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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018
A project report on
EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER, CARBON FIBER AND HYBRID
FORM ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PA66/PP
POLYMER COMPOSITES
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MANUFACTURING SCIENCE
Submitted by
Mr. BENAKA AP
USN: 1BI20MSE02
Under the Guidance of

Dr. REDDAPPA.H.N
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K. R. Road, V. V. Puram, Bengaluru - 560004
2020-2022
K. R. Road, V. V. Puram, Bengaluru – 560 004

Post-Graduation Studies
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER, CARBON FIBER
AND HYBRID FORM ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PA66/PP POLYMER
COMPOSITES”carried out by Mr. BENAKA AP, of IV semester, Master of Technology
in Manufacturing Science and Engineering bearing USN:1BI20MSE02, a bonafide
student of Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, in partial fulfilment for the
award of Master of Technology in Manufacturing Science and Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2020-2022.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed
for the said degree.
Dr. REDDAPPA.H.N Dr. Satish N

Associate Professor & Guide Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bangalore Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru. Bengaluru.
Dr. T. V. Sreerama Reddy Dr. Aswath M. U.

Professor and Head Principal
Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute of Technology
Bangalore Institute of Technology Bengaluru- 560 004
Bengaluru- 560 004
Examiners:
1.
2.
K. R. Road, V. V. Puram, Bengaluru-560 004
DECLARATION
I, Mr. BENAKA AP bearing the University Seat Number (USN) 1BI20MSE02 student
of IV semester Master of Technology in Manufacturing Science and Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the project entitled in
“EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER, CARBON FIBER AND HYBRID FORM ON
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PA66/PP POLYMER COMPOSITES” has
been carried out by me during IV Semester Master of Technology in Manufacturing
Science under the supervision of Dr.REDDAPPA.H.N, Associate Professor, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru.
Place: Bengaluru Name: BENAKA AP
Date: USN: 1BI20MSE02

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A project is a great opportunity that every technical student should have to upgrade his skills
with respect to theoretical knowledge along with the Guidance of Lecturers, Technicians,
Experts, Friends and Parents. Eventually, I am grateful to the number of individuals whose
professional guidance, assistance, and encouragement have made it a pleasant endeavor to
undertake this project.
We express our deep gratitude to Dr. Aswath M. U., Principal, for creating and providing an
academic conductive environment for our overall development, while creating a brand image
and making us feel proud for getting to graduate in this prestigious Institution esteemed
Institution.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. T. V. Sreerama Reddy, Prof. & Head, for creating a
highly disciplined and professional environment in the Department and for his untiring
guidance and support for our professional grooming and successful completion of project
program.
We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to our internal guide, Dr. Reddappa.H.N,
Associate Professor, for his coordination, valuable guidance and cheerful encouragement
during the entire period of our project program.
Any amount of gratitude is incomplete without thanking Dr. Satish N, Professor and PG Co-
coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his esteemed suggestions, sincere
efforts and inspiration given to me in completing my project work.
Also, I would like to thank, Dr. B. S. Ajaykumar, Professor (Rtd.) and Dr. Lingesh.B.V
Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable inputs and I thank teaching and non-
teaching staff of the department for their support.
Regards
Benaka AP
1BI20MSE02
i
ABSTRACT
Mechanical loadings are applied to Polymer materials which is used in mechanical

engineering application usually homopolymer fails to meet them so some modification has to
be done to the polymer material. Adding Fillers and fibers to polymer will strengthen it by
polymer blending method. In this investigation mechanical properties of glass fibers and
carbon fibers and combination of glass and carbon fiber is added to polymer composite.
Considerable effort has been done to find the effect of impact loading on hybrid composites.
Based on earlier investigation The 80% PA66 and 20% PP blend composition has average
mechanical properties. As a result, the base material of this research works future
development of polymer hybrid composites have an 80/20 wt% blend composition. Effect of
short glass fiber, short carbon fiber and combination of these two on Physical and mechanical
properties are assessed. It has been found that combination of carbon and glass fiber on blend
form of 80 and 20 wt exhibited excellent physical and mechanical properties in comparison
with glass and carbon fiber added to it.
ii
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1-9
introduction 1
1.1 Definition of Composite materials 2
1.2 Structure of composite materials 3
1.3 Classification of composite materials 3-4
1.4 Composite material performance 4
1.4.1 High specific strength and specific modulus 4-5
1.4.2 Excellent anti-fatigue performance 5
1.4.3 Effective Damping Capacity 5
1.4.4 Excellent Performance at High Temperature 6
1.4.5 High Safety Fracture 6
1.5 Thermoplastic composites 6-7
1.5.1 ADVANTAGES 8
1.5.2 Processing 8
1.5.3 Applications 8-9
CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey 10-14
CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 15
CHAPTER 4 16-21
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY 16
4.1 The choice of materials and their characteristics 16-18
4.1.1 PA66 17
4.1.2 Polypropylene 17
4.1.3 Short glass fibers 17
4.1.4 Short carbon fibers 18
iii
4.2 Blending as a low-cost alternative to copolymerization 18
4.2.1 Formulations of Material Systems 19
4.3 Manufacturing and processing of composites 20-21
CHAPTER 5 22-39
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 22-39
5.1 Tensile test 22-28
5.2 Flexural test 29-37
5.3 Impact Test 38-39
5.4 Hardness test 39
CHAPTER 6
Results and discussion 40-41
6.1 Effects of hybrid composites on specific gravity of polymer material 40
PA66/PP
6.2 Effects of hybrid composites on tensile strength of polymer composite 40
PA66/PP at speed of 50mm/min
6.3 Effects of hybrid composites on flexural strength of polymer composites 41
PA66/PP at a speed 3mm/min
6.4 Effect of Hybrid composites on impact strength of polymer composites 41
PA66/PP
6.5 Effect of hybrid composites on hardness of polymer composites 41
material PA66/PP
CHAPTER 7
Conclusion 42
CHAPTER 8
SCOPE FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATION 43
REFERENCES 44-46
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figures Name Page

No No
Fig.1.1 Composite material structure diagram 4
Fig.1.1 a Multilayer composite 4
Fig.1.1b composite made of continuous fibre 4
Fig.1.1c Fine composite 4

Fig.1.1d Shortcut fiber composite 4
Fig.1.2 illustrating the progression of a fatigue crack in a 5
composite material
Fig.1.2 a preliminary matrix crack 5
Fig.1.2b crack which is close to the fiber is blunted 5
Fig.1.2c The fibre prevents cracks from spreading through the 5

matrix.
Fig.4.1a Polyamide 66 17
Fig.4.1b Polypropylene 17
Fig.4.2a Short Glass fibres 18
Fig.4.2b Short Carbon fibres. 18
Fig 4.3 Barbender co-rotating twin-screw extruder 20
Fig 4.4 Injection molding machine 20

Fig 5.1 ASTM D638 specifications. 22
Fig 5.2 Tensile test Specimen after the experiment 22
Fig 5.3 Load vs Displacement PA66/PP graph 23

Fig 5.4 Stress Vs Strain PA66/PP graph 24
Fig 5.5 PA66/PP + glass fibers Load vs displacement graph 25
Fig 5.6 PA66/PP + glass fibers stress vs strain graph 25
Fig 5.7 PA66/PP +1c Load vs displacement graph 26

Fig 5.8 PA66/PP +1c stress vs strain graph 27
Fig 5.9 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass Load vs 28
displacement graph
Fig 5.10 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass stress vs strain 28
graph
v
Fig 5.11 ASTM D790 specifications 29
Fig 5.12 Bend test specimens 29
Fig 5.13 Load vs displacement PA66/PP graph 30
Fig 5.14 PA66/PP stress vs strain graph 31
Fig 5.15 PA66/PP + glass fiber Load vs displacement graph 32
Fig 5.16 PA66/PP + glass fiber stress vs strain graph 33
Fig 5.17 PA66/PP + 1c Load vs displacement graph 34
Fig 5.18 PA66/PP + 1c stress vs strain graph 35
Fig 5.19 PA66/PP + Carbon +glass Load vs displacement 36
graph
Fig 5.20 PA66/PP + carbon + glass stress vs strain graph 37
Fig 5.21 ASTM D256 specifications 38
Fig 5.22 Izod test specimens after experiment 38
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Table Name Page

No No
Table 4.1 Data of materials used in the present study 16
Table 4.2 Formulations of Composite blend PA66/PP with 19

different weight percentage (Wt.%)
Table 4.3 Formulations of fiber reinforced PA66/PP fibrous 19
composites in weight percentage and CG
Table 5.1 PA66/PP Load and displacement, Stress and strain 23
Table 5.2 PA66/PP+ glass fibers Load vs displacement and 24

stress vs strain
Table 5.3 PA66/PP + 1c Load vs displacement and stress vs 26
strain
Table 5.4 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass Load vs 27
deformation and stress vs strain
Table 5.5 Load and displacement PA66/PP 30

Table 5.6 PA66/PP Stress vs strain 31
Table 5.7 PA66/PP + glass fiber LOAD and displacement 32

Table 5.8 PA66/PP + glass fibers stress and strain 33
Table 5.9 PA66/PP + 1c Load and displacement 34

Table 5.10 PA66/PP +1c stress and strain 35
Table 5.11 PA66/PP + carbon +glass Load and 36

displacement
Table 5.12 PA66/PP + carbon +glass stress and strain 37
Table 5.13 Final test results 39
Table 5.14 hardness test 39
vii
Effect of glass fiber, Carbon fiber and hybrid form on mechanical properties of pa66/pp polymer composites
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The glass-fiber-supported unsaturated polyesters that emerged in the 1940s marked the
beginning of the use of composite materials, which led to the development of modern
composite materials as we recognize them today [2].
Composite materials have been around for a very long time. When people initially started
employing composites is unknown. The Egyptians are attributed with the invention of
plywood, paper mache, and the use of straw in mud to strengthen bricks, and some of the
earliest accounts of its use date back to their time. The Inca and Mayan cultures of antiquity
also employed plant fibres to reinforce ceramics and bricks. In mediaeval times, armour
and swords had plating to increase their strength. The Samurai sword is one such; it was
made by repeatedly folding and reshaping to create a multi-layered composite (it is
estimated that several million layers could have been used). When building igloos, Eskimos
utilise moss to make the ice stronger [1,2].
A wide range of high-performance fibres have been created since the 1960s. Because of the
wealth of knowledge and expertise in design, production, and testing, the development of
contemporary composite materials has advanced since the 1980s. Various matrices
composite materials have also improved, advancing to the stage of high-performance
composite materials development [1].
Metals, polymers, composites, and ceramics make up the four main categories for the
structural materials most frequently utilised in design. Since the dawn of time, these
materials have been utilised in various capacities. Throughout history, their relative
importance to different communities has changed [1,2].
Modern technologies need materials with uncommon combinations of features.

Conventional materials cannot satisfy the criteria because of their limited characteristics.
High strength materials are either bulky or fragile. Composite materials have expanded the
material property combinations. It is feasible to create a lightweight composite material
with great strength. Composite materials can be used to create materials with unexpected
combinations of qualities. For instance, cemented carbide, a composite of tungsten carbide
and cobalt, has a significant amount of toughness and a very high hardness. Similar to this,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 1|Page

lightweight composites with good optical, chemical, or electrical properties can be created.
[2].
1.1 Definition of Composite Materials

In general, Composite materials are ones that have been synthesised by combining two
or more materials that typically have different properties. Composite materials, on the
other hand, are made up of two or more components that are in distinct phases.
Composite materials are described as having several phases, unique qualities, a 3d
combination, and a distinct interface between phases. They are made up of two or more
components that have been carefully chosen to have a specific quantity ratio.
According to the definition of composite materials, the characteristics are as fol- lows:
•
Composite materials' constituents and relative contents are artificially chosen and
created.
• Composite materials (Usually differ from natural materials with some composite
morphologies) are manufactured artificially rather than naturally.
• After combination, some components of composite materials continue to have their
natural physical and chemical characteristics (in contrast to compounds and alloys).
• The synergistic phase-forming feature affects the properties of composite materials. In

comparison to single-component materials, composite materials exhibit new, distinct,
and superior qualities.
• The multiphase composite materials can be recognized from one another by their
distinctive interfaces.
Naturally formed materials with specific composite morphologies, multiphased alloys,
compounds and single phased alloys should not be considered composite materials,
based on the definition of composite materials provided above [2].

1.2 Structure of Composite Materials
Composite materials are made up of two or more components as well as their interfaces.
Reinforcement and matrix are the two main types of component materials. They are
also referred to as the matrix phase and the reinforcing phase. Because of its unique
structure and component, the interface between the matrix phase and the reinforcing
phase is also referred to as the interface phase of composite materials.
In composite materials when they are subjected to external load, the main bearing phase
is a flake, filament which is either chopped or continuous and granules with good
strength, hardness, brittleness etc. They are surrounded by the matrix and scattered in
composite materials. They are also known as the dispersed stages for this reason. The
matrix phase, a cohesive substance that is both soft and durable and surrounds the
reinforcing phase, the continuous phase is another name for the matrix phase. The
reinforcing phase is supported and safeguarded by the matrix phase. The matrix phase
operates primarily as shear deformation to improve the phase distribution and transmit
load when composite materials are subjected to an external force. The type,
characteristics, concentration, and distribution of the constituent materials—such as the
character traits of the reinforcement and the physical and chemical states of its surface,
the structure and characteristics of the matrix, and the configuration, distribution, and
volume of the reinforcement—determine the properties of composite materials. Their
characteristics are also influenced by the processes used to produce composite
materials, composite techniques, and environmental exposures. [2]
1.3 Classification of Composite Materials

The Composite materials are classified based on the geometry of the reinforcement and
the type of matrix material used. Based on the morphology of the reinforcing material,
three types can be distinguished: fibrous, layered and granular. Fig. 1.1 depicts some
popular composite material structures.

Fig. 1.1 Composite material structure diagram: a Multilayer composite; b composite

made of continuous fibre; c Fine composite; d Shortcut fiber composite.
The asphalt concrete mix is made up of granular composite material. That is, it must be
blended with the right proportions of fine aggregate, fillers, asphalt and coarse aggregate.
The matrices like resin, metal, plastic, cement, rubber etc. And the reinforcing agent makes
up the fibre reinforced composite materials like boron fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber etc.
One type of laminated composite material is plywood, which is made up of many layers of
wood.
They can also be split into three groups based on the type of matrix materials: resin matrix
composite, metal matrix composite, and ceramic matrix composite.
They can be divided into the following categories based on the function of composition:
Functional composite materials: The main aim of this type of material is to use chemical,
•
biological and physical functions of composite material.
• Structural composite materials: These composite materials have exceptional mechanical
properties that make them ideal for creating or building structures [2].
1.4 Composite Material Performance
Composite materials can concentrate and promote their advantages while also
implementing the optimum structural design. In general, there are the following
advantages.
1.4.1 High specific strength and specific modulus
The strength to density ratio can be known as the specific strength. The materials which
have Higher specific strength are rigid and can endure greater stress. The elastic
modulus to density ratio can be called as the specific modulus.
The composite materials are robust and lightweight. In a Composite material both
specific strength and specific modulus are high. (if there is a direction, only in a certain
direction are the specific strength and specific modulus higher) [2].

Fig. 1.2: illustrating the progression of a fatigue crack in a composite material a) preliminary
matrix crack, b) crack which is close to the fiber is blunted; c) The fibre prevents cracks
from spreading through the matrix.
1.4.2 Excellent anti-fatigue performance

The material's performance under cyclic stress is referred to as the fatigue performance.
Composite materials perform well against fatigue. First off, the anti-fatigue stress is higher
in fibers with minor flaws. Second, the matrix's flexibility can eliminate or minimize the
amount and size of the stress concentration area, making it more challenging for the fatigue
source (defects in the fibre and matrix) to generate the microcrack. The plastic deformation
can also blunt the crack tip and cause it to slowly spread, even in the case of a microcrack
like the one seen in Fig. 1.2. The carbon fiber-reinforced resin has a fatigue strength that is
70–80% of its tensile strength, compared to only 30–55% for conventional metal materials
[2].
1.4.3 Effective Damping Capacity

The component's natural frequency is proportional to the square root of the modulus and is
related to the structure. Composite materials have a relatively high natural frequency due
to their substantial specific modulus. When stress occurs at a generalised speed or
frequency, resonance and rapid brittle fracture are not likely to occur. The composite
material is a heterogeneous multiphase system with a lot of fibre and matrix interactions,
in addition. The interface has the ability to absorb and reflect vibration. The general matrix
has excellent damping as well. As a result, the vibration in the composite material attenuates
quickly. It demonstrates the steel and carbon fibre composite materials' damping properties.
The composite material has a faster damping rate than steel does. That is, the composite
material has less time until the amplitude attenuates to zero than steel does [2].

1.4.4 Excellent Performance at High Temperature

Because of their flexibility, reinforcing fibres usually have high temperature strength and
high melting point. At high temperatures, the tensile strength of alumina whisker (acicular
small fibres formed by crystal growth with a diameter less than 30 mm and a length of only
a few microns) is inferior to that of carbon fibre. The low melting point of glass fibre
prevents it from performing better than carbon fibre at high temperatures.
Additionally, fatigue resistance, the high temperature strength, and compatibility with the
matrix and fibre of composite materials all contribute to their superior thermal stability [2].
1.4.5 High Safety Fracture
Fibre-reinforced composite materials include thousands of isolated fine fibres per square
centimetre. When under stress, they will be in a statically uncertain state. Some fibres will
break as a result of the overload, but the tension is swiftly redistributed. The remaining
fibres will support the load, which prevents the components from fully losing their carrying
capacity and instantly breaking, increasing the level of functioning security [2].
1.5 Thermoplastic composites

In many engineering applications—including those involving space, defence, and marine—
polymer matrix composites are replacing conventional materials. This is due to the fact that
polymer matrix composites can be designed or built to have a specific mass to strength
ratio. To get the best qualities, polypropylene (PP) and polycarbonates (PC) were mixed at
particular weight ratios using a compatibilizer.
Thermoplastic composites(TMCs) evolved from structural polymer composites. These

materials feature a thermoplastic matrix, which prevents chemical instability. TMCs soften
and can be remoulded without degrading when heated. They harden into the final shape
when they cool.
Thermoplastic elastomers they are often known as thermoplastic rubbers, are a type of
copolymer or a physically combined polymer comprising two different types of material
(often a plastic and a rubber), that includes components with both thermoplastic and
elastomeric qualities.

Commercial TPEs fall into six broad categories:
• Styrenic block copolymers
• Thermoplastic polyolefinelastomers
• Thermoplastic Vulcanizates,
• Thermoplastic polyurethanes,
• Thermoplastic copolyester,
• Thermoplastic polyamides
Thermoplastic elastomers which are made from block co-polymers include Kraton,
Dryflex, Mediprene, sofprene, Arnitel, Thermoplastic M, Thermolast K, Cowiton, Lapren
etc. Of all this styrenic block block copolymers Thermolast K, Thermolast M, Sofprene,
Laprene etc are example of thermoplastic elastomers. Examples of thermoplastic
polyurethanes are Laripur, Desmopan, or Elastollan (TPU). Starlink, Thermolast V,
Vegaprene, solprene, Santoprene, are examples of thermoplastic vulcanizates. Example of
Thermoplastic olefin elastomers include Engage, For-Tec E etc and Ninjaflex is used in
3Dimensational printing.
The following three qualities are necessary for a material to be considered a thermoplastic
elastomer:
• The ability to withstand mild elongations of stretching while yet having the
ability to recover to a shape somewhat similar to that of its initial state when
the stress has been removed.
• They should be capable of being Processed as a melt at High temperature
• There should be very less amount of creep [3-11].

1.5.1 ADVANTAGES
Thermoplastic elastomers have superior material stability and thermal properties. When
they are exposed to non polar materials and when they are exposed to wide range of
temperature and also it depends on the environment. TPEs are easier to colour with most
dyes, use less energy, and enable cost-effective quality control. Thermoplastic elastomer
requires little to no compounding and does not require the addition of curing systems,
stabilisers, or reinforcing chemicals. As a result, weighting and metering component
irregularities between batches are avoided, enhancing the homogeneity of both raw
materials and final goods. Thermoplastic elastomers materials have the capability to be
recycled because they can be moulded, extruded and they can be reused like plastics.
Despite not being recyclable, they have the typical elastic properties of rubbers because
these materials have thermosetting properties. They can also be broken down and
transformed into 3D printing filament with the help of a recycle bot [3,7].
1.5.2 Processing
Extrusion and injection moulding are the two key manufacturing processes for TPEs. TPEs
are now 3D printable and have been found to be cost-effective for items made via
distributed manufacturing. If ever, compression moulding is used. Injection moulding is a
highly efficient and quick method of fabrication. TPEs can often be processed using the
same tools and techniques as a traditional thermoplastic for extrusion or injection moulding.
Blow moulding, melt calendaring, thermoforming, and heat welding are further methods
for processing TPEs [7,8].
1.5.3 Applications
When standard elastomers are unable to offer the variety of physical qualities required in
the product, TPEs are utilised. Both the automotive and home appliance industries find
extensive use for these materials. The global market for Thermoplastic elastomers reached
a size of over 16.7 billion USD in 2014. A whopping 40% of all TPE goods are utilised in
the production of automobiles. They are used in Snow mobile tracks, where rigidity and
wear resistance are very crucial, copolyester TPEs are employed.

The use of thermoplastic olefins (TPO) as roofing materials is growing. Nylon block
copolymers offer a range of softness that is excellent for patients and are frequently utilised
in TPEs for catheters. Glass run and dynamic weather stripping automobile profiles are
extruded using thermoplastic silicone and olefin mixes. Due to their ease of manufacturing,
styrene block copolymers are utilised extensively as adhesives and in shoe soles.
Engineered Thermoplastic steyrenic elastomers has unrivalled capabilities in 2 component

injection molding to several thermoplastic substrates and they also have many technical
applications which ranges from automobile industry to medical equipment manufacturing
industry examples of these applications are Soft grip surfaces, design components, backlit
switches, sealings, gaskets, damping components. Because TPE has a higher resistance to
deformation than ordinary rubber bushings, it is frequently utilised to manufacture
suspension bushings for automobile performance applications. The heating, Air freshener
and air conditioning business has seen growth in thermoplastics due to their functionality,
affordability, and capacity to be modified into fans, housing and variety of covers. Thermo
plastic elastomers are usually found in some headphone cables, sex toys, medical gadgets,
and electrical wire jacket and inner insulation. [3-11].

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Atiqah, Afzaluddin et al (1) They studied the physical, mechanical and Morphological
properties of glass fiber and sugar palm independently and by combining both the materials.
Through their investigation it has been found that mixing of Glass fiber 30% wt to sugar
palm has exhibited excellent swelling and absorption properties. Further addition of glass
fiber by a 10%wt to Sugar palm has improved Flexural strength [15].
Rajashekaraiah Hemanth and Suresh Bheemappa (2) Addition of different shaped

SIC,SCF and Al2O3 micro fillers on TCE and (POM) filled PTFE composites has shown
different pictures.SCF fillers improved bending and tensile properties in comparison with
Ceramic fillers(Al2O3) . POM composites has better tensile strength of75.78 at modulus of
1769.1 MPa and flexural strength of 116.2 at modulus of 5697 MPa. It has been found that
good impact strength of 80 J/m in TCE composites for the presence of 20 wt % glass fiber
in it [16].
M.D.H.Beg and K.L. Pickering (3) Reprocessing of composites by using radiata pine
(Pinus radiata) fibre in a polypropylene (PP) matrix Shown that there is a decrease in
Young modulus and Tensile strength as the reprocessing phenomenon increases. They were
successful in fixing the reprocessing benchmark. Two times reprocessing process has
increased Tensile strength by an amount 15%.in comparison with 8 times reprocessed
composites (Decreased the Tensile strength by an amount 25%) [17].
Ana M Diez-Pascual (4) Due to their Low price and good Mechanical properties drawn
the attention of investigators towards Epoxy Resins. Because of Brittleness nature lead to
restrict their uses Incorporation of thermoplastic polymers like PPO, PSF and PEI helped
to overcome the drawback of Epoxy resins. Reaction-induced phase separation of TSTP
having Carbon based nanofillers leading to different morphologies were superior in desired
properties in comparison with nano filler reinforced binary samples. They are used in
Sensing devices and to act as Shape Memory alloy and Self healing materials [18].
H.APierson et al (5). This work shows that a direct write AM approach for epoxy/chopped
carbon fibre composites may simultaneously achieve a high degree of fibre alignment and
a low degree of porosity, producing a composite with 90% of the theoretical tensile
modulus and 66% of the theoretical tensile strength. These numbers are higher than the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 10 | P a g e

characteristics of the same material when compression moulded. Although the longitudinal
characteristics of AM samples were about halved, there was no statistically significant
change from the matrix material, indicating that the procedure might not have a negative
impact on microstructure. The strength and stiffness of the pure epoxy were more than
doubled by the addition of just 5.5 vol% carbon fibre, and the characteristics of ABS
thermoplastic were more than tripled while a higher glass transition temperature was
reached. The flexural characteristics exhibit similar patterns. Cross-section micro-graphs
demonstrate that there was sufficient local material flow during deposition to produce
minimal porosity, while SEM and CT imaging demonstrate that fibre orientation is
generally preserved in the print direction [19].
Zahid Iqbal Khan et al (6). This study investigates a brand-new PET/PA11 (recycled
polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11) combination. The mixture of rPET/PA11 was
developed to improve the mechanical characteristics of rPET at different ratios. The ability
to use rPET in thermoplastic form for a variety of applications was the work's principal
benefit. A twin-screw extruder and an injection moulding machine were used to create three
different ratios, or 10, 20, and 30 weight percent of PA11 mix samples. Tensile, flexural,
and impact strength were studied as aspects of the mechanical properties. With the addition
of 20 weight percent of PA11, the tensile strength of rPET was increased by more than 50
percent, while the rise in tensile strain was seen at 42.5%. The flexural strength of the
blends further supported the enhanced qualities of the mixture. The impact strength of
rPET/PA11 at 20 wt.% PA11 was upsurged from 110.53 to 147.12 J/m. Increase in impact
strength helped to use it in Automobile and packing industries [20].
Yuhua Qiao et al (7) Over the past few years, a lot of study has been put into using glass
fibres to reinforce polypropylene (PP) composites. Recycled glass fibres (RGF) are
becoming more popular as an alternative because of the rapid resource recovery and the
increased demand for fibre materials on a worldwide scale. This research focuses on how
glass fibres in PP composites act as reinforcement. SEM is used to analyse the reinforcing
mechanism in accordance with the energy dissipation theory. Excellent supporting bodies
are the GF. Significant energy is lost during fibre withdrawal, fracture, and interfacial
debonding. The RGF/PP and MGF/PP composites become stronger as a result of these
characteristics [21].

SuBinPark et al (8) Composites with fibre reinforcement are made up of glass fibre and
polyvinylchloride which are extensively used in automobile components, Packaging
materials, electrical application and construction materials because of their low cost,
dimensional stability and chemical resistance. However, most of the composites are made
up of polyvinylchloride composites with short fibre reinforcement. Particularly in the case
of fabric reinforced composites, undulated zones with only resin exist due to the properties
of the weave architecture, resulting in a loss of strength. In this study, chopped glass fibres
of various lengths and compositions were added to PVC as reinforcement to form glass
fibre fabric/PVC composites. The composites' physical parameters included thickness,
density, volume fraction (Vf), and void content (Vc).
Hiroshi Yasuda et al (9) Both the Cutting V notched specimen and moulding V notched
specimen have been used to study the impact of the length of glass fibres on the toughness
of long glass fibre reinforced polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) composites. The moulded V-
notch specimen has good toughness. The moulded V-notch specimen's fracture
morphology revealed that a crack developed as a result of debonding at the fibre surface.
Due to the pulling of the fibres from the matrix polymer, the crack spread along the fibre.
Because the resistance is created by drawing out, both the fracture energy and maximum
load increased with increasing length of the glass fibre [22].
R. Hemanth et al (10) Thermoplastic copolyester elastomer and Polyoxymethylene filled

polytetrafluoroethylene composite, reinforced with short glass fibre (SGF) and different
shape micro fillers such as short carbon fibre (SCF), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina
(Al2O3), were prepared by melt mixing method using twin screw extruder followed by
injection moulding. The mechanical properties like Bend test, Tensile test and impact test
were investigated. The results of the mechanical properties tests show that while short glass
fibres have a positive effect on the strength of both POM and TCE filled PTFE composites
simultaneously, different shape ceramic fillers have a negative effect on the tensile and
bending properties of TCE filled PTFE composites [23].

B.V.Lingesh et al (11) For structural applications, the impact of hybrid fibres on the
mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites is crucial. The impact of hybrid short
fibres, specifically short glass fibre (SGF), short carbon fibre (SCF), and short basalt fibres
(SBF), on an 80/20 weight percent polyamide 66/polypropylene (PA66/PP) blend is the
subject of this article. Melt mix twin screw extruder was used to create the glass-carbon
hybrid composites (CG) and glass-basalt hybrid composites (BG). Hybrid composites'
mechanical characteristics, including tensile, flexure, and impact strength, were
investigated using ASTM procedures. Density and toughness of hybrid composites were
also studied. The experimental findings showed that the effect of hybrid fibres was
significantly increased. mechanical properties of the PA66/PP mix The CG composites
showed an increase in tensile strength of 76.7 percent, flexural strength of 104.12 percent,
and a reduction in elongation of 20.82 percent, whereas the BG composites showed
reductions in elongation of 77.22, 109, and 12.92 percent, respectively. Due to the effect of
hybrid fibres, composites' strength was noticeably increased. Hybrid fibres and matrix
worked together synergistically to improve mechanical behaviour. Due to the brittle nature
of the fibres, hybrid composites' impact strength was lowered. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) images have revealed some of the mechanisms, including fibre fracture,
fibre pull out, and fibre misalignment [24].
B.V.Lingesh et al (12) The hybrid impact of fibres on thermoplastic composites'

mechanical behaviour is the most important component for structural applications. The
mechanical properties of an 80/20 wt% PA66/PP composite are examined in this study
alone and in combination with the effects of 10% short glass fibres and 10% short carbon
fibres. These composites are created utilising the twin screw extruder and melt mixing
techniques, then they are injected into moulds. The ASTM method is used to investigate
the mechanical properties of the composites, including tensile, flexure, and impact
behaviour. Additionally, the composites' density and hardness were discussed. According
to experimental findings, adding hybrid short fibres to the mix significantly improved the
mechanical behaviour of PA66/PP composites. 77 percent more tensile strength, the hybrid
effect of the fibres gave the mix 104 percent flexural strength and a 20.8 percent reduction
in elongation. Due to the unique effects of the fibres, the composites' strength significantly
improved. The fibre and matrix blend's synergistic effect helped to improve the mechanical
behaviour. Due to the hybrid effect, the strain rate of the hybrid composites deteriorated.
Due to the brittleness of the hybrid filled composites, the impact strength of the hybrid

composites is decreased. Scanning electron microscopy images have shown some of the
mechanisms, such as fibre fracture, fibre pull-out, and fibre misalignment [25].
B.V.Lingesh et al (13) The procedure of polymer blending is frequently used to modify

polymeric materials. This study looked into the mechanical behaviour of blends made of
polyamide 66 and polypropylene (PA66/PP). The various PA66/PP blends with variable
PP weight percentages were investigated. The PA66/PP blends were created by melting
twin screw extruders together, then injecting the mixtures into moulds. According to ASTM
standards, the mechanical characteristics of blends, including their tensile strength, flexural
strength, impact strength, and hardness, were investigated. Except for the impact strength
of the blend, the same mechanical properties were seen with a declining trend for the
different proportions of PP in steps of 5 weight percent. After further incremental additions
of PP, the impact strength of the blend rose, reaching a value of 57 J m2 for 85/15 wt.
percent of PA66/PP. The blends' hardness was evaluated in accordance with ASTM D2240
standards. The addition of PP to PA66 reduced the blend's hardness. However, the
mechanical qualities were harmed by the addition of PP to PA66 [26, 27].
Summary of the Literature: A review of the literature revealed that little work had been
done on hybrid polymer composites made of PA66/PP with glass and carbon fibres.

CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
1) In the current study, an attempt has been made to blend the polymer composite
PA66/PP, for which carbon fibre and glass fibres are added separately and a mixture
of the two fibre types has also been used.
2) The Hybrid composites are studied for physical properties such as Specific gravity
and Hardness.
3) Tensile strengths at strain rate of 50mm/min and Flexural strength at 3mm/min are
found out based on earlier investigators
4) Impact strengths are recorded.
5) The various hybrid composite forms are suggested for various purposes based on
the results of the experiments.

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
4.1 The choice of materials and their characteristics

Failure of the structural components leads to the structural failure of composite materials.
As a result, the choice of materials and their characteristics as they relate to composite
material compatibility are crucial. The material formulations must be created in such a way
that the matrix phase can support the reinforcing phase. The mixture of Polyamide 66 and
Polypropylene (PA66/PP) is suggested to be employed as the matrix material for the
development composite based on the literature review. Short glass fibre (SGF) and short
carbon fibre (SCF) and are the efficient fibres employed in the investigation. The properties
of created composites are greatly influenced by the role of the raw ingredients. As a result,
choosing raw materials carefully is a crucial phase in the material selection process. The
following list includes some raw materials and information about them that can be used to
create composite materials [24-27].
Table 4.1: Data of materials used in the present study
Material Designation Form Size Melting Density

(µm) Temperature (g/cm3)
( 0C)
Polyamide 66 PA66 Granules 255 1.14
Polypropylene PP Granules 130 .9
Short glass fibers SGF Length (1- 10-20 1000 2.54

3mm)
Short carbon fibers SCF Length(1- 10-20 3500 1.6

3mm)

4.1.1 Polyamide 66 (PA66): It has good engineering strength. It offers excellent

corrosion resistance, high stiffness, and a self-lubricating behaviour. Additionally, it has
high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent wear resistance, heat resistance, chemical
resistance, and is one of the best materials for applications requiring the replacement of
metals. PA66 (figure 4.1 a) absorbs a lot of water, which results in reduced strength and
modulus and higher impact strength, but it is also particularly susceptible to strong acids.
a b
Figure 4.1: Granules of: (a) Polyamide 66 and (b) Polypropylene
4.1.2Polypropylene (PP): One of the most adaptable polymers, polypropylene can be

found in both plastic and fibre forms. It is a cost-effective material with a unique set of
exceptional thermal, chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical qualities that is not
present in any other thermoplastic. Its operating temperature and tensile strength are
superior, but its impact strength is low. It is a low density polymer with excellent wear and
chemical resistance, good creep resistance, decreased shrinkage, higher brittle point, and
low water absorption. Polypropylene also has the advantage of being easily copolymerized
with other polymers. It is a useful material for a variety of applications due to its distinctive
qualities and adaptability with various production techniques.
4.1.3 Short Glass Fibers (SGF): Glass fibres are the best reinforcement for high-
performance composite materials because they have a variety of useful qualities, including
good biocompatibility, Specific strength, Chemical inertness and Moisture insensitivity.
They are inexpensive and easily accessible. Glass fibre demonstrates isotropic
characteristics. Glass fibres are given a surface treatment with sizing elements to encourage
adherence with the matrix resin and enable weaving without putting the fibres through
mechanical stress. Glass fibres, on the other hand, are more brittle, which results in fibre
breaking during processing.

4.1.4 Short Carbon Fibers (SCF): This high performance fibre is one of the main
ingredients in the creation of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Of all the types of
reinforcement fibres, carbon fibre delivers the highest strength and stiffness while weighing
the least. They can withstand extremely high temperatures with no loss of stiffness or
strength. With a negligible frictional constant, carbon fibres have a better heat conductivity.
Carbon fibres are a superior reinforcement material for high temperature applications
because of their thermal characteristics. Additionally, carbon fibres are not magnetic,
chemically inert, or moisture-sensitive. However, they are pricey and fragile.
Figure 4.2: Potential fibers used in this study: (a) Short Glass fibres, (b) Short Carbon
fibres.
4.2 Blending as a low-cost alternative to copolymerization

A polymer blend is an alloy made up of additional polymers that has been put together to
create a copolymer with various properties. The polymer blend is superior to the individual
polymer. The technology for blending polymers offers an alluring potential for the reuse
and recycling of polymer wastes. mixing of polymers. Some techniques for polymer
modification have been developed, including copolymerization, polymer blending, and
reinforcing fillers or fibres. One of the most efficient ways to enhance the wear and
frictional characteristics of the homopolymer in the polymer industry is polymer blending.
Numerous investigations have indicated that friction coefficient and blend composition are
continuous factors of the wear and friction behaviour of polymer blends. They found that
the performance of the blend was superior to that of the component polymer. The polymer
blend concept is applied in this work as well for the development of materials for structural
purposes [24-27].

4.2.1 Formulations of Material Systems
The materials used are formulated as shown in the following tables 4.2 to 4.3
Table 4.2: Formulations of Composite blend PA66/PP with different weight percentage
(Wt.%)
Blend composition Weight % Blend composition

PA66/PP PA66 PP PA66/PP
80 20
Table 4.3: Formulations of fiber reinforced PA66/PP fibrous composites in weight

percentage and Hybrid composite in weight percentage.
Composition Material .Id PA66 PP SCF SGF

Blend PA66/PP Blend 80 20 - -
PA66/PP/glass
Blend/sgf 80 10 - 10
fibers
PA66/PP/carbon
Blend/scf 80 10 10 -
fibers
PA66/PP/SCF+SGF CG 80 10 5 5

4.3 Manufacturing and processing of composites

Twin screw extrusion technology is used to manufacture and fabricate composite using
the melt mix method. The specimens are prepared in accordance with ASTM standards
using the injection moulding procedure.
1 Hopper
2.Twin screw
3 Feeding Zone
4.Die of the extruder
5. Extrudates
Figure 4.3: Barbender co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Make: CMEI, Model: 16CME,
SPL, chamber size 70cm3) (GLS Polymers Ltd., Bangalore, India)
The fillers, compatibilizer, fiber and mix which are utilised in the production
process were dried in the heating oven for 48 hours at 80 ͦ C in line with the
material formulas. The plasticization and hydrolyzing effects are avoided by
using this heating method. You can employ humidity to create a very nice
homogeneity. Because of their high susceptibility to damp or humidity,
polyamide 66 and similar materials could lose strength. Prior to compounding
and manufacturing, plasticization and hydrolysis's impacts must be reduced.
Figure 4.4: Injection molding machine (GLS Polymers Ltd.Bangalore,

India) shown below.
1Mould
2 Injector
3 Feeding Zone

There are two steps in the production of composite. The polymer matrix blend (PA66 and
PP) is made in the first stage. Twin screw extruders are used to extrude a warmed mixture
of the blend PA66 and PP. Five heating zones make up the twin screw extruder, which
evenly heats the polymer to generate a fine melt across the barrel of the extruder. Zones 1
and 2 of the barrel were kept at 220°C, zone 2 at 235°C, zone 3 at 240°C, zone 4 at 265°C,
and zone 5 at 270°C, respectively. The die was kept at a temperature of 2200°C. With a
feed rate of 5 kg/hr, the extruder's speed has been adjusted to 100 rpm. The material exits
the extruder in the shape of a cylinder, which is subsequently quenched in cold water and
mechanically pelletized. Prior to being mixed in the mixer with other materials, the blend
pallets are once again heated.
The second phase involves mixing the pallets of PA66/PP blend with the fibres, fillers, and
compatiblizer that have been preheated in an oven in accordance with the formulae. After
another round of compounding, the mixture was permitted to go through the twin screw
extruder. The barrel's five heating zones work together to produce homogeneous melting
of the composite. The extruder's nozzle was then used to force the melt through. The
extrudates were sent via the water chamber for quenching as they exited the extruder.
Extrudate after quenching was pelletized in order to produce the pellets. To obtain pure
composites, roughly 1-1.5 kg of extrudate were eliminated in the early stage. The
contaminants from the preceding extrusion stroke were removed by this step. All polymer
blended composites were cured in vacuum at 100 ͦ C for 24 hours before being put into
injection moulding.
Injection moulding equipment was loaded with the heated pellets to produce specimens that
met ASTM specifications. Zones 1 and 2 of the injection-molded barrel were kept at 265°C
and 290°C, respectively, while the mould temperature was kept at 650°C. The screw speed
was set to 10-15 The screw speed was set to 10-15 rpm, and then an injection pressure of
700–800 bar was used. A 10-second injection time, a 35-second cooling period, and a 2-
second ejection time have all been maintained. The ASTM-produced specimens underwent
testing and visual inspection. Testing on the flawed components was rejected [24-27].

CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
5.1 Tensile strength:

The ASTM specification of Polyamide(PA66/PP) material loaded on Universal testing
machine. Tensile test is done on ASTM-D638 specification and Load vs displacement
and stress vs strain graphs are obtained and the test is conducted at a strain rate of
50mm/min.
Fig 5.1 ASTM D638 specifications.
Fig 5.2 Tensile test Specimen after the experiment

Table 5.1 PA66/PP Load and displacement, Stress and strain table
Test Type : Tensile File Name : GLSTS
6557.utm
Serial No : 6557 Date : 07/06/2022
Party's Name : BENAKA AP Start Time : 13:37:21
Address : BANGALORE Stop Time : 13:38:40
Material : PA66+PP Denier : N.A
Load Limit : 700 Kg Speed : 50 mm/min
Travel Limit : 900 mm Area : 40.64 Sq. mm
At Load : 1 Kg Elongation Achieved : 0.149 mm
At Elongation : 1 mm Load Achieved : 9.356 Kg
Peak Load : 115.5 Kg Tensile strength at Peak Load : 284.203
Kg/Sq.cm
Break Load : 114 Kg Tensile strength at Break : 280.512
Load Kg/Sq.cm
Elongation at Peak Load : 62.67 mm % Elongation at Peak : 54.5 %
Elongation at Break Load : 64.37 mm % Elongation at Break : 55.97 %
Yield Load : 115.5 Kg Yield Strength : 284.203
Kg/Sq.cm
Elongation at Yield Load : 61.78 mm % Elongation at Yield : 53.72%
Specimen Length : 115 mm Ultimate Modulus : 424.93 MPa
Specimen Width : 12.7 mm Secant Modulus : 149.431 MPa
Specimen Thickness : 3.2 mm Modulus at mm : 20
Fig 5.3 Load vs Displacement graph

Fig 5.4 Stress vs strain for PA66/PP graph
PA66 /PP +GF is loaded on utm as per ASTM standards and a graph is plotted for Load
vs displacement and stress vs strain and shown below in detail.
Table 5.2 PA66/PP+ glass fibers Load vs displacement and stress vs strain table
6558.utm
Serial No : 6558 Date : 07/06/2022
Material : PA66+PP+GF Denier : N.A
Kg/Sq.cm
Break Load : 176 Kg Tensile strength at Break : 433.071
Load Kg/Sq.cm
Kg/Sq.cm

Fig 5.5 PA66/PP + glass fibers Load vs displacement graph
Fig 5.6 PA66/PP + glass fibers stress vs strain graph

In PA66/PP + 1C Tensile test Has been conducted in UTM on ASTM standards and
graph has been plotted for Load vs displacement and stress vs strain and shown below
briefly.
Table 5.3 PA66/PP + 1c Load vs displacement and stress vs strain table
6560.utm
Serial No : 6560 Date : 07/06/2022
Material : PA66+PP+1C Denier : N.A
Kg/Sq.cm
Break Load : 166.2 Kg Tensile strength at Break : 408.957
Load Kg/Sq.cm
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.7 PA66/PP +1c Load vs displacement graph

Fig 5.8 PA66/PP +1c stress vs strain graph
Hybrid material PA66/PP + Glass+ carbon material has been subjected to tensile test and
graph has been plotted for Load vs displacement and stress vs strain.
Table 5.4 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass Load vs deformation and stress vs strain
table
6559.utm
Serial No : 6559 Date : 07/06/2022
Material : PA66+PP+CG HYBRID Denier : N.A
Kg/Sq.cm
Break Load : 202.9 Kg Tensile strength at Break : 499.262
Load Kg/Sq.cm
Kg/Sq.cm

Fig 5.9 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass Load vs displacement graph
Fig 5.10 Hybrid PA66/PP + Carbon + glass stress vs strain graph

5.2 FLEXURAL TEST

The selected composites PA66/PP, PA66/PP+ Glass fibre, PA66/PP+ Carbon fibre and
Hybrid composite have been subjected to Bend test according to the ASTM D-790
standard in UTM at 3mm/min strain rate
Fig 5.11 ASTM D790 specifications
Fig 5.12 Bend test specimens.

PA66/PP is subjected to bending test and a graph is plotted for load vs displacement and
stress vs strain as shown below.
Table 5.5 Load and displacement PA66/PP
Test Type : Flexural File Name : GLSFL
0251.utm
Serial Number : 0251 Date : 08/06/2022
Material : PA66+PP Modulus at mm :1
At Load : 5 Kg Deflection Achieved : Indeterminate
At Deflection : 5 mm Load Achieved : 3.414 Kg
Peak Load : 4.678 Kg Flexural Stress at Peak Load : 269.785
Kg/Sq.cm
Deflection at Peak Load : 12.55 mm % Deflection at Peak Load : 25.1%
Support Span : 50 mm Ultimate Modulus : 833.31 MPa
Specimen Depth : 3.2 mm
Fig 5.13 Load vs displacement PA66/PP graph

Table 5.6 PA66/PP Stress vs strain

0251.utm
Material : PA66+PP Modulus at mm :1
At Load : 5 Kg Deflection Achieved : Indeterminate
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.14 PA66/PP stress vs strain graph

PA66/PP + Glass fibre graph has been plotted for Load vs displacement and stress vs
strain and shown below.
Table 5.7 PA66/PP + glass fiber LOAD and displacement
0252.utm
Material : PA66+PP+GF Modulus at mm :1
At Load : 5 Kg Deflection Achieved : 2.18 mm
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.15 PA66/PP + glass fiber Load vs displacement graph

Table 5.8 PA66/PP + glass fibers stress and strain

0252.utm
Material : PA66+PP+GF Modulus at mm :1
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.16 PA66/PP + glass fiber stress vs strain graph

PA66/PP + Carbon fibre graph has been plotted for load vs displacement and stress vs
strain.
Table 5.9 PA66/PP + 1c Load and displacement
0254.utm
Material : PA66+PP+1C Modulus at mm :1
Kg/Sq.cm
Deflection at Peak Load : 8.5 mm % Deflection at Peak Load : 17%
Fig 5.17 PA66/PP + 1c Load vs displacement graph

Table 5.10 PA66/PP +1c stress and strain

0254.utm
Material : PA66+PP+1C Modulus at mm :1
Kg/Sq.cm
Deflection at Peak Load : 8.5 mm % Deflection at Peak Load : 17%
Fig 5.18 PA66/PP + 1c stress vs strain graph

PA66/PP + CG hybrid graphs have been plotted for load vs displacement and stress vs
strain are shown below.
Table 5.11 PA66/PP + carbon +glass Load and displacement
0253.utm
Material : PA66+PP+CG Modulus at mm :1
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.19 PA66/PP + Carbon +glass Load vs displacement graph

Table 5.12 PA66/PP + carbon +glass stress and strain

0253.utm
Material : PA66+PP+CG Modulus at mm :1
Kg/Sq.cm
Fig 5.20 PA66/PP + carbon + glass stress vs strain graph

5.3 IMPACT TEST:

PA66/PP, PA66/PP + GF, PA66/PP+1C and hybrid PA66/PP + CG materials are subjected
to IZOD test in Impact testing machine as per ASTM D256 and their results are shown
below and final outcomes of the tensile and Flexural Test Have been tabulated and shown
below.
Fig 5.21 ASTM D256 specifications.
Fig 5.22 Izod test specimens after experiment

Table 5.13 Final test results
SL PROPERTIES TEST UNIT PA PA66/PP+GF PA66/PP+CG PA66/PP+1C

NO METHOD 66/PP
1 Specific ASTM --- 1.01 1.14 1.16 1.12
Gravity D792
3 Tensile ASTM Mpa 28.4 47.3 51.1 43.1
strength at D638
yield
50mm/min
4 Elongation at ASTM % 54 17 14.5 13.5
yield D638
5 Flexural ASTM Mpa 26.9 70.7 78.8 59
Strength D790
3mm/min
6 Flexural ASTM Mpa 833.3 2468 4547 2078
Modulus D790
7 Notched Izod ASTM J/M 58 80 60 44
Impact D256
Strength
5.4 HARDNESS TEST:

Hardness test has been conducted for PA66/PP, PA66/PP + GF, PA66/PP+ 1C and
PA66/PP+ CG hybrid material based on ASTM D2240 standard on shore “D” hardness
parameter. the results obtained are shown below.
Table 5.14 hardness test
Sl.No Nature of Parameter Result Test method

sample
1 PA66/PP+CF Hardness shore 89
“D”
2 PA66/PP+GF Hardness shore 81
“D”
ASTM D2240
3 PA66/PP+CG Hardness shore 85
“D”
4 PA66/PP Hardness shore 74
“D”

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Effects of hybrid composites on specific gravity of polymer
material PA66/PP
From table 5.13 It has been observed that the specific gravity has been gradually increased
by an amount 10.8 % (PA66/PP+ 1C) 12.8% (PA66/PP+GF) and 12.9% (PA66PP+GC) in
comparison with PA66/PP respectively.
Low density composites is able to trap more moisture which leads to more voids or
porosities and spaces within composite components.
Through different material reinforcement has a strong tendency to absorb and desorb
moisture or water minimizes the water absorption. It also decides how much amount of
fiber can be added to optimize the moisture or water absorption. Increase in specific gravity
helps in enhancing the mechanical properties [16-23].
6.2 Effects of hybrid composites on tensile strength of polymer

composite PA66/PP at speed of 50mm/min
From fig 5.3 to 5.10 it can be observed that as the load increases correspondingly
Deformation, stress and strain also increases. The tensile strength at peak load is
284.203Kg/cm2 and elongation at breaking load is 55.97% for polymer composite material
PA66/PP.
As different reinforcement is added like glass fiber or carbon fiber or combination of glass
and carbon fiber. Tensile strength and elongation are 473.671 Kg/cm2, 23.73%,
408.957kgcm2, 16.4% and 511.073 Kg/cm2, 15.35% respectively. The percentage increase
in tensile strength in case of hybrid composites is 79.8%(PA66PP+GF+CF) in comparison
with 66.66%( PA66PP+GF) and 43.89% (PA66PP+CF) with respect to pure composite
material.
The elongation has been decreased by an amount of 58.24% for glass reinforced material
70.69% for carbon reinforced material and 72.5% for glass carbon are added to polymer
composites (PA66/PP).

Hybrid composites enhanced the tensile strength at the expense of deformation. It is in

concurrence with the earlier investigation [24-26].
6.3 Effects of hybrid composites on flexural strength of

polymer composites PA66/PP at a speed 3mm/min
From fig 5.13 to 5.20 it can be seen that increase in flexural strength as polymer composite
PA66/PP reinforced with different reinforcement materials.
Flexural strength has been increased by an amount 162% for glass fibre, 119% for carbon
fibre and 190% when it has been reinforced with glass and carbon fibre for it.
similarly, the deflection rate has been decreased by an amount 19.3 %for glass fibre
,32.27% for carbon fibre and 40% for combination of glass and carbon fibre for it. It is in
concurrence with the earlier investigation.
6.4 Effect of Hybrid composites on impact strength of polymer

composites PA66/PP
The impact strength has been increased by an amount of 24.1% reinforcements with carbon
34.4% for glass and 37.9% for hybrid (carbon and glass) in comparison with polymer
composite PA66/PP. [24-26]
6.5 Effect of hybrid composites on hardness of polymer

composites material PA66/PP
As the material is reinforced with carbon, glass and combination of glass and carbon
increases the Shure hardness number by an amount of 18.4% for carbon fibre 7.8% for glass
fibre and 14.4% hybrid composites.
The hardness value of hybrid composites is less in comparison with carbon fibre. But the
tensile strength has been increased by an amount of 20% in comparison with carbon fibre.
Hybrid composite material has lost its hardness number meagrely. Hence material has
possessed moderate amount of toughness and is an added advantage for the component [24-
26].

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
1) Increase in specific gravity by amount 13.8% has reduced the water penetration and
reduced voids for hybrid composite (PA66/PP+GF+CF) in comparison with pure
polymer composite PA66/PP.
2) Tensile strength has been increased by an amount of 79.8% .in case of hybrid
composite where as other fibres carbon and glass has increased only by an amount
of 43.89% and 66.66% for polymer composites.
3) Decrease in elongation for hybrid composites by an amount 24% in comparison
with polymer composites does not affect the desired properties because tensile
strength has been increased by an amount of 79.8% at the cost of 24% loss in
ductility.
4) Flexural strength has found to be increased by 190% in comparison with polymer
composite it indicates that it is capability to absorb shock loads due to its toughness
and has decreased the deflection. Hybrid composites can withstand higher bending
loads.
5) Impact strength increased for hybrid composites by 37.93% and helps in absorbing
sudden shock loads which turn indicates that it offers resistance to bending loads.
6) Hybrid composites' shore hardness strength has increased by 18.4%. It assists in

absorbing sudden shock loads, demonstrating its ability to withstand bending
pressures.
7) To sum of this Investigation hybrid composites of polymer composites PA66/PP

with carbon and glass fiber satisfies the desired requirement.

CHAPTER 8
SCOPE FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATION
1. Hybrid composites (PA66/PP + CF+ GF) can be studied for mechanical thermal
and structural properties by varying the orientations and sizes of the reinforcements
for it.
2. Checking the formability of hybrid composites gives guidelines for raw material
suppliers. It controls the number of reinforcements to be added to the polymer
composites.
3. FEM analysis can be done for structural and thermal properties.
4. Statistical analysis to validate the out coming of the experiment.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Dr. REDDAPPA.H.N Dr. Satish N

Dr. T. V. Sreerama Reddy Dr. Aswath M. U.

Place: Bengaluru Name: BENAKA AP

Date: USN: 1BI20MSE02

Mechanical loadings are applied to Polymer materials which is used in mechanical

Figure Figures Name Page

Fig.1.1 a Multilayer composite 4

Fig.1.1b composite made of continuous fibre 4

Fig.1.1c Fine composite 4

Fig.1.2b crack which is close to the fiber is blunted 5

Fig.1.2c The fibre prevents cracks from spreading through the 5

Fig.4.2a Short Glass fibres 18

Fig.4.2b Short Carbon fibres. 18

Fig 4.3 Barbender co-rotating twin-screw extruder 20

Fig 4.4 Injection molding machine 20

Fig 5.2 Tensile test Specimen after the experiment 22

Fig 5.3 Load vs Displacement PA66/PP graph 23

Fig 5.6 PA66/PP + glass fibers stress vs strain graph 25

Fig 5.7 PA66/PP +1c Load vs displacement graph 26

Table Table Name Page

Table 4.2 Formulations of Composite blend PA66/PP with 19

Table 5.2 PA66/PP+ glass fibers Load vs displacement and 24

Table 5.5 Load and displacement PA66/PP 30

Table 5.7 PA66/PP + glass fiber LOAD and displacement 32

Table 5.9 PA66/PP + 1c Load and displacement 34

Table 5.11 PA66/PP + carbon +glass Load and 36

Table 5.13 Final test results 39

Table 5.14 hardness test 39

Modern technologies need materials with uncommon combinations of features.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 1|Page

1.1 Definition of Composite Materials

• The synergistic phase-forming feature affects the properties of composite materials. In

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 2|Page

1.2 Structure of Composite Materials

1.3 Classification of Composite Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 3|Page

Fig. 1.1 Composite material structure diagram: a Multilayer composite; b composite

1.4 Composite Material Performance

1.4.1 High specific strength and specific modulus

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 4|Page

1.4.2 Excellent anti-fatigue performance

1.4.3 Effective Damping Capacity

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 5|Page

1.4.4 Excellent Performance at High Temperature

1.4.5 High Safety Fracture

1.5 Thermoplastic composites

Thermoplastic composites(TMCs) evolved from structural polymer composites. These

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 6|Page

Commercial TPEs fall into six broad categories:

• Styrenic block copolymers

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 7|Page

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 8|Page

Engineered Thermoplastic steyrenic elastomers has unrivalled capabilities in 2 component

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 9|Page

Rajashekaraiah Hemanth and Suresh Bheemappa (2) Addition of different shaped

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 10 | P a g e

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech(MSE), BIT, Bengaluru 11 | P a g e