Micro-Project report on

“To Study The Pascal Law And Discuss Its Apllication”

Submitted to the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(BASIC PHYSICS)

Submitted by

Sharvil dharmik Sidhant Sathe Rudraksh Tayde

Ayush Chakole Shree Pal

Under the guidance of

(Dr S K Mandavgade)

Academic Year 2021-22

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology

B-37-39/1, ShraddhaPark, Hingna Wadi Link Road, Nagpur-28
 G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemistry
Academic Session 2021-22

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this micro project report on “ To Study The Pascal Law
And Discuss Its Apllication” is the bonafide work of Sharvil Dharmik, Sidhant
Sathe, Rudraksh Tayde, Ayush Chakole, Shree Pal who carried out the project work

under my supervision for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of the diploma in Mechanical Engineering in first semester.

(Mr P T Dangore) (Ms A.J Nadgowda)

First Year Coordinator Project Guide

(Dr G N Akhade)
Dean Poly

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

 SUBMISSION
We are the students of G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Nagpur (poly), First year first semester of Diploma course of Mechanical
Engineering humbly submit that we completed time to time as a part of project
work as prescribed Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
for the subject Basic Chemistry and the project is prescribed in the report by our
own skill and study for the academic session 2021-22, as per the guidance of
Dr S K Mandavgade, Assistant Professor in chemistry.

Projectees: Signature of the Projectees

1. Sharvil Dharmik

2. Sidhant Sathe

3. Ayush Chakole

4. Rudraksh Tayde

5. Shree Pal
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Project Planning

4. Data collection and Comparative Study

5. Application

6. References
 Title of Micro-project

Introduction

Course outcomes integrated

Action Plan

Name of
S. Planned Planned
Details of activity Responsible Team
No. Starts date Finish date
Members
1 Literature survey 01/10/2021 15/10/2021
2 Work on project 18/10/2021 30/10/2021
3 Data collection 01/11/2021 19/11/2021
4 Synopsis Writing 22/11/2021 17/12/2021
5 Submission of project 20/12/2021 30/12/2021

Resources Required

S. Name of
Specification Qty Remarks
No. Resource/Material
1 Various books from Engineering Chemistry
library. (Cambridge University Press)

2 Use of internet https://www.onealsteel.com

3 Various journals International Journal of
Nonferrous Metallurgy
What is Pascal’s Law?

“The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is

distributed or transmitted evenly throughout the liquid in all
directions”.
The static pressure acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the
fluid. Pascal also found that the pressure at a point for a static fluid would
be the same across all planes passing through that point in that fluid.
Pascal’s law is also known as Pascal’s principle or principle of transmission
of fluid-pressure. In 1653, Pascal law was stated by French mathematician
Blaise Pascal.
Pascal Law Formula
Following is the formula of Pascal law:

F = PA
Where F is the force applied, P is the pressure transmitted, and A is the cross-sectional area.
Related Articles:

 Hydraulic Machines And Their Applications

 Hydrostatic Pressure

Example of Pascal’s Law

Let us understand the working principle of Pascal’s law with an example.
A pressure of 2000 Pa is transmitted throughout a liquid column due to a force being applied on a piston. If
the piston has an area of 0.1 m2, what force is applied?
This can be calculated using Pascal’s Law formula.
F = PA
Here,
P = 2000 Pa = N/m2
A = 0.1 m2
Substituting values, we arrive at F = 200 N

Applications of Pascal’s Law

 Hydraulic Lift: The image you saw at the beginning of this article is a simple line diagram of a
hydraulic lift. This is the principle of the working of hydraulic lift. It works based on the principle
of equal pressure transmission throughout a fluid (Pascal’s Law).
 The construction is such that a narrow cylinder (in this case A) is connected to a wider cylinder (in
this case B). They are fitted with airtight pistons on either end. The inside of the cylinders is filled
with fluid that cannot be compressed.
 Pressure applied at piston A is transmitted equally to piston B without diminishing the use of the
fluid that cannot be compressed. Thus, piston B effectively serves as a platform to lift heavy
objects like big machines or vehicles. A few more applications include a hydraulic jack and
hydraulic press, and forced amplification is used in the braking system of most cars.
Pascal’s Law Derivation
Consider an arbitrary right-angled prismatic triangle in the liquid of density rho. Since the prismatic
element is very small, every point is considered to be at the same depth as the liquid surface. Therefore, T
is also the same at all these points.
Consider an arbitrary right-angled prismatic triangle in the liquid of density rho. Since the prismatic
element is very small, every point is considered to be at the same depth as the liquid surface. Therefore,
the effect of gravity is also the same at all these points.

Let ad, bd, and cd be the area of the faces ABFE, ABDC, and CDFE, respectively.
Let P1, P2, and P3 be the pressure on the faces ABFE, ABDC, and CDFE.
Pressure exerts a force which is normal to the surface. Let P1 exert force F1 on the surface ABFE, P2 exert
force F2 on the surface ABDC, and P3 exert force F3 on the surface CDFE.
Therefore, Force F1, F2, and F3 is given as:
F1 = P1 × area of ABFE = P1 ad
F2 = P2 × area of ABDC = P2 bd
F3 = P3 × area of CDFE = P3 cd
The net force on the prism will be zero since the prism is in equilibrium.
F1 sin θ = F2
F1 cos θ = F3
P1 ad
= P2 bd (equ 1)
P1 ad
= P3 cd (equ 2)
From 1 and 2
P1 = P2 and P1 = P3
∴ P1= P2=
1. Hydraulic Lift

A hydraulic lift is versatile in its utility. It has a hydraulic apparatus which

is used to lift heavy objects. In the case of hydraulic lifts, force applied
creates “lift” and “work.”

It is based on the principle of equal pressure transmission throughout the

fluid. A narrow cylinder (A) is connected to a wider cylinder (B) fitted with
airtight pistons filled with an incompressible fluid. The mathematical
representation of the Pascal’s Law helps in the determination of pressure
which can be exerted on the fluid in the piston so as to create enough force
for lifting and moving an object.

When pressure from piston A is transmitted to piston B, piston B lifts the

heavy object like big machines, vehicles. The hydraulic lift technology has
widespread applications in the industrial, construction, transport sector,
etc.
2. Hydraulic Jack

The hydraulic jack consists of two cylinders, a larger and a smaller one; and
these two cylinders are connected. When its handle is pressed down, a valve
closes and the small piston forces the fluid through another valve to a larger
cylinder which, then, produces a large force to be transmitted to the load.
Therefore, we can say that when force is applied, the pressure is exerted
throughout the volume and surface of the cylinder.

The handle is moved up and down repeatedly until the load is sufficiently
lifted up by the hydraulic fluid flowing buffer tank to the small cylinder.
Hydraulic jacks are highly advantageous in the automotive industry and are
often used to lift cars above the ground level for repair and maintenance.
3. Hydraulic Brakes

A number of components form the braking system in cars. When force is

applied on the brake pedal, there is a movement of the piston and rod in the
master cylinder. A liquid which is known as brake or hydraulic fluid,
enclosed in the container, is used to transmit the pressure from the brake
pedal to the wheels of the vehicle against the brake discs or brake drums.
The frictional force between these force components causes the vehicle to
stop. Hydraulic brakes are used in cars, motorcycles and lorries.
4. Hydraulic Pumps

Hydraulic pumps help in the discharge of fluid. It is equipped with a small

cylinder connected to a large cylinder and both the cylinders are filled with
oil. Compressed air introduced to the small cylinder exerts a pressure on
the surface of the oil. This pressure is transmitted by the oil to the large
cylinder where the pressure acts on a large piston to produce a force large
enough to lift a car.
5. Aircraft Hydraulic System

An aircraft hydraulic system consists of three critical mechanical

components and hydraulic fluid. Even a small amount of hydraulic fluid
helps in transmitting a large amount of force. The hydraulic fluid in contact
with the cylinders/pistons is at different pressure. The oil which is at a
relatively higher pressure can be pumped to either side of the piston head.
The selector valve helps in controlling the direction of the fluid.