Co-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION

THROUGH PIPELINE
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
HARISCHANDRA M POORNESH K
KOUSHIK SHETTY KSHIPRA K B
LOHITH D MEGHANA A
MAHAMMAD IRSHAD S MAHESHA K
MANOJ M S PRAMITH B

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

Mr. DERANNA RAI
(Head of Mechanical Engineering Department)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KURUNJI VENKATARAMANA GOWDA POLYTECHNIC
(GOVT.AIDED)
KURUNJIBHAG – 574327, SULLIA D.K, KARNATAKA STATE
 2019-20

DEPRTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Co-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION
THROUGH PIPELINE
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
HARISCHANDRA M POORNESH K
KOUSHIK SHETTY KSHIPRA K B
LOHITH D MEGHANA A
MAHAMMAD IRSHAD S MAHESHA K
MANOJ M S PRAMITH B

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of

Mr. DERANNA RAI

(Head of Mechanical Engineering Department)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
KURUNJI VENKATARAMANA GOWDA POLYTECHNIC
(GOVT.AIDED)
 KURUNJIBHAG – 574327, SULLIA D.K, KARNATAKA STATE
2019-20

DEPRTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

KURUNJI VENKATARAMANA GOWDA POLYTECHNIC
(GOVT-AIDED)
KURUNJIBHAG- 574327, SULLIA D.K. KARNATAKA STATE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that that this project report entire “Co-Efficient of Friction in

Pipeline” which is being submitted by Mr. ............................................................................. Reg.No.
……………………………………………………, a bonafide student of K.V.G Polytechnic Sullia in partial
fulfillment for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering during in the
year2019-20 is record of students own work carried out under my/our
guidance. It certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal
assignment have been incorporated in the Report and one copy of it being
deposited in the polytechnic library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies that academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said diploma.
It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not endorse
or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there
in but approve the project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

_________________________ ___________________________
Mr. DERANNA RAI B DME. Mr. DERANNA RAI B DME.
(Project Guide) (Head of the Department)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mr. JAYAPRAKASH.K BE., MISTE

(Principal)

Name and signature of Examiners:

1.

2.
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I …………………………………………………………………………… a student of DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING department bearing Reg.No. ……………………………………………………….. of Sixth
Semester hereby declare that I own full responsibility for the information,
results and conclusions provided in this project work titled “Co-Efficient of
Friction in Pipeline” submitted to state board of technical examination,
government of Karnataka for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering.

To the best of knowledge, this project work has not been submitted in
part or full elsewhere in any other institution/organization for any
diploma/certificate/degree. I have completely taken care in acknowledging the
contribution of other in this academic work. I further declare that in case of
any violation of intellectual property rights and particulars declared, found at
any stage, I’m as the candidate will be solely responsible for the same.

Date: Signature of Candidate

Place: Name:

Reg.No:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are delighted to present the project titled “Co-Efficient of Friction
in Pipeline”. This project would have been difficult without the direction
and motivation of many people.

We express gratitude to Sri. DERANNA RAI B, Head of the

Department, Mechanical Engineering for his encouragement and thanks
for guiding and supporting us

We are highly indebted Sri. JAYAPRAKASH K, Principal to his

gracious encourages to our project work. We are also thank full to the
teaching and non- teaching staff who had helped us directly or indirectly
to complete our work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Late Dr. KURUNJI

VENKATARAMANA GOWDA, Founder president A.O.L.E and Dr.
RENUKAPRASAD K V, General Secretary, A.O.L.E for having provided
an environment with all facilities which helped in completing in the
project.

Finally we would like to thank all those who have directly or

indirectly helped us in the successful completion of the project.
 ABSTRACT

Theoretically, Mass and energy conservation are the most important

laws in sciences and practically in engineering as well. Bernoulli’s
theorem is one of the conservations relating velocity, areas and
pressure for steady state, incompressible fluid flow where net
frictional forces are negligible. For mass conservation, the theorem
states that the speed of a fluid flowing through a conduit of varying
cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the flow area.
Whereas, the energy conservation requires increase in velocity
decreases the pressure. The objective of this experimentation was to
verify the Bernoulli’s theorem for air. The Bernoulli’s experimental
setup was used to observe the static, velocity and total heads in
terms of water elevation in manometer. The experimental data
verified that the gradual decrease in area of venturi, the velocity
head increased and the static head decrease, but the total head
remained constant throughout experiment.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

There are many different meters used to measure fluid flow: the
turbine-type flow meter, the rota meter, the orifice meter, and the
venturimeter are only a few. Each meter works by its ability to alter a
certain physical property of the flowing fluid and then allows this
alteration to be measured. The measured alteration is then related
to the flow. The subject of this experiment is to analyze the features
of certain meters.

A venturimeter is a measuring or also considered as a meter device

that is usually used to measure the flow of a fluid in the pipe. A
Venturimeter may also be used to increase the velocity of any type
fluid in a pipe at any particular point. It basically works on the
principle of Bernoulli's Theorem. The pressure in a fluid moving
through a small cross section drops suddenly leading to an increase
in velocity of the flow. The fluid of the characteristics of high
pressure and low velocity gets converted to the low pressure and
high velocity at a particular point and again reaches to high pressure
and low velocity. The point where the characteristics become low
pressure and high velocity is the place where the venturi flow meter
is used. The Venturimeter is constructed as shown in Figure 2. It has
a constriction within itself. The pressure difference between the
upstream and the downstream flow, Δh, can be found as of the
Venturi and a function of the flow rate. Applying Bernoulli’s
equation to points meter and relating the pressure difference to the
flow rate yields.

MAIN PARTS OF VENTURIMETER

 MAIN PARTS OF VENTURIMETER

Covering part: It is the part of the venturimeter where the fluid

converges.

Throat: It is the portion that lies in between the converging and

diverging part of venturi. In the throat portion the cross section is
much less than converging and diverging portion. When the reaches
the throat, its velocity increases and pressure decreases.

Diverging part: It is the part of the venturimeter where the fluid gets
diverges and the cross-section area increases.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Venturimeter works on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation i.e. when

velocity increases pressure decreases. Cross section of throat is less
than cross section of inlet pipe. Since the cross -section decreases
from inlet pipe to throat, the velocity of the fluid increases and
hence the pressure decreases. Due to decrease in pressure, a
pressure difference is created between the inlet pipe and throat of
the venturimeter. This pressure difference can be measured by
placing a differential manometer between the inlet section and
throat section or by using two gauges at inlet section and throat.
After getting the pressure difference flow rate through pipe is
calculated.
When the fluid used to pass through the venturimeter there is no
difference in inlet but at the throat, the velocity is used to increase
and there is a decrease in pressure this is due to decreasing cross-
sectional area from inlet to throat. This pressure difference in
between inlet and throat is determined by the help of U-tube
manometers, this pressure difference is used to calculate the flow
rate of fluid in the pipe.

EXPRESSION FOR THE RATE OF FLOW

THROUGH VENTURIMETER
EXPRESSION FOR THE RATE OF FLOW
THROUGH VENTURIMETER

Consider a venturimeter is fitted in a horizontal pipe through which

fluid (water ) is flowing as shown in figure below.

Let a1 = cross-section area of inlet pipe

d1= diameter of inlet pipe
v1 = velocity at inlet pipe
p1 = pressure at inlet pipe

also,
a2 = cross-section area of throat
d2= diameter of throat
v2 = velocity at throat
p2 = pressure at inlet throat
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at section (1) and (2) , we get

As the pipe is horizontal, so Z1 =  Z2

Hence we get,

(P1 – P2)/ ρg is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and

is equal to h. So eq (1) becomes

Now applying continuity at section (1) and (2), we get

Placing the value of v1 in eq (2) and solving, we get

Now , Rate of flow of fluid or Discharge (Q) can be stated as

Substituting value of v2 in this equation, we get

Q is the the theoretical discharge under ideal conditions. Actual

discharge will be less than this. The actual discharge is given by,

Where Cd is coefficient of venturimeter and its value is always less

than 1.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ADVANTAGES

 Less chance of getting stuck with sediment.

 The discharge coefficient is high.
 Its behaviour can be predicted perfectly.
 It can be installed vertically, horizontally, inclined.
 They are more precise and can be used for a wide range of
flows.
 About 90% of the pressure drop can be recovered.

DISADVANTAGES
 They are large in size and, therefore, where space is limited,
they can not be used.
 Initial costs, installation and expensive maintenance.
 Requires a long placement length. That is, the venturi meter
must be driven by a straight tube that has no connections or
misalignments to avoid turbulence in the flow, for satisfactory
operation.
 It can not be used in pipes of less than 7.5 cm in diameter.
 Maintenance is not easy.
 It can not be modified to measure the pressure beyond a
maximum speed.