VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI- 590018

Project Report Phase - II

(15ME85)
on
“MODE I FRACTURE BEHAVIOR ON E-GLASS JUTE
EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIAL”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
Name USN
1. H SHASHIKANTH 4BD17ME406
2. KARTHIK B R 4BD17ME408
3. MAHANTESH KODLI 4BD17ME412
4. S M VINAYAKA 4BD17ME422

Guide
T R MOHAN
Assistant Professor

2019 – 20
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BAPUJI INISTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577004,
KARNATAKA
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
 BAPUJI INISTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577004, KARNATAKA
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Project Report Phase – II(15ME85)

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Phase-II work entitled “MODE I FRACTURE

BEHAVIOR ON E-GLASS JUTE EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITE
MATERIAL” was carried out by H SHASHIKANTH USN-4BD17ME406, KARTHIK B R
USN-4BD17ME408, MAHANTESH KODLI USN-4BD17ME412, , S M VINAYAKA USN-
4BD17ME422bonafide students of BAPUJI INISTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGYin the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the
academic year 2019-20. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed
for the said Degree.
Guide

__________________
T R MOHAN
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

_________________ _________________
Dr. S KUMARAPPA Dr H.B. ARAVINDA M.E, Ph.D
Principal Principal
BIET, Davangere BIET, Davangere

Name of the Examiners: Signature with Date

1.
2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The sense of contentment and elation that accompanies the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without mentioning the names of people who helped in accomplishment
of the work.

We would like to express our gratitude to my Guide T.N Vijay Kumar for guiding in completing
the project work and for the continuous encouragement.

We express sincere thanks to Dr. S. Kumarappa, Head of the Department, Mechanical

Engineering for providing all the necessary support.

We would like to thank our beloved principal Dr M.C.Natarajafor constant support and
encouragement.

We also thankfully acknowledge the help received from the project work Co-ordinators T.N
Vijay Kumar and Ashoka. E for guiding us in the right way to complete the work according to
the university requirements.

Finally we would express my sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the
department for providing all the necessary support and Families & friends, who have extended
their co-operation.

Project Associates USN

1. H SHASHIKANTH 4BD16ME406
2. KARTHIK B R 4BD16ME064
3. MAHANTESH KODLI 4BD16ME066
4. S M VINAYAKA 4BD16ME070
 ABSTRACT

The Jute fiber and E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy

composites were prepared with different orientation of jute fiber.
The fracture properties are investigated experimentally. The top
and bottom layers are made up of glass fiber and the jute fiber is
placed in between the E-glass fiber during the composite
preparation. The epoxy, hardener and fly ash are mixed by
mechanical stirrer and poured on the mould with fiber mats. The
solidified composite plate is taken from the mould and then
fracture samples are cut according to ASTM standard. The fracture
behaviors are analyzed by Mode-I fracture with compact tension
(CT). Recently, there has been a rapid development in research and
advancement in the area of natural fiber composite (NFC). Fiber
Reinforced Composites are gaining more mechanical importance
due to its low environmental impact, low cost and support their
potential lover an extensive variety of applications. In this present
study, fracture characterization of the hybrid composite using
stacking sequences for E-glass-jute fabric and epoxy resin
materials have been studied. The fabrication of the composite
board is prepared using hand lay-up technique. The tests were
conducted to study the fracture properties such as Compact
Tension (CT) as per ASTM standards. Results show that, the effect
of stacking sequence on the fracture toughness of the hybrid
composite material is more and where fracture toughness is
controlled by extreme layers of the composite. Based on the
results, it is suggested that this hybrid E-glass/jute fabric epoxy
composite can be used for structural applications.
TABLE OF CONTANTY

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1

1.1.Overview of composite...............................................................................................2

1.2.Classification of Composite........................................................................................3

1.3Application of fiber reinforced polymer composite.....................................................6

1.4 Fracture Mechanics Approach:...................................................................................6

1.5 Stacking Sequence Method.........................................................................................9

LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................10

2.1 Problem Formulation................................................................................................12

2.2 Objectives of the present work:.................................................................................12

2.3 Methodology.............................................................................................................13

MATERIALS USED....................................................................................................................15

3.1 Material selection......................................................................................................15

3.2 Materials...................................................................................................................15

3.3. CALCULATION.....................................................................................................20

EXPERIMENTATION.................................................................................................................25

4.1 Compact Tension Test (CT):.....................................................................................25

4.2 Thickness Effect on Fracture Toughness..................................................................32

4.3 Stress Intensity Factor (K)........................................................................................33

4.4 Critical Stress Intensity Factor (KIC).........................................................................33

4.5 Calculation of Fracture Toughness...........................................................................34

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.................................................................................................38

5.1 Compact Tension (CT) Test:.....................................................................................38

5.2Advantages................................................................................................................42

5.3Applications...............................................................................................................42

CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................43

REFERENCE:...............................................................................................................................44
 BOOKS REFERENCE...................................................................................................45

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig. 1.1 Classification of composite material based on reinforcement of fiber...................4

Fig. 1.2 Classification of composite material based on matrix............................................5

Fig.1.3 The three modes of fracture.....................................................................................8

Fig.2.1 Hand layup technique............................................................................................13

Fig.3.1 Jute Fiber...............................................................................................................16

Fig.3.2 E glass Fabric 200gsm...........................................................................................18

Fig.3.3 LapoxL-12 Epoxy resin with K-6 hardener...........................................................18

Fig.3.4 Fly ash....................................................................................................................19

Fig 4.1 CT Specimen..........................................................................................................25

Fig.4.2 Experimental setup for Compact Tension Test Specimen.....................................26

Fig.4.3 Hydraulic press......................................................................................................27

Fig 4.4 9 mm thickness 6 % fly ash...................................................................................28

Fig 4.5 9 mm thickness without fly ash.............................................................................28

Fig 4.6 12 mm thickness 6% fly ash..................................................................................29

Fig 4.7(a) 9mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen before test.........................................29

Fig 4.7(b) 9mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen after test............................................30

Fig 4.8(a) 9mm thickness without flyash CT Specimen before test..................................30

Fig 4.8(b) 9mm thickness without flyash CT Specimen after test.....................................31

Fig 4.9(a) 12mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen before test.......................................31

Fig 4.9(b) 12mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen after test..........................................32

Fig 4.9 Thickness effect on fracture strength.....................................................................32

Fig.5.1 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen.................................................39

Fig.5.2 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen.................................................40

Fig.5.3 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen.................................................41

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1 Specification of board preparation.....................................................................20

Table 4.1 ASTM E833 Standard CT specimen..................................................................26

Table 4.2 Fracture toughness result...................................................................................37

Table 5.1 Experimental results of CT test specimens........................................................38

Table 5.2 Experimental results of CT test specimens........................................................39

Table 5.3 Experimental results of CT test specimens........................................................40

 MODE I FRACTURE BEHAVIOR ON E- GLASS JUTE EPOXY HYBRID
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the hybrid polymer composites are widely used in automotive,
civil engineering and aerospace applications. However, for the laminated composites, the
inter laminar delamination is the main area of concern because it results are unacceptable
reduction of a material performances. The compositions modification in the inter laminar
fracture toughness of good performance composites, which are made hybrid composites.
Hybrid composites are the materials that are framed by joining distinctive strands (natural
or synthetic) and matrices together to shape a single structure of composite. Different
strategies to enhance their protection from delamination exists which adds generous cost
and unpredictability to the generation methods of the composite materials. Therefore, the
strategies to increase fracture toughness of those high performance composite materials
are essential in an order to use those materials in realistic applications.

The present trend is, the use of composites are high when compared with other
materials, and led to use for many design criteria required to make a components, out of
these materials. These composites are exhibit, a unique residences of attributable to their
orthotropic nature and also, the laminates had been made having special fiber
orientations, quantity fraction and stacking sequences making it obligatory to determine
mechanical properties or fracture toughness initially they can be used for any applications
.

The composites manufactured by the use of one form of fiber is referred to as pure
composites, and if two or extra fibers are used to creating composites they're known as
hybrid composite. For example Glass-Carbon, Glass-Kevlar Hybrid and so on, those kind
of mixture is offers an advantage of high strength at decrease value which can be used for
applications, that may be no longer possible by way of the use of the purely composites.
The main objective of this combination is derived better quality of constituent material
and these composites are exposed to delamination significantly. So the hybridization of
composite fibrous cloth is the key to designing new additives having proper strength at
relatively decrease cost. All composite structures in medium and excessive overall
performance applications, they may be vulnerable to numerous varieties of damages
along with delamination, fiber pullout, and matrix cracking, and many others.

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The creation of hybrid composites, which include layering sequence of fibers is
impacts the mechanical properties of composites. The layering pattern or series is
substantially impacts the tensile and flexural properties. The Comparison among tensile
and flexural properties of hybrid composites indicated that the hybrid composites with
two pores and skin layers on both side is better combination with proper tensile and
flexural properties.

Several materials are processed and fabricated and for that reason flaws are often
no longer completely avoidable. The life of flaws guidelines is in the direction of crack
propagation and fracture of substances. Composite structure in medium and high
performance applications, they're vulnerable to numerous kinds of damages, together with
the fiber pullout, delamination, and matrix cracking, and so on. One or more of these
damage modes are prompted due to the stress concentration, impact, fatigue, and creep.
An extensive wide variety of published studies had been interested to have a look at the
mechanical and thermal properties. However, because flaw-free substances are very
challenging to be manufactured and crack could be hosted during the service, appreciative
the crack resistance capability is consequently necessary. Respected toughness and crack-
stopping ability are predominately very important. Due to the increasing of demand, the
hybrid composites in various applications. It is envisaged that, the fracture toughness
hybrid composites are play a vital role over the coming years. It is known that, the epoxy
based hybrid composites are prone to be brittle fracture under mechanical loading
condition. Compared with the metals, the application of fracture mechanics conceptions is
quite in the developed phase. In the polymer area, the fracture toughness test is meant for
homogeneous materials are used to determine K.

1.1. Overview of composite.

The composite materials in nature has delivered in living things such as seaweeds,
bamboo, wood and human bone. Initially materials have appear with polymeric
reinforcement has been used in Babylonia around 4000-2000 B.C. The contained of
reinforcement bitumen or pitch. Around 3000 B.C suggestion from various sources

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indicates that in Mesopotamia and Egypt, river boat types were fabricated from bundles
of papyrus reed implanted in a matrix of bitumen. The part of adjustment that flourished
in Egypt during 2500 B.C is one of the leading filament winding practices. Properly
treated dead bodies were enclosed in tapes of linen and then soaked with natural resin to
create, ultimately rigid cocoon.

1.2. Classification of Composite.

Based on the reinforcement of fibers, the composite may be classified as follows:

 Particulate composite materials

 Fibrous composite materials
 Laminated composite materials

1.2.1. Particulate composite materials:

The particles are to be used for reinforcing fiber that contains the ceramics and
glass along with minor mineral debris, particles of metals inclusive of aluminum and
amorphous materials, together with polymers, and carbon black. The particles are once
using to increasing the matrix modulus and the decreases ductility of matrix. That is also
used to reduce the price of the composite. These reinforcement and matrixes are
commonly used materials to be economical and easy to handle.

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Fig. 1.1 Classification of composite material based on reinforcement of fiber

1.2.2 Fibrous composite materials

The fibers amalgamation and matrix are generally called fiber reinforcement
composite. The reinforcement of fibers is served as strength and matrix binds all the
fibers together. Carbon/graphite fibers, beryllium carbide, beryllium oxides, aluminum
oxides, glass fibers and especially natural fibers etc. are the usually used fiber reinforcing
agents. Similarly epoxy, phenolic, polyester, polyurethane, polyetherethrketone (PEEK),
vinyl ester so on, are commonly used matrix materials. The PEEK is commonly used
resin and epoxy has greater bond and less contraction as compared with PEEK.

1.2.3 Laminated composite materials

The composite materials which contain more than one layer with different
materials that are composed. This can be used to syndicate better characteristic of the
integral layers and attachment materials for the purpose of achieving more valuable
product. The properties that are to be heightening by using this lamination are strength,
stiffness, mild weight, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal insulation and
acoustical insulation. Such assertions are represented through the examples bimetals, clad

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metals, laminated glass, plastic primarily based laminates and especially fibrous
composite substances.

Based on the type of Matrix, Classification of composite as follows:

 Metal matrix composites (MMC)

 Ceramic matrix composites (CMC)
 Polymer matrix composites (PMC)

Fig. 1.2 Classification of composite material based on matrix

1.2.4 Metal matrix composites (MMC):

As the name it indicates that these composite mainly consist of metallic matrixes
such as Al, Mg, Cu and Fe. There are many reasons or popularity of this metal matrix
composite, the most important of its property. The composites are benefits over strong
metals which includes the higher specific modulus and strength, better properties on the
expanded temp., and lower coefficient of thermal expansion.

1.2.5 Ceramic matrix composites (CMC):

A usually ceramic matrix composite consists of one or more non-metallic

components like oxygen, carbon, or tungsten. These are having very strong covalent and
ionic bond and having varied rate slip systems as compare to metals. Advantages of new
technology and processing methods leads to petition of high performance product. The

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advancement in growth of ceramic product in one of them, but still facing brittleness as
its drawback.

1.2.6 Polymer matrix composites (PMC):

Polymer matrix composites are precisely widespread because of their fewer price
and humble methods of fabrication. These may consist of polymer such as epoxy,
urethane and polyester and also small diameter of fibers like graphite, boron and aramids.
The stiffness and strength of these composite are particularly low as compare to metals.
These problems are overwhelmed by material are reinforced polymers. The overall effects
of these composites are grander with the singular, for example polymer/ceramic. Which
are having higher modulus than polymers but are not brittle like ceramics.

1.3 Application of fiber reinforced polymer composites:

The applications of fiber reinforced polymer composite in the field of industrial and
commercial are so diverse and it’s incredible to list out all. We focus only on the some of
many structural application areas, which are aircraft, space, automotive and marine fields.
They can also use in electronic parts such as printed circuit boards, construction of
buildings like floor beams, built-up of furniture like chair springs, power industry in
transformer housing, oil industries like offshore oil platforms and the oil sucker rods used
in the lifting underground oil, in medical field the bone plates for fracture fixation,
implants, and the prosthetics and in some of the industrial components, such as step
ladders, oxygen tanks, and power transmission shafts. Potential use of fiber-reinforced
composites happens in various engineering turfs. Setting them to an actual use needs
suspicious design repetition and proper process development based on the appreciative of
their distinctive mechanical, physical and thermal features.

1.4 Fracture Mechanics Approach:

The static failure is based on the strength of material approach assuming a

material should be homogeneous, isotropic and defect free such as voids and crack in all
cases. But these types of assumption are not valid. In case of metals and alloys crack are
mainly because of manufacturing and processing treatment. The presence of crack should
be considered for the analysis. When the crack is present, the component may fails at
stress below that strength of the material. Due to the present of critical energy and stress

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intensity crack propagation occurs. In case of ductile materials the brittle type of fracture
leads to many catastrophic failures.

1.4.1 Interlaminar Fracture

Failure of the materials due to the presence of crack takes not only in metals.
Composites are also susceptible to fracture type failure called inter laminar fracture. This
inter laminar fracture occurs in the presence of piles, voids, layers seoerate, and also some
defects are present between the layers. These types of defects provide the movement for
separation. This inter laminar fracture is most common mode of fracture in case of
composite materials specially laminated structure.

The results of tensile test that are applied to the material does not containing any
cracks are stress concentration such as brittle inclusion. When the cracks are present in
either of the surface cracks or inner one, and at low applied stresses failure may occurs.
This applied stress is very high near the crack because of zero area as theoretically. The
ductile materials are deformed locally for high stress and diminishing the tip of the crack
which may reduce the intensity of stress. In case of brittle material the propagation of
crack is along the stress region with slight deformation. Fractures in engineering materials
are categorized by fracture with flats surface while ductile fracture absorbs more energy
and brittle fractures absorbed small amount of energy. Fracture toughness is majority
depending on the quantity of electricity required to create a brand new surfaces. The
linear elastic fracture mechanics or LEFM and elastic plastic fracture mechanics or EPFM
are the predominant categories of fracture mechanics. The material behaviors elastically
at the region away from the crack tip in case of LEFM apart from small inelastic
deformation at the region at the crack tip.

1.4.2 Modes of fracture

A crack in a structural component is generally a line with a varying curvature.

Hence stress state at the tip of the crack varies from one region to another. This crack tip
region is categorized in to three modes as shown in fig.1.3. Mode I is a crack opening or
tensile mode, Mode II is sliding or shearing mode and Mode III is a tearing mode. The
awareness of the fracture mechanics is same for the entire modes. Nevertheless most of
the material fracture occurs only on mode I. Hence in order to find out fracture toughness
mode I was studied with well-developed experimental methods.

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a) Open mode b) shearing mode c) Tearing mode

Fig.1.3 The three modes of fracture.

Concerning the deformation of a crack, there exist three types of crack openings which
are shown in figure 1.3
 Mode I fracture – Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the
crack)
 Mode II fracture– Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of
the crack and perpendicular to the crack front)
 Mode III fracture– Tearing mode (shear stress acting parallel to the plane of
the crack and parallel to the crack front)

1.4.3 Fracture of polymer composites

The concept of fracture mechanics also studied in case of polymer composites.

Generally glass and ceramics are brittle characteristics. Failure process of polymer
composites shows the mixture of both ductile and brittle. The modes of fracture in
polymer composites inclusive of delamination (inter laminar fracture), matrix cracking,
and breaking of fibers, fiber and matrix debonding, fiber pull out etc. in fiber reinforced
polymer composites; energy was absorbed by the matrix in tearing and breaking of high
strength of fibers by brittle cleavage. The contributing factors to the toughness of fiber
reinforced composites are; fibers and matrix debonding, deflection of crack due to
twisting movement over the fibers. Because of pull out mechanism the fibers are pull out
and the energy dissipated by the friction. The fibers which are pullout may supports to the

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surfaces of crack and enthralling the applied stresses lastly leads to interruption the crack
growth.

1.5 Stacking Sequence Method

The effect of stacking sequence on mechanical properties of hybrid composites

prepared through hand lay-up method. The outcomes indicated that stacking sequence
substantially influences the flexural and interlaminar shear strength. Hybrid laminate of
jute and glass delaminate because of interface whilst loaded in tension. The effects of
layering sequence of glass sheep wool fabric hybrid laminate composites were studied.
The bidirectional glass fabrics and sheep wool fabric had been organized in distinct
sequences to put together the hybrid laminated composites. The outcomes of the layering
collection at the fracture behavior of glass sheep wool hybrid laminate composites were
investigated.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature survey has been made on a particular focus on properties of
different hybrid composites. The brief summary of reviewed literature is given below.

The reinforced composite have expanded a consideration of mechanical

engineering materials in aircraft, automobile and marine industry and also civil
engineering applications. This curiosity is majorly because of its exceptional mechanical
properties, crack resistance and flexibility in design capabilities and also in light weight.
There are two major characters to attractive these materials as compared with the system
of metals. They are comparatively low density and ability to tolerate the stacking
sequence that delivers high strength and stiffness in the loading directions. The epoxy
resin is reinforced with E-glass and jute fiber, the resulting product novelties structural
application in view of high stiffness with light weight.

Yash M. Kanitkar et.al [1] published a paper on characterization of glass hybrid

composite. This study was survey about an approximately these studies are executed an
glass fiber based on hybrid composite, consists of the facts statistics on the mechanical
properties of hybrid composites. Most of the facts to be had in this literature worries glass
fiber hybrid composite.

K. Sabeel Ahmed et.al [2] has investigated on tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear
properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites. In this
investigation, the effect of a hybridization of glass fiber and stacking sequence effect on
tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear characteristics of glass-woven fiber hybrid
composite is refered.

Ashik K P et.al [3] has studied on investigation of moisture absorption and mechanical
residences of glass/natural fiber strengthened polymer hybrid composites. The laminates
used for a look at became fabricated via hand layup method. Coir and glass fiber used as
reinforcement, and epoxy resin was used as matrix material.

Santhanam V et.al [4] has investigated on fracture toughness of Banana-Glass fiber

hybrid composite. This investigation has concentrates on the reinforcement of polymer
matrix with varying lengths of banana and Glass fiber to form a hybrid composite. Test
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conducted on CT for mode I fracture toughness, ENF test used for predict the fracture
behavior of composite.

K.J. Wonga et.al [5] has studied on fracture characterization of short bamboo fabric
reinforced polyester composites. Composites at fiber contents of 10 to 50, 30 to 50 and 30
to 60 volume % (an increment of ten volume %) for fibers at different lengths are studied.
The ASTM principles for fracture trial of composites are yet to be created and the
accessible standard for polymer is the main decision for fiber reinforced polymer
composites and was to be regularly adopted.

Vinayak S Uppinet.al [6] publish a paper on interlaminar fracture toughness in glass-

cellulose reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. In paper investigation the effect of a
cellulose miniaturized scale particles in unidirectional glass fiber strengthened epoxy
composite on mode (I and II) fracture toughness and scattering of cellulose on
unidirectional glass fiber, by the guide of semi automatic draw down coating procedure
and took after by a hand layup strategy for shape composite was adopted.

Manjunath G B et.al [7] published a paper on ANOVA and reaction surface system for
the enhancement of fracture toughness parameters on jute fabric-epoxy composites
utilizing SENB specimens. In this work, the fracture characteristic of jute fabric
strengthened epoxy composites was examined by Taguchi technique. Single Edge
notched bend test was led according to ASTM standards. In this work consolidating three
parameters like a/w ratio, width and thickness variation.

K.V. Arun et.al [8] published paper on instrument of translaminar.fracture.in glass-

textile texture hybrid composites. The system of translaminar breaks, in hybrid polymer
matrix composites is a strange blend of loads is tensile, and bending. The experimentation
has been completed on a pin stacked SENB specimen. The consequences of an
experimental analysis did on the influence of break zone, and natural conditions on the
SIF in glass/textile texture (GF/TF) polymer hybrid composites have been accounted.
K.V. Arun et.al [9] has studied on damage qualities of glass/ texture polymer hybrid
composites, in ocean water condition. The damage of glass-silk in view of material fabric
hybrid composites has been made tentatively. The harm describing parameters like
critical SIF, interlaminar shear quality, and the impact toughness have been distinguished.
The impact of an ocean water submersion on this composite specimen has been assessed
in this paper.
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Literature survey provides the information regarding about to investigation and
research work about stacking sequence is adopted and fracture toughness of hybrid
composites. Many experimental works done on the investigation of fracture toughness for
different materials through conventional and numerical methods.

2.1 Problem Formulation

From the literature survey is found that, any work has been not carried out on the
evaluation of Fracture properties of E-glass/jute fabric hybrid composites. So, this
investigation was provides links to future scholars to Fracture properties of E-glass jute
fabric incorporation.

A study on the available literatures on natural fiber composite reveals that several
materials have been used as reinforcements. Hence the present research work is intended
to carry out possessing and characterization of jute reinforced polymer

2.2 Objectives of the present work:

The objectives of present work are defined below:

1. In the present experiment study, jute-glass fiber reinforced composite material

are fabricated by Hand lay-up process
2. Specimens will be prepared as per ASTM standards.
3. Specimens CT (Compact tension)
4. Test will be conducted as per ASTM E833 standards to study the fracture
behavior.

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2.3 Methodology

Hand lay-up method:

Fig.2.1 Hand layup technique

In the present work the hand-layup method is used to manufacture of hybrid

composite material and this method is most commonly used. The special type of plastic
sheet is used and applied wax on it to prevent adhesion of the specimen to the base. While
fabricating composite product with reinforcing fibers are placed layer-by-layer over the
surface to ensure appropriate stacking sequence before stacking the layer the measured

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value of a epoxy resin to our requirement and correct ratio of hardener is mixed
thoroughly for curing and removal of air bubbles. Once a particular layer of fiber is
placed it is coated with a layers of resin with the help of scraper and remove air bubbles
from it, as well as ensure increased wetting of fibers.

This process is continued till required thickness of the final product is obtained,
care should not be distorted after the end of hand layup method and is kept in the
hydraulic press under the load about 24hours to 48hours under room temperature, then cut
the specimen according to our experiment dimension for different testing. This manual
method of layup may also be used for short fibers composites.

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CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS USED
The experiments are conducted on the laminated composite material. The material
selection details, testing specimen preparation & the experiments on specimens have been
discussed in this chapter.

3.1 Material selection

For the preparation of composite material selection is depending upon the following
factors.

 Fiber ability to become yarn and finished product.

 Fiber availability.
 Production cost or economic rate.
 Market acceptability.

3.2 Materials

The materials which have been selected for this present work as mentioned below.
The reinforcement material used in this work is Natural fiber because of impressive
mechanical properties show jute, E-glass. Together we have all are consider as
environmental aspects like waste prevention, waste recycling and also waste
management.

The materials used for preparation of hybrid composite are:

 Jute fiber
 E-Glass fiber
 Epoxy Resin
 Fly ash

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3.2.1 Jute Fiber

The most important types of natural fibers used in composite materials are flax,

hemp, jute, kenaf, and sisal due to their properties and availability. Using jute
fiber for composites has many advantages. The fiber has a high aspect ratio, high strength
to weight ratio, and has good insulation properties. Jute fiber is a promising reinforcement
for use in composites on account of its low cost, low density, high specific strength and
modulus, no health risk, easy availability, renewability and much lower energy
requirement for processing. Jute is multi celled in structure. The cell wall of a fiber is
made up of a number of layers: the primary wall and the secondary wall, which again is
made up of the three layers. As in all lignocellulosic fibers, these layers mainly contain
cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin in varying amounts. The individual fibers are bonded
together by a lignin-rich region known as the middle lamella. Cellulose attains highest
concentration in the S2 layer (about 50%) and lignin is most concentrated in the middle
lamella (about 90%) which, in principle, is free of cellulose. The S2 layer is usually by far
the thickest layer and dominates the properties of the fibers. Cellulose, a primary
component of the fiber, is a linear condensation polymer consisting of Danhydro-
glucopyranoseunits joined together by ß-1, 4-glucosidic bonds. The long chains of
cellulose are linked together in bundles called micro-fibrils

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Fig.3.1 Jute Fiber

Why Jute Fiber?

The most important types of natural fibers used in composite materials are flax,
hemp, jute, kenaf, and sisal due to their properties and availability. Using jute fiber for
composites has many advantages. Firstly is has wood like characteristics as it is a bast
fiber. Jute has high specific properties, low density, less abrasive behaviour to the
processing equipment, good dimensional stability and harmlessness. Jute is renewable,
versatile, nonabrasive, porous, hydroscopic, visco-elastic, biodegradable, combustible,
and reactive. The fiber has a high aspect ratio, high strength to weight ratio, and has good
insulation properties. Jute textile is a low cost eco-friendly product and is abundantly
available, easy to transport.

The biodegradable and low priced jute products merge with the soil after using
providing nourishment to the soil. Being made of cellulose, on combustion, jute does not
generate toxic gases. Some might consider part of these properties as disadvantages, such
as biodegradable and combustible, but these features provide a means of predictable and
programmable disposal not easily achieved with other resources.

3.2.2 E-Glass fabric

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Glass fabrics are the most usually utilized fortifying fiber in fiber strengthened
polymer composites. The primary properties and favorable position of these fibers are the
minimal cost of manufacturing and high quality engineering applications. Glass fiber is
increases the mechanical properties, i.e. stiffness, impact resistance and dimensional
strength of a polymer that can be utilized for the distinctive fields of engineering
applications. There are two divergent strategies for E-glass fiber can be made, for
example, unidirectional fiber and bidirectional fiber. In this work bidirectional fiber is
utilized. Glass fibers are the unstructured solids.

Fig.3.2 E glass Fabric 200gsm.

3.2.3 Epoxy Resin

The Epoxy resin LapoxL-12 is used as a matrix material in this work with a
hardener used is K-6 because it is low viscosity room temperature curing hardener liquid.
This resin is a Non crystalline material at room temperature and it delivers well resistance
to alkali and adhesive property. The Hardener (K-6) used has curing agent. The mass %
of Hardener used in the ratio of 10:1 with the resin. Epoxy resin are made by retorting
epichlorohydrin with bis-phenol A, which is linear polymers cross-link, thermosetting
resins are reaction with hardeners.

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Fig.3.3 LapoxL-12 Epoxy resin with K-6 hardener.

3.2.4 Fly ash

Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric
generation power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and
siliceous material that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and
water, fly ash forms a compound similar to Portland cement.

Depending upon the source and composition of the coal being burned, the components of
fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon
dioxide(SiO2)(both amorphous and crystalline) aluminiumoxide (Al2O3) and calcium
oxide (CaO), the main mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata.

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Fig.3.4 Fly ash

3.3. CALCULATION

Consider hybrid composite contain fiber and matrix

Table 3.1 Specification of board preparation

Thickness of board in Number of Reinforcement Matrix(epoxy Fly ash

mm layers (E-glass and jute) and hardener )
34%
9 mm 29 60% 6%

12 mm 39 34% 60% 6%

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 E-GLASS FIBER
 Weight of each layer of a E-glass fiber(310*170) = 11.043gms.

 JUTE FIBER
 Weight of each layer of a Jute fiber(310*170) = 12.73 gm

 DENSITY OF EPOXY
 Density = Mass / Volume
= 26.66gm / 25 ml
= 1.006 gm/ cm3
 DENSITY OF HARDNER
 Density = Mass / Volume
= 32.91gm / 25 ml
= 1.31 gm/ cm3

3.3.1 For 9mm thick with 6% fly ash

 Number of layers = 29
 E-glass fiber = 15
 Jute fiber = 14
 Total weight of E-glass fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer
= 11.043 x 15
= 165.64gms

 Total weight of Jute fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer

= 12.73 x 14
= 178.30gms
 Total weight = Total weight of E-glass fiber + Total weight of Jute fiber
= 165.64 + 178.30
= 343.86gms.
 Composite in weight% = E-glass, Jute + flyash + Epoxy hardener

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= 34 + 6 + 60

 Total weight of composite = ( Total weight of Composite x 100 ) /

percentage
of
reinforcement

= (345x100) / 34

=1014.70gms

 Total weight of E-glass, jute Fiber = 343.86gm

Total weight of Fly ash= 60.68gm

 Ratio of Epoxy and Hardener

10:1
 Epoxy = (606.81x10)/11

= 551.64 gm

 Hardener = (606.81x1)/11
= 55.16gm

 Total of Epoxy, Hardener = 557.99gm

 Mass of Epoxy = volume x density

Volume = Mass / Density
= 551.64 / 1.006
= 548.34 ml
 Mass of Hardener = volume x density
Volume = Mass / Density
= 55.16/ 1.31
= 42.10 ml

3.3.3 For 9mm thick without fly ash

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 Number of layers = 29
 E-glass fiber =15
 Jute fiber =14
 Total weight of E-glass fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer
= 11.043 x 15
= 165.64gms
 Total weight of Jute fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer
= 12.736 x 14
=178.304gms
 Total weight = Total weight of E-glass + Total weight of Jute fiber
=165.64+178.304
=343.94gms
 Composite in weight% = E-glass, Jute + fly ash + Epoxy hardener
= 40 + 0 + 60

 Total weight of composite =( Total weight of Composite x 100 ) /

percentage
of
reinforcement
= (343.86 x 100)/40
= 859.85gm
 Total weight of E-glass, jute Fiber = 343.86 gm

 Ratio of Epoxy and Hardener

10:1
 Epoxy = (516 x10)/11
= 469gm
 Hardener = (516 x 1)/11
= 46.92gm
 Total of Epoxy, Hardener = 557.99gm
 Mass of Epoxy = volume x density
Volume = Mass / Density

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= 507.27 / 1.006
= 504.24 ml
 Mass of Hardener = volume x density
Volume = Mass / Density
= 50.72 / 1.31
= 38.71 ml

For 12 mm thick with 6% fly ash

 Number of layers = 39
 E-glass fiber =20
 Jute fiber =19
 Total weight of E-glass fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer
= 11.043 x 20
= 220.86gms

 Total weight of Jute fiber = weight of each layer x Number of layer

= 12.73 x 19
= 241.87gms
 Total weight = Total weight of E-glass + Total weight of Jute
= 220.86+241.87
 Composite in weight % = E-glass, Jute + fly ash + Epoxy hardener
= 34 + 6 + 60
 Total weight of composite = (Total weight of Composite x 100 ) /
percentage
of
reinforcement
= (462.73 x 100)/34
= 1367.64gm

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 Total weight of E-glass, jute Fiber = 462.73gm
 Total weight of fly ash= 82.05gm

 Ratio of Epoxy and Hardener

10:1
 Epoxy = (820*10)/11
= 745gm
 Hardener = (820*1)/11
= 75gm
 Total of Epoxy, Hardener= 820gm

 Mass of Epoxy = volume x density

Volume = Mass / Density
= 745 / 1.006
= 700 ml
 Mass of Hardener = volume x density
Volume = Mass / Density
= 75 / 1.31
= 57.25 ml

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTATION

4.1 Compact Tension Test (CT):

A compact tension specimen (CT) is a type of standard notched specimen in

accordance with ASTM E833 and ISO standards. Compact tension specimens are used
extensively in the area of fracture mechanics and corrosion testing, in order to establish
fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth data for a material.

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A compact tension specimen is a notched sample and is a standard specimen in
accordance with ASTM standards. CT specimens are used for experiments where there is
a shortage of material available due to their compact design.

Fig 4.1 CT Specimen

B: Thickness of the specimen

H: Half height of the specimen

w1: Width of the specimen

F: Distance between holes

D: Diameter of the hole

a: Pre crack length

Table 4.1 ASTM E833 Standard CT specimen

W=30 a/ w B/ w B Dia of W1 2H
Hole
30 0.5 0.3 9 7.5 37.5 36
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30 0.5 0.4 12 7.5 37.5 36
All dimensions are in mm

Fig.4.2 Experimental setup for Compact Tension Test Specimen

The geometry of a Compact Tension specimen is shown in Fig 4.1. The specimens were
shaped into ASTM E833 specimen with a different thickness of 9mm and 12mm. The
precracks were using hack saw blade. The specimens were tested at a crosshead rate of
0.5 cm/min. Three specimens were cut from each thickness and a total of at least nine
specimens were tested for each reported value.

Specimens are tested by attaching them in between the cross head and the stationary base
of the machine using the mounting dowel pins and clevis, and then running the compact
tension model procedure for this experiment. The load on the sample is recorded by an a
interface model SM-100-38 force transducer mounted between the sample and the
crosshead. The range of the load cell output goes from 0-100lbf. This load cell has been
calibrated and features a rated accuracy of 0.25% F.S.

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Fig.4.3 Hydraulic press

Specification of the Hydraulic press

Type of press = “HYJACK” Hydraulic hot press

Model = HPPR – 4252

Capacity = 40 Tonnes

Motor HP = 3HP

Maximum working pressure should not be exceed 130 KG/CM2

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Fig 4.4 9 mm thickness 6 % fly ash

Fig 4.5 9 mm thickness without fly ash

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Fig 4.6 12 mm thickness 6% fly ash

Cut the materail as per the ASTM standards which include length- 37.5mm, width- 36mm
and thickness as per the 9mm.12mm

Fig 4.7(a) 9mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen before test

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Fig 4.7(b) 9mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen after test

Fig 4.8(a) 9mm thickness without flyash CT Specimen before test

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Fig 4.8(b) 9mm thickness without flyash CT Specimen after test

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Fig 4.9(a) 12mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen before test

Fig 4.9(b) 12mm thickness 6% flyash CT Specimen after test

4.2 Thickness Effect on Fracture Toughness

Plane strain condition occur for thick components for static material properties plane
strain condition does not have influence For fracture toughness thickness have a strong
influence

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Fig 4.9 Thickness effect on fracture strength

The measured KCRITI values decrease with specimen thickness until a plateau is reached; at
that point the toughness appears to be relatively insensitive to further increase in
thickness. This apparent asymptote in the toughness vs. thickness trend is designated by
the symbol KIC, and is referred to as “plane strain fracture toughness”. A K IC value is
purported to be a specimen-size–independent material property. In the past, the
decreasing trend in KCRITI with increasing thickness in Figure 1.5 was attributed to a
transition from plane stress to plane strain at the crack tip.

4.3 Stress Intensity Factor (K)

The stress intensity factor K, is used in fracture mechanics to predict the stress
state ("stress intensity") near the tip of a crack caused by a remote load or residual
stresses. It is a theoretical construct usually applied to a homogeneous, linear elastic
material and is useful for providing a failure criterion for brittle materials, and is a critical
technique in the discipline of damage tolerance. The concept can also be applied to
materials that exhibit small-scale yielding at a crack tip.

The magnitude of K depends on sample geometry, the size and location of the
crack, and the magnitude and the modal distribution of loads on the material.In other
words, Stress Intensity Factor (K) is a factor which elegantly characterizes a crack.

4.4 Critical Stress Intensity Factor (KIC)

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The stress intensity factor K, is a parameter that amplifies the magnitude of the
applied stress that includes the geometrical parameter Y (load type). Stress intensity in
any mode situation is directly proportional to the applied load on the material. If a very
sharp crack can be made in a material, the minimum value of K IC can be empirically
determined, which is the critical value of stress intensity required to propagate the crack.
This critical value determined for mode I loading in plane strain is referred to as the
critical fracture toughness (KIC) of the material. KIC has units of stress times the root of a
distance.
The units of KIC imply that the fracture stress of the material must be reached over
some critical distance in order for K IC to be reached and crack propagation to occur. The
Mode I critical stress intensity factor, KIC, is the most often used engineering design
parameter in fracture mechanics and hence must be understood if we are to design
fracture tolerant materials used in bridges, buildings, aircraft, or even bells. Polishing
cannot detect a crack. Typically, if a crack can be seen it is very close to the critical stress
state predicted by the stress intensity factor.

Critical stress intensity factor or fracture toughness

P a
KIc= B √ W f × w

………………… EQ
(01)
a
For a CT specimen, the geometry factor, f × w is given by,

a
2+
a 2 a 3 4
a w a a
f( )
w
=
a
3 [
× 0.886+ 4.64
w
−13.32
w ( )
+14.72
w ( )
−5.60
w ( ) ( )]
[ ]
1− 2
w

………………… EQ
(02)

 ASTM Test Specimen for Fracture Toughness

 P- load at which crack propagate

 B- Thickness of the test specimen
 w- Length of the specimen from the center of the hole
 a- crack length
 H- Half height

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 w1– Total length
 D- Diameter of the hole

Fig.4.10 Experimental setup for Compact Tension Test Specimen.

4.5 Calculation of Fracture Toughness

Fracture toughness is a property which describes the ability of a material containing a

crack to resist fracture, and is one of the most important properties of any material for
virtually all design applications. It is denoted KIc and has the units of pa mm1/2

 Formula used to calculate fracture toughness:

 Stress intensity factor
Stress intensity factor K can be considered as a estimate of fracture toughness.
 It depends on the

1. Load

2. Flow depth

3. Geometry

 Critical stress intensity factor for mode 1

P a
 KIc= B √ W f× w

Where

 P- load at which crack propagate

 B- Thickness of the test specimen
 w- Length of the specimen – crack length
 W = Length of specimen from center of hole
 a - crack length


a
2+
a 2 a 3 4
a W a a
f
W ( )
=
a
3 [
× 0.886+ 4.64 ( )
W
−13.32 ( )
W
+14.72
W ( )
−5.60
W ( )]
1−
W[ ] 2

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF ASTM D5035:

 Thickness (B) = 9 mm
 Height (H) = 18 mm
 Width (w1) = 37.5mm
 Crack Length = 15 mm
 Dia of Hole = 7.5mm
 Calculation


a
2+
a 2 a 3 4
a W a a
f
W( )
=
a
3 [
× 0.886+ 4.64 ( )
W
−13.32( )
W
+14.72 ( )
W
−5.60
W ( )]
1−
W [ ] 2

a 2+0.5
f = x [0.866 + 4.66 ( 0.5 ) - 13.32 (0.5)2 + 14.72 (0.5)3 -
w (1−0.5)1.5
5.6 (0.5)4]
2.5
= X 1.356
0.3535

a
f = 9.659
w

Geometry factor is same for all the composite

 Critical stress factor for 9mm thickness with 6% fly ash

 Load (P) = 897.01 N
 Thickness (B) = 9 mm
 Height (H) = 18 mm
 Width (w1) = 37.5mm
 W = length of specimen from center of hole =30mm
 Dia of Hole = 7.5mm
P a
 K IC=
B √W
×f
W ( )

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897.01 ×9.659
¿ 3
1
(
9 × √ 30×
1000) 2

KIc= 5.55 Mpa √m

Therefore critical stress intensity factor made KIc= 5.55 Mpa √m

 Critical stress factor for 9mm thickness without fly ash

 Load (P) = 792.3 N
 Thickness (B) = 9 mm
 Height (H) = 18 mm

 Width (w1) = 37.5mm

 W = length of specimen from center of hole =30mm
 Dia of Hole = 7.5mm
P a
 K IC=
B √W
×f
W ( )
792.3 ×9.659
¿ 3
1
9 × √ 30× (
1000 ) 2

KIc= 4.90 Mpa √m

Therefore critical stress intensity factor made KIc= 4.90 Mpa √m

 Critical stress factor for 12 mm thickness with 6%fly ash

 Load (P) = 1493.67 N
 Thickness (B) = 12 mm
 Height (H) = 18 mm
 Width (w1) = 37.5mm
 W = length of specimen from center of hole = 30mm
 Dia of Hole = 7.5mm
P a
 KIc = Xf
B√ W w

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1493.67 ×9.659
¿ 3
1
12× √30 ×(1000 ) 2

KIc = 6.93 Mpa√ m

Therefore critical stress intensity factor made KIc = 6.93 Mpa √m

Table 4.2 Fracture toughness result

Composite Experiment fracture toughness value

9mm thickness without fly ash 4.90 Mpa√ m
9mm thickness with 6% fly ash 5.55 Mpa√ m
12 mm thickness with 6% fly ash 6.93 Mpa√ m

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Experiment was conducted to describe the fracture toughness and energy release
rate for different stacking sequences of hybrid polymer composite material in the standard

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configuration of specimen; the effects of fracture toughness on hybrid polymer composite
are summarized as per test results are in the following section.

5.1 Compact Tension (CT) Test:

Mode-I Fracture toughness test for E-Glass, Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite
was carried out as per ASTM standards. The table 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 shows experimental
results of Compact tension test for stacking sequence respectively.

Table 5.1 Experimental results of CT test specimens.

condition 9mm, 6% flyash

Displacement in mm Load in N
0 0
0.1 76
0.5 125.03
1 127.97
1.5 148.66
2 196.81
2.5 262.52
3 265.07
3.5 390.99
4 539.85
4.5 757.36
5 887.2
5.5 897.01

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Load in N
1000
900
800
700
600
Load in N
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig.5.1 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen

Table 5.2 Experimental results of CT test specimens.

condition 9mm, without flyash

Displacement in mm Load in N

0 0
0.1 15.69
0.5 14.51
1 17.85
1.5 18.63
2 21.18
2.5 29.33
3 55.52
3.5 99.72
4 153.04
4.5 304.31
5 547.47
5.5 644.55
6 749.12
6.3 770.87
6.4 792.3
6.9 245.2

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Load in N
900
800
700
600
500 Load in N

400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig.5.2 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen

Table 5.3 Experimental results of CT test specimens.

condition 12mm, with 6 % fly ash

Displacement in mm Load in N

0 0
0.1 333.02
0.5 450.96
1 451.94
1.5 461.5
2 469.5
2.5 502.86
3 598.7
3.5 726.23
4 884.96
4.5 1038.88
5 1183.57
5.5 1320.62
6 1430.78
6.5 1493.67
6.7 1475.62

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6.8 1474.83
7 1454.13
7.2 1420.78

load in N
1600
1400
1200
1000
load in N
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig.5.3 Load v/s Displacement plot for CT test specimen

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5.2 Advantages

1. Ease of shaping into complex shapes in a single manufacturing process.

2. The manufacturing processes are relatively safe when compared with glass based
reinforced composites.
3. The production of natural fibers can be started with a low capital investment and
with lower cost.
4. Reduction in density of products.

5.3Applications

1. Transportation: automobiles, railway coach interior, boat, etc.

2. Aerospace: much of the structural weight of today’s aero planes and helicopters
consist of advanced FRPs (fiber reinforced plastic).
3. Automotive: somebody panels for cars and trucks.
 Continued use of low- carbon sheet steel in cars is evidence of its low cost
and ease of processing
4. Furniture: chair, table, shower, bath units, etc.
5. Storage devices: post-boxes, grain storage silos, bio-gas containers, etc.
6. Everyday applications: lampshades, suitcases, helmets, etc.
7. Sports and recreation
 Fiberglass reinforced plastic has been used for boat hulls since the 1940s
 Finishing rods, tennis rackets, golf club shafts, helmets, skis, bows and
arrows.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Effect of stacking sequence on a Compact Tension, properties of glass fabric-jute fabric
reinforced hybrid composites, have been experimentally evaluated. The following
conclusions were drawn:-

1. The compact tension test the strength of the specimen with stacking sequence of
12mm, with 6%flyash gives a maximum value as compared to the other two
stacking sequences of the laminate.
2. The stacking sequence 12mm, with 6%flyashgives a maximum fracture toughness
of the specimen compared to other stacking sequences of the composite, because
it consist of glass as a outer layer
3. It shows a tension load on the specimen. The specimen 12mm, with 6%flyash
sequence gives better results compared to other specimens.
4. The fracture toughness is found to be in maximum for 12mm thickness 6% fly
ash.
5. The incorporation of the glass fiber in jute fiber composites enhances the
mechanical property and it leads to the increase of the utilization of natural fibers
in various applications.

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REFERENCE:
[1]. R. Gujjala, S. Ojha, S. K. Acharya, and S. K. Pal, JCompos. studies on the
mechanical properties woven jute glass fiber reinforced composite, Journal of composite
materials Master 48, 3445 (2014).
[2]. S. D. Pandita, X. Yuan, M. A. Manan, C. H. Lau, A. S.Subramanian, and J. Wei, J.
Reinf. Plast. To study the details of modified filament winding the resin bath was
replaced with resin infection system Compos.33, 14(2014).
[3]. N. Venkateshwaran and A. Elayaperumal, Fiber. Polym. To study the mechanical and
water absorption behavior of banana and sisal reinforced hybrid composite 13, 907
(2012).
[4]. B. VijayaRamnath, S. JunaidKokan, R. Niranjan Raja, R.Sathyanarayanan,
c.Elanchezhian, A. RajendraPrasad,and V. M. Manickavasagam, evaluation of
mechanical properties of abaca-jute-glass fiber reinforced composite Mater. Des.,51, 357
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[5]. B. VijayaRamnath, V. M. Manickavasagam, C. Elanchezhian,C. Vinodh Krishna, S.
Karthik, and K. Saravanan, Investigation of flexural behavior of polymer composite
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mechanical and wear performance of glass carbon reinforced composite . 36, 75 (2012).
[8]. C. Dong, H. A. Ranaweera-Jayawardena, and I. J. Davies,Compos.Flexure properties
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[9]. J. Meredith, E. Bilson, R. Powe, E. Collings, and K.Kirwan, Compos. Struct., A
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[10]. Khan, R.A.; Khan, M.A.; Zaman, H.U.; Pervin, S.; Khan, M.N.;Sultana, S.; Saha,
M.; Mustafa, A.I. Comparative studies of mechanicaland interfacial properties between
jute and E-glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. J. Reinfor. Plast.Compos.
2009, Published online 23 June.

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[11]. M. A. Attia, M. A. Abd El-baky, and A. E. Alshorbagy, J.Compos. Mater.
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BOOKS REFERENCE

[1]. “Kenaf Reinforced Biodegradable Composite,” Composites Science and

Technology”, Vol 63, 1281-1286, 2003

[2]. ChittaranjanDeo and S.K. Acharya, Indian Journal of Engineering and Material
Sciences, Vol 17, 219-223, 2010

[3]. The first edition and second edition of "Composite Materials" by Deborah D. L.
Chung.

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