisia argentifolii, and cock-
roaches 31. Bicyclogermacrene is a sesquiterpene
derived from germacrene. It is the main
component in essential oils of species such as
Annona spp., Piper spp., Lantana camara, and
Nectandra leucantha 32-35 . According to
Emmanoel et al., Annona vepretorum oil contains
43.7 % bicyclogermacrene and the essential oil
displayed a potent trypanocidal activity (IC50 value
of 31.9±1.3 μg/mL) and antimicrobial activity
against Candida tropicalis (MIC value of 100
μg/mL) 36. The essential oils of leaves and flowers
from Annona cherimola have shown inhibition
against Staphylococcus aureus and Entero-
coccus faecalis with MIC value of 0.125 - 0.5
mg/mL and the major constituents in this essential
oil contain 11.73 - 18.2 % bicyclogermacrene 37.
Simone et al. reported that bicyclogermacrene and
Nectandra leucantha oil displayed significant
cytotoxic activity against HeLa (IC50 of 12.4 ±
0.3 and 60 ± 12 μg/mL, respectively), B16F10-
Nex2 (IC 50 of 3.1 ± 0.2 and 33 ± 1 μg/mL,
respectively), and U87 (IC50 of 6.7 ± 0.4 and 75.95
± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively) 35. The essential oil
from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves with
bicyclogermacrene (15.0 %) showed cytotoxic
effects in several cell lines, including B16F10-
Nex2, A2058, MCF7, HL-60, and HeLa with MIC
values of 38.0 ± 0.1, 40.1 ± 0.2, 40.2 ± 0.5, 45.3 ±
0.2, and 20.0 ± 0.1, respectively 38. The essential
oil of Lantana camara contains bicyclo-
germacrene (19.42 %) showed inhibitory activity
to Escherichia coli (MIC value of 512 μg/mL)
and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC value of 256
μg/mL) 39. Elemene is a natural sesquiterpene and
its isomers were isolated from the Chinese herbal
medicine plant Curcuma sp.40. Without Curcuma
sp. species, essential oils from Nigella
damascena L., Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC,
Alisma orientalis Sam. and Solidago decurrens
Lour are also the rich source β-elemene and its
isomers δ-elemene 40. The essential oil of Nigella
damascena containing β-elemene (47.37 %)
showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC
value of 256 μg/mL41. Another study showed that
essential oil from Hornstedtia havilandii
1264
contaning β-elemene (10.0 %) displayed anti-
microbial activity against the bacteria Staphylo-
coccus aureus and Escherichia coli with MIC
value of 112.5 μg/mL and 225 μg/mL respectively
42
. The essential oil from leaves of Croton hetero-
calyx containing δ-elemene and β-elemene with
9.2 % and 8.2 %, respectively, showed a strong
growth inhibition against the bacterium Staphylo-
coccus aureus and the fungi Candida albicans
and Aspergillus niger with MIC value of 91.6
μg/mL, 100 μg/mL and 73.4 μg/mL, respectively
43
. Besides, δ-elemene were demonstrated strong
cytotoxic activity against Hela, DLD-1 and HL-
60 cell lines with IC50 values of 157.9 μM, 159.8
μM and 200 μM, respectively 44-46. 1,8-Cineole
(cineole) is a terpenoid oxide present in many plant
essential oils especially, Eucalyptus, Rosemary,
and Psidium 47. Previous research has shown that
1,8-cineole from essential oils of Eucalyptus
nicholii, Melaleuca fulgens, Callistemon sieberi,
Eucalyptus blakelyi, and Melaleuca armillaris
with high 1,8-cineole concentration (82.19 %,
77.50 %, 58.99 %, 56.92 % and 42.77 % respecti-
vely) have potent fumigant toxicity against three
stored-grain insects Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium
castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica with
LD50 and LD95 value between (19.0-30.6 ml/l and
43.6-56.0 ml/l; 13.7-17.4 ml/l and 16.5-20.3 ml/l;
7.8-10.4 ml/l and 14.3-21.1 ml/l, respectively) 48.
Furthermore, 1,8-cineole can attenuate cerulein-
induced acute pancreatitis via an anti-inflammatory
mechanism and has been effective against
influenza virus infection in mice via attenuation of
pulmonary inflammatory responses 49,50. In addition,
the antiseptic properties of chlorhexidine gluconate
(CHG) increased when combined with 1,8-cineole
51
.
In summary, in the present work, we identified
the chemical compositions of essential oils from
N. sontraensis with major components of potential
biological activities such as α-pinene, β-pinene,
1,8-cineole, bicyclogermacrene, β-elemene and δ-
elemene. However, we have not studied the
biological activities of these essential oils. Instead,
the current research provides an overview of the
chemical compositions of N. sontraensis oils.
Hence, there remains a range of experiments that
can be implemented in future studies, such as
 Doan Quoc Tuan et al. / J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 24 (6) 2021 pp 1260 - 1268
investigating the pharmacological effects of the
oils and main components of N. sontraensis to
confirm and build upon the encouraging results of
this work. There is significant opportunity to
expand upon this analysis of essential oils found
in the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis.
Conclusion
The chemical constituents of essential oils from
the rhizomes and leaves of N. sontraensis from
Vietnam have been identified with thirty-one and
thirty-two constituents accounting for 83.28 % and
76.41 %, respectively. The major constituents of
the rhizome oil were β-pinene (22.41 %), 1,8-
1265
cineole (8.32 %), bicyclogermacrene (6.94 %),
α-terpinyl acetate (5.74 %), α-pinene (5.71 %),
and camphene (5.58 %), while the leaf oil was
dominated by bicyclogermacrene (14.60 %), δ-
elemene (9.89 %), β-elemene (7.26 %), and α-
terpinyl acetate (4.27 %). This study is reporting
these results for the first time.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Vu Tien Chinh (Viet Nam
National Museum of Nature) for identifying the
scientific name of Newmania sontraensis and
Dr. Megan Butler (Lake Superior State University
- USA) for language checking and editing.

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