EE 252: Lecture 23

Inductance Bridges
• Carey-foster bridge
• Measurement of mutual
inductance in terms of
standard capacitor
• R1 = 200 Ω , R3 = 120 Ω,
R4 = 100 Ω and C3 = , M? ,
L1 = ?
Electrodynamic Instrument
• Construction and
Operation
• Moving coil

• Stationary/field coil

• Air damping instead of

eddy current damping
Electrodynamic Instrument
• AC operation
• (a) Current direction left to right
• (b) Current direction right to left
• Not polarized
• Deflection is proportional to 𝐼2
• With AC, the
2
pointer settles to average
value of 𝐼
• Scale is calibrated to indicate 𝐼
• Meter indicates rms value of current which
has same effect as of equivalent DC value
• Transfer Instrument
• Low-frequency instrument
Electrodynamic Instrument
• Voltmeter and Ammeter
Power and Energy Measurement
• Electrodynamic instruments
• Power measurement
• Single phase and three phase
• Pointer deflection proportional to the product of voltage and current
• Thermocouple wattmeter: high frequency power measurement
• Electromechanical energy meter
• A disc rotates at a speed proportional to the load power
• Number of disc rotations are measured
• Digital power/energy meters
• Measure voltage, current and phase angle between them
• Display the measurement in kW, kWh, kVA etc.
Power and Energy Measurement
• Electrodynamic Wattmeter
• Field coils are connected in series
with the load
• Moving coil and a series resistor are
connected in parallel with the load
• 𝑃 = 𝑉×𝐼
• Positive deflection irrespective of
supply polarity
• Can be calibrated with dc
• Electrodynamic wattmeter
measures true power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
• Example: P = 100 W, V = 100 V and I
= 1.5 A, 𝜙 = ?
Power and Energy Measurement
• Electrodynamic Wattmeter
• Connection errors
• Compensated Wattmeter
• Example: Pmeasured = 150 W, Rv = 3
kOhm, V = 115 V. Error = ?
Power and Energy Measurement
• Multi-range Wattmeter
• Maximum operating frequency: 500 Hz
Power and Energy Measurement
• Electrodynamic Wattmeter

𝐼1𝑉1
• Wattmeter reading multiplication factor
𝐼2𝑉2
• Example: Maximum voltage and current range = 115 V and 1 A,
𝐼1 𝑉1
transformer ratio = 5, = 2, Load voltage = 220 V. 𝜙 = 25𝑜
𝐼 𝑉
Power Measurement without Wattmeter
• Three-voltmeter method

• Useful in lower power situations and high frequency inputs

• 𝑉32 = 𝑉12 + 𝑉22 + 2𝑉1 𝐼𝑅 cos 𝜙
,
Power Measurement without Wattmeter
• Three-ammeter method

• Useful in lower power situations and high frequency inputs

• 𝐼32 = 𝐼12 + 𝐼22 + (2𝐼1 𝑉/𝑅) cos 𝜙
,
References
• David Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2013.