AKK 095127315

1 Surds and Logarithmic Functions

Real Numbers
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers
(can be written as fraction form) (cannot be written as fraction form)
Whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... Surds √2 = 1.41421356237 …(non-
terminating and non-recurring)
Natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... Pi π = 3.14159265358979 …
Integers ..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Euler’s number 𝑒𝑒 = 2.71828182845904 …
Fractions & 3
= 0.75 (terminating and Golden ratio φ = 1.61803398874989…
4
Decimals
non-recurring)
1
= 0. 3̇ (non-terminating and
3
recurring)
1
= 0. �����������
142857(non-
7
terminating and recurring)

Types of Surds
Simple surds: has only one term, example, √2, √5, …
Pure surds: are completely irrational, example, √3
Similar surds: have the same common surds factor, example, 2√3 and 5√3
Mixed surds: are not completely irrational and can be expressed as a product of a rational number and an
irrational number, example, √12 = 2√3
Compound surds or binomial surds: addition or subtraction of two or more surds, example, √2 − 3, √2 + √3,
3
1 + √5

Rules for surds

√𝒂𝒂 × 𝒃𝒃 = √𝒂𝒂 × √𝒃𝒃 √𝟔𝟔 = √𝟐𝟐 × √𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝒂 √𝒂𝒂
� = 𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐
𝒃𝒃 √𝒃𝒃 � =
𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 √𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂√𝒃𝒃 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 √𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑√𝟐𝟐
= × = = × =
√𝒃𝒃 √𝒃𝒃 √𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂√𝒄𝒄 ± 𝒃𝒃√𝒄𝒄 = (𝒂𝒂 ± 𝒃𝒃)√𝒄𝒄 𝟓𝟓√𝟑𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑√𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐√𝟑𝟑
𝒄𝒄 𝒄𝒄 √𝒂𝒂 − 𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄√𝒂𝒂 − 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝟓𝟓
=
𝟓𝟓
×
√𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐
=
𝟓𝟓√𝟑𝟑−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
=10-5√𝟑𝟑
= × = √𝟑𝟑+𝟐𝟐 √𝟑𝟑+𝟐𝟐 √𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
√ 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃 √ 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃 √𝒂𝒂 − 𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂 − 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐

Surds and Indices

1
√3 = 32
3 1 1 2
√25 = 253 = (52 )3 = 53
3 1 1 1 3 2
√25 = 253 = (52 )3 = (53 )2 = � √5�

𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 is defined as 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑎𝑎 × … × 𝑎𝑎 , where n is a positive integer, a is the base and n is the index or
exponent or power.

For positive integers p and q

𝑎𝑎0 = 1
1
𝑎𝑎−𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑎
1
𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝 = √𝑎𝑎
AKK 095127315

𝑞𝑞
𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝 = ( √𝑎𝑎)𝑞𝑞

Rules for the same base

𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 × 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚
= 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛
(𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 )𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Rules for the same index

𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 × 𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛 = (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
=� �
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏

Logarithms
(index form) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 (logarithmic form)
Where 𝑎𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 1 and 𝑦𝑦 > 0

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 1 = 0
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 � � = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 , for any real number r
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 ⇔ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑁𝑁
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 = =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎

Common logarithm and Natural logarithm

Logarithms to base 10 are called common logarithms.
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙10 5 = lg 5 = 0.698 97

Logarithms to base e are called natural logarithms.

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 5 = ln 5 = 1.6094
(index form) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ⇔ ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 (logarithmic form)
Where e = 2.718 28

https://www.desmos.com/calculator
AKK 095127315

Graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥
Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2−𝑥𝑥 = (2−1 )𝑥𝑥 = � �
2

Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 Graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥

Graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
AKK 095127315

Graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑦 = 2 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

Graphs of polynomial functions

Linear Quadratic Cubic

2 The Quadratic Function

For 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 ,
AKK 095127315

−𝑏𝑏 ± √𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎
If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 , the roots are unequal and real (two roots).
If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0 , the roots are equal and real (one root).
If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0 , there are no real roots.

α and β are the roots

−𝑏𝑏
α+β=
𝑎𝑎
𝑐𝑐
αβ =
𝑎𝑎
α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ
α2 − β2 = ( α + β)(α − β)
α3 + β3 = (α + β)( α2 − αβ + β2 )
α3 − β3 = (α − β)( α2 + αβ + β2 )

3 Inequalities and Identities

https://www.mathwarehouse.com/number-lines/graph-inequality-on-number-line.php
𝑥𝑥 > 0

𝑥𝑥 ≥ −2

𝑥𝑥 < −2

the upper of X-axis the lower of X-axis the left of Y-axis the right of Y-axis

the upper part and solid line the lower part and dot-dash line
AKK 095127315

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 2

Concave upward Concave downward

𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 > 0 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 < 0
AKK 095127315

𝑥𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥𝑥 > 2 −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2

3 Sketching Polynomials
Cubic
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 3
AKK 095127315

Point of inflexion (0,0) Point of inflexion (0,0)

Shifting the graphs

Vertical Shift Horizontal Shift

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2

𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) 𝑦𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥𝑥)(1 + 𝑥𝑥)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
Y intercept (0,2) Y intercept (0,-2)
X intercepts (-1,0), (1,0), (2,0) X intercepts (-1,0), (1,0), (2,0)
AKK 095127315

Asymptotic graphs

0𝑥𝑥 + 1 0𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 =
1𝑥𝑥 + 0 1𝑥𝑥 + 0
0 0
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = 0 Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = 0
1 1
Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 0 Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 0
1 1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦0+ 𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦0−
𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦0− 𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦0+
1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦↦+∞ , 𝑥𝑥 ↦ 0+ 𝑦𝑦↦+∞ , 𝑥𝑥 ↦ 0−
𝑦𝑦↦−∞ , 𝑥𝑥 ↦ 0− 𝑦𝑦↦-∞ , 𝑥𝑥 ↦ 0+
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4𝑥𝑥 − 1 −12𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 =
2𝑥𝑥 + 1 4𝑥𝑥 − 2
4 −12
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = 2 Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = −3
2 4
−1 2 1
Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = =
2 4 2
1 −12
4− 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2
1 4−
2+ 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦−3−
𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦2− 𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦−3+
𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦2+
1 2𝑦𝑦 2
1 + 𝑦𝑦 +1 𝑥𝑥 = =
𝑦𝑦 4𝑦𝑦 + 12 4 + 12
𝑥𝑥 = =
4 − 2𝑦𝑦 4 − 2 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦
1− 1−
𝑦𝑦↦+∞, 𝑥𝑥↦ 𝑦𝑦↦+∞, 𝑥𝑥↦
2 2
1+ 1+
𝑦𝑦↦−∞, 𝑥𝑥↦ 𝑦𝑦↦−∞, 𝑥𝑥↦
2 2
AKK 095127315

1 − 6𝑥𝑥 1 − 6𝑥𝑥 6𝑥𝑥 − 1

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 = =
3𝑥𝑥 − 12 −3𝑥𝑥 − 12 3𝑥𝑥 + 12
−6
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = −2
3 6
Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 4 Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = = 2
3
Vertical asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = −4
1 1
−6 6−
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
12 12
3− 3+
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦−2− 𝑥𝑥↦+∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦2−
𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦−2+ 𝑥𝑥↦−∞ , 𝑦𝑦↦2+
1 1
12𝑦𝑦 + 1 12 + 𝑦𝑦 12𝑦𝑦 + 1 12 + 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑥𝑥 = =
3𝑦𝑦 + 6 6 −3𝑦𝑦 + 6 −3 + 6
3+
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦↦+∞, 𝑥𝑥↦4− 𝑦𝑦↦+∞, 𝑥𝑥↦−4−
𝑦𝑦↦−∞, 𝑥𝑥↦4+ 𝑦𝑦↦−∞, 𝑥𝑥↦−4+

5 Sequences and Series

Arithmetic Geometric
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, a+4d, a+5d, ... a, ar, a𝑟𝑟 2 , a𝑟𝑟 3 , 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 4 , 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 5 , …
a=first term a=first term
d=second term−first term 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
r= 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑 𝑈𝑈𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑛𝑛 1 − 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = {2𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑑𝑑} 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎
2 1 − 𝑟𝑟
𝑛𝑛 𝑆𝑆∞ =
𝑎𝑎
, |𝑟𝑟| < 1
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = {𝑎𝑎 + 𝑙𝑙} 1−𝑟𝑟
2

Sigma notation of a Series

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥)
Starts from 0 Starts from 1
AKK 095127315

a is the amplitude.
1 𝑦𝑦 = asin(𝑥𝑥) = 1sin(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = asin(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 = asin(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥)
2

c is the vertical shift.

𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥) − 1 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥) + 2

𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)

2п
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = sin � �
3
AKK 095127315

𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = sin � �
2

𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥)

𝑦𝑦 = sin(2𝑥𝑥)

𝑦𝑦 = sin(3𝑥𝑥)

𝑦𝑦 = tan(𝑥𝑥)