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Solution: 10.3-2 Equilibrium Swtage Contact for Gas-Liquid System. A gas mixture at 2.026 x 10 5 Pa
total pressure containing air and SO 2 is contacted in a single-stage equilibrium mixer with
4
From A.3-18 for Henry’s law c onstant (Geankoplis p. 884) pure water at 293 K. The partial pressure of SO2 in the srcinal gas is 1.52 x 10 Pa.
4
H = 0.186 x 10 atm/mol frac. The inlet gas contains 5.70 total kg mol and the inlet water 2.20 total kg mol. The exit
PA= HxA gas and liquid leaving are in equilibrium. Calculate the amounts and compositions of the
outlet phases. Use equilibrium data from Fig.10.2-1.
kgCO2 18 kgmolH 2O
atm
4 -4
P=
A 0.186x10 atmx 0 .9x10
x 0.06848
kgH2O 44 kgmol CO 2 GIVEN:
Use equilibrium data in Fig. 10.2-1
5
PT = 2.026 x 10Pa = T = 293 K
1.01325 x 105 3
PA = 0.06848 atm x = 6.9 39 x 10 Pa PA of SO2 = 1.52 x 104 Pa = .15 atm
1 atm
Inlet gas = 5.70 kg mol
Inlet H 2O = 2.20 total kgmol
10.3-1 Phase Rule for a Gas-Liquid System. For the systen SO 2-air-water, then total pressure
is set at 1 atm abs and the partial pressure of SO 2 in the vapor is set at 0.20 atm.
REQUIRED
Calculate the numberof degrees of freedom, F.What variables are unspecified that can
XA1, yA1, L1 V1
be arbitrarily set?
GIVEN:
SOLUTION:
SO2 – air – H2O system
xAo = 0
PAT = 1 atm
amount of entering acetone = AN+1
y vAN+1
PA of SO2 = 0.2 atm
= 0.01(30) = 0.30
= 29.7 kgmol/air h
REQUIRED:
acetone leaving in Vi = 0.10(0.30) = 0.30 kgmol/h
Degrees of freedom, F
acetone leaving in Ln = 0.9 (0.30) = 0.27 kgmol/h
V1 = 29.7 + 0.03 = 29.73 kgmolH
2O + acetone/hr GIVEN:
REQUIRED:
Using equation: Theoretical stages graphically using analytical Kremser equation.
SOLUTION:
L Lo 108
A1 = = =1.4358 xAo = 0
mv mv 1 2.53 (29.73)
amount of enetering acetone = AN
y + 1 VN + 1
= 0.01(30) = 0.30
LN 108.27 entering air = (1-y AN + 1) VN + 1 = (1 – 0.01)(30) = 29.7 kg mol/air h
AN = = =1.4265
mvN+1 2.53 (30) acetone leaving in V 1 = 0.10(0.30) = 0.30 kg mol/h
acetone leaving in L n = 0.9(0.30) = 0.27 kg mol/h
V1 = 29.7 + 0.03 = 29.73 kg mol air + acetone /hr
A= A1AN 1.4358(1.4265) 1.4311 Ln = 108 + 0.27 = 108.27 kg mol H
2O + acetone/hr
10.4-1 Interface Concentrations and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients. Use the same
log y -mx
1 1
1 equilibrium data and film coefficients k’y and k’x as in Example 10.4-1. However, use
N+1 o
N= A A bulk concentrations of y AG = 0.25 and xAL = 0.05. Calculate the following:
log A a. Interface concentrations y Ai and xAi and flux NA.
b. Overall mass transfer coefficients K’y and Ky and flux NA.
c. Overall mass transfer coefficient K’ x and flux N A.
0.01-2.53(0) 1 1
log 0.00101 - 2.53(0) 11.4311 1.4311
N= 3.7662 stages GIVEN:
log 1.4311
Equilibrium data
yAo = 0.380 mol fraction
xAL = 0.10
10.3-3 Absorption in a Countercurrent Stage Tower. Repeat example 10.3-2 using the same
T = 298 K
conditions but with the following change. Use a pure water flow to the tower of 108 kg
P = 1.013 x 105 Pa
mol H2O/h, that is, 20% above the 90 used inExample 10.3-2. Determine the number of
ky = 1.465 x 10-3 kg mol/s.m 3 mol fraction
stages required graphically. Repeat using the analytical Kremser equation.
kx = 1.967 x 10-3 kg mol A/s.m 2 mol fraction
REQUIRED:
K’X, KX (1-0.194) - (1-0.380)
(1-yA)iM = 0.7089
=
SOLUTION:
1-0.194
ln
Trial 1: 1-0.380
xAi = 0.254
K'x = 0 .00118 kgmol/s 2m frac
y = 0.194
Ai
K'x However, use bulk concentrations of y AG = 0.25 and xAL = 0.05. Calculate the following.
NA (x A-x AL
) *
(a) Interface concentrations y Ai and xAi and flux NA.
(1-xA)*M
(b) Overall mass-transfer coefficients K’y and Ky and flux N A.
NA = 0.00118 (0.346-0.10) (c) Overall mass-transfer coefficient K’x and flux N A.
0.7705
2
NA = 0.000377 kgmol/sm GIVEN:
yAG = 0.25
xAL = 0.05
1 1 1
ky = 1.465 x10–3 kgmol A / sm 3 mol fraction
K'x/(1-xA)*M m''/ (1-y A) *M K'x/(1-x A) *M kx = 1.967 x10–3 kgmol A / sm2 mol fraction
(1-yAi) - (1-y AG)
(1-y )i A =M
(1-yAi) REQUIRED:
ln
(1-yAG) a.) Interface concentrations y Ai & xAi & NA
SOLUTION:
(1-0.194) - (1-0.38)
(1-y )i A =M 0.7089
(1-0.194)
ln Trial 1:
(1-038)
k'x/(1-xA)iM 1.967 x 10 -3/1.0
- 1.342
(1-xAL) - (1-x Ai) (1-0.1) - (1-0.254) k'y/(1-yA)iM 1.465 x 10 -3/1.0
1-x )i( A M 0.8206
(1-xAL) (1-0.1)
ln ln y = mx + b
(1-xAi) (1-0.254)
0.25 = -1.342 (0.05) + b
b = 0.3171 x =Ai0.1634 y =Ai0.1010
Trial 2:
k'y
(1-yAi) - (1-y AG) (1-0.1010) - (1-0.25) NA (y AG-y )Ai
(1-yA)iM =
1-y Ai
=
1-0.1010
0.8223
= (1- y A) iM
ln ln
1-y AG 1-0.25 1.967 x 10 -3
N=
A
0.8202 (0.25- 0.1054)
(1-xAL) - (1-x Ai) (1- 0.05) - (1- 0.1634) NA = 2.583 x 10 -4 kgmol/sm 2
(1-xA)iM = = 0. = 8921
1-x
AL 1-0.05
ln ln
1-x Ai
1-
0.1634 or,
k'x/(1-xA)iM 1.967 x 10 -3/0. 8921
0.8223 - 1.2376
k'y/(1-yA)iM 1.465 x 10 -3/1.0 k'x
NA (x Ai-x) AL
y = mx + b
(1- x A) iM
0.25 = -1.2376 (0.05) + b 1.967 x 10 -3
N=
A
0.8894 (0.1686- 0.05)
b = 0.3119 x =Ai0.1686 y Ai = 0.1054
NA = 2.6 2 x 10-4 kg mol/s m
2
Trial 3:
b)
(1-yAi) - (1-y AG) (1-0.1054) - (1-0.25)
(1-yA)iM = = 0.8202
= yAi - y A * 0.1054 - 0.0243
1-y Ai 1-0.1054 m' = = 0.6838
ln ln xAi - xAL 0.1686 -0.05
1-y AG 1-0.25
*
(1-yA ) - (1-y AG)
1
( -y )A *M
=
(1-xAL) - (1-x Ai) (1- 0.05) - (1- 0.1686) (1-yA )
*
-4
K'y = 9
.872 x 10
Solution:
-4 (a)
K'y 9.872x10
Ky = = 0.00115
(1 yA )* M 0.8579 La = 68 kgmol/h
ya = 0.005 xa = 0
-4
(1 K'y -y A) 9.872x
10
*
N=
A (y AG (0.25-0.0243)
yA )* M 0.8579
2
NA = 2.5972 x 10 - 4 kgmol/sm (b)
Vb = 57.8 kgmol/h
c) yb = 0.04
yAG -y Ai 0.25-0.1054
m" = = 1.1814
xA * - xAi 0.291 - 0.1686 V' = V (1 - y )b 57.8(1 0.04) 55.488 kgmol/h
( 1-x
A *M)
(1- x AL) - (1-x A)*
= (1- 0.05) - (1-0.291) 0.8236
L' = L (1 - x b) 68 (1 - 0) = 68 kgmol/h
(1-xA ) (1-0.05) V' (y -y )a= L'(x - bx )
ln L* ln
(1-0.291) b a
(1-xA ) 55.488 (0.04-0.005) = 68x b
1 1 1
0.029 x b
K'x/(1-xA)*M m"k'y/(1-yA)*M k'x/ (1-xA)*M
1 1 1
K'x/0.8236 1.1814(1-yA)*M 1.967 x 10 -3/0 .8894
K'x = 7.8 775 x 1-4
0
L' 68 0.005 55.488 57.8
YN+1 YX
+ n n X
+ n V1 = 55.7668 V 5=
V' 55.488' 0.995 1-0.005 1-
0.040
Y N+1
1.2255 X +n0.0050
55.7668 + 57.8
V= 56.7834
2
if X 0,
n Y =N+1
0.0050
x Y
X= y= V 56.7864 / 3600
1-x 1+Y Hoy = = =0.6438
KyaS 0.0559 / 0.4383
k'xa/(1-x) = 0.6438
slope =m =- y=mx+b
k'ya/(1-y) z = 0.6438 (3.54009) = 2.2796 m
L dx
Hx = Nx =
kxaS x - xi 68 68
V' L1 = 68 L 5= 70.0309
V= 1-
0 1-
0.029
1- y
68 + 70.0309
d2 (0.747)2 L= 69.0155
S = Area = = = 0.4383 m 3 2
4 4
k'yk'x m"k'yk'x
K'y = K'x =
k'x+m' k'y k'x+m''k'y
(0.0739)(0.169) X y X Y m b yi
K'y = 0.0450 0 0.0050 0 0.005 -2.2754 0.005 0.0014
0.169 + 0.8287(0.0739)
0.01 0.0170 0.0101 0.0173 -2.2707 0.0397 0.0096
K'y K'x 0.015 0.0229 0.0152 0.0234 -2.2685 0.0569 0.0141
Ky = Kx =
KyaS (1-
X) 0.02 0.0287 0.0204 0.0295 -2.2667 0.0740 0.0188
0.029 0.0400 0.0299 0.0417 -2.2610 0.0108 0.0272
xi 1/(y – yi) 1/(x – xi) 1/(y – yi) ave ∆y ∆x 10.6-10. Repeat Example 10.6-2 but use transfer units and calculate H L, NL, and tower height.
0.0018 277.7780 555.5556
0.0132 135.1351 312.50 Given:
206.4565 0.012 0.01
0.0190 113.6364 250 Acetone-H2O system
124.3858 0.0059 0.005
0.0246 101.0101 217.3913 A = 0.186 m 2
107.3233 0.0058 0.005
0.0348 78.125 172.4138 T = 293 K
89.5678 0.0113 0.009
P = 101.32 kPa
y1 = 0.026
y = 0.005
SOLUTION:
dx 0.00648
N = L
1.7053
xi - x 0.0038 y
6.53 x10 -4(29)kg air / s + 6.53 x 10 -4
1 y64.1
Gy =
z = NL H L = 1.7053 (1.0264) 0.0929
z = 1.75 m
if y = 0.20
(a) Using the experimental data, calculate the effective diffusivity, DAeff.
(b) Predict the time toleach 90% ofthe solute fromthe 2.0 mm particle.
GIVEN:
k’xa m b xi yi m’ b
0.848 24.4567 0.02 0.00046 0.0088 24.7476 0.02 80 % efficiency
0.849 23.2680 0.04772 0.00109 0.026 23.6252 0.04784 t = 3.11 h
0.850 21.5403 0.08842 0.00188 0.04824 22.2705 0.08904
0.853 18.4426 0.1671 0.00356 0.1016 19.0742 0.1683 REQUIRED:
0.857 15.3034 0.2543 0.00572 0.1663 15.9829 0.2567
(a) DAeff
(b) T if 90% efficient with same diameter
SOLUTION:
xi yi m” b ∆x dy/(xi – x)
0.000459 0.0087 24.7501 ------
0.000332 0.5897 (a)
0.00104 0.02416 23.6687 0.04762
0.000523 0.6247 D Aeff t
0.00186 0.0476 22.0814 0.08888
0.001155 0.9687 0.112
0.00354 0.1004 19.0993 0.1684 a2
0.00154 0.8679
0.00570 0.1642 16.0037 0.2568 0.112 a 2
D Aeff
NL = 3.051
t
2
0.112
2 mm2
2 1hr
3.11 hr 3600 s
SOLUTION:
2
0.18
2 mm 2
B 100 (1 - 0.22) 78 kg insoluble solid
t 2
-5 2
1.0004 x 10 mm /s L o 100 - 78 22 kg of A
1 hr
t 18000 s 3600 s No LB 78 3.5455 kgkgsolution
solid
o 22
t 5 hr
y Ao 1.0
12.9-1. Repeat Example 12.9-1 for single
Leaching of Oil from Soybeans in a Single Stage.
stage leaching of oil from soybeans. The 100 kg of soybeans contains 22 wt % oil and
For Overall Material Balance:
the solvent feed is 80 kg of solvent containing 3 wt % soybean oil.
V1, x1 V2, x2 Lo V2 L1 V1 M
GIVEN: M 102
To find NM GIVEN:
SOLUTION:
(1.5)L1 (0.7647)(102)
yb = 0
L1 51.9996 52 kg ya = 0.1
La = 1.2 tons CuSO4 + 0.5 ton H20
= 1.7 tons solution/hr
For exit Overflow:
1.2
L1 V1 M xa 0.7059
1.7
La x a Vb y b L b x b Va y a
The ether fed to the system is oil free. (a) How many gallons of ether are needed per
charge of livers? (b) How many extractors are needed?
1.7 (0.7059) Vb (0) 20.24(0.0012) 0.1(Va )
GIVEN:
SOLUTION:
from the graph :
For the solution in the spent solids: (by trial & error) 0.251
xB 0.0637
3.94
Trial 1:
Let XB = 0.1
0.0637 (close to 0.0634)
Solution retained = 0.042
LB = 0.042 x 100 = 4.2 gal
0.251
xB 0.065 By OMB:
3.86
LA + VB = LB +VA
Trial 3
4.3 + VB = 3.94 + 6.2293
By OMB:
Trial 4
y2 = 0.5355 Given:
x y x y
If xN = 0.4, s olution retained = 0.068 1.000 1.000 0.254 0.701
0.867 0.984 0.145 0.521
LN = 0.068 x 100
0.594 0.925 0.159 0.271
0.398 0.836 0 0
LN = 6.8 gal
Solution:
By OMB:
C5H12 Balance:
Given:
Answers:
x y 1/ ( y-x )
XA = 0.4075
1.000 1.000
yA = 0.845
0.867 0.984 8.547
0.594 0.925 3.021 A mixture containing 70 mol % benzene and
11.3-3 Difeerential Distillation of Benzene-Toluene.
0.398 0.836 2.283 30 mol % toluene is distilled under differential conditions at 101.32 kPa (1 atm). A total of one third
0.254 0.701 2.237 of the moles in the feed is vaporized. Calculate the average composition of the distillate and the
0.145 0.521 2.660
composition of the remaining liquid. Use equilibrium data Table 11.1-1.
0.059 0.271 4.717
0 0 Given:
F = 0.7 benzene and 0.3 toluene
Solution:
X2 Solution:
L1 dx
ln
L2
yx
X1
OMB:
B = F – D = F – 1/3F = 2/3F
X2
L1 100kmol L1 dx
ln ln 0.5108 ln yx
L2 60kmol L2 X1
L1 F
from the graph:
ln ln 0.4055
L2 2
3.04 2.78 0.05 0.1455
A1
F
3
2
2.78 2.58
A2 0.05 0. 1340
2
from the graph:
R= 4.52
6.68 5.92
A1 0.05 0. 3150 Ln
2 R
D
A2 5.92 5.66 0.0175 0.10
2
R 1 X
Yn1 Xn
1 R R 1
______________ D
AT = 0.4163
Therefore x2 = 0.6325 4.52 Xn 1 0.9
Yn 1
Answer:
5.52 5.52
xA = 0.6325 and yA = 0.7975
if x = 0 ,Yn+1 = 0.16
xB = 1 – 0.6325 = 0.3675 and yB = 1 – 0.7975 = 0.2025
( 0,0.16)..........plotted on the graph
Answer:
4.9 trays + a reboiler ( see preceeding graph )
A rectification column is fed 100 kg mol/h of a
11.4-1 Distillation Using McCabe-Thiele Method.
mixture of 50 mol % benzene and 50 mol % toluene at 101.32 kPa abs.pressure. The feed is liquid
. A saturated liquid feed of 200 mol/h
11.4-2. Rectification of a Heptane-Ethyl Benzene Mixture
at the boling point. The distillate is to contain 90 mol % benzene and the bottoms 10 mol %
at the boiling point containing 42 mol% heptane and 58 mol% ethyl benzene is to be fractionated at
benzene. The reflux ratio is 4.52:1. calculate the kg mol/h distillate, kg mol/ h bottoms and the 101.32 kPa abs to give a distillate containing 97 mol% heptane and a bottoms containing 1.1 mol%
theoretical number of trays needed using theMcCabe –Thiele method.
heptane. The reflux ratio used is 2.5:1. Calculate the mol/h distillate. Mol/h bottoms, theoretical
number of trays, and thefeed tray number. Equilibrium data are given below at 101.32 kPaabs
Given:
pressure for the mole fraction n-heptane x H and yH.
F = 100 kg mol/h
0.5 benzene
Temperature Temperature
0.5 toluene
K ºC xH yH K ºC xH yH
R = Ln/D = 4.52
409.3 136.2 0 0 383.8 110.6 0.485 0.730
XD = 0.9
402.6 129.4 0.08 0.230 376.0 102.8 0.790 0.904
XB = 0.10
392.6 119.4 0.250 0.154 371.5 98.3 1.000 1.000
Solution:
F=D+B
100 = D + B
XF F = DXD + BXB
Given:
100 ( 0.5 ) = 0.9D + 0.1 ( 100– D )
F = 200 mol/h
50 = 0.9D – 0.1D + 10
0.42 heptane
40 = 0.8D
0.58 ethyl benzene
D = 50 kg mol/h
XD = 0.97 heptane
B = 50 kg mol/h
XB = 0.011 heptane
R = Ln/D = 2.5 Rm = 0.88
(b) 4 trays + a reboiler ( see preceeding graph )
Solution:
F=D+B 11.4-4. Minimum number of Theoretical Plates and Minimum RefluxDetermine
Ratio. the
200 = D + B minimum reflux ratio Rm and the minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux for the
XF F = DXD + BXB rectification of a mixture of heptane and ethyl benzene as given in Problem 11.4-2. Do this
200( 0.42 ) = 0.97D + 0.011 ( 200– D ) graphical methods of Mc Cabe-Thiele.
84 = 0.97D - 0.011 + 2.2
81.8 = 0.959D Given:
D = 85.2972 mol/h y’ = 0.68
B = 114.7028 mol/h x’ = 0.42
R = 2.5 Solution:
0.97 0.68
2.5
X n 1 X D
Rm
Yn1
3.3 3.5 Rm 1 0.97 0.42
= 0.277 Rm = 0.5273 ( Rm + 1 )
11.4-3. Graphical Solution for Minimum Reflux Ratio and Total. For the rectification in
Reflux
problem 11.4-1, where an equimolar liquid feed of benzene and toluene is being distilled to give a
distillate of composition XD = 0.90 and a bottoms of composition XW = 0.10, calculate the following
using graphical methods.
(a) Minimum reflux ratio Rm.
(b) Minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux.
Solution:
From the graph x’ = 0.5 and y’ = 0.7125
Foust
Rm xD y' 0.96 0.5
7.27. A mixture containing 30 mol% benzene and 70 mole% toluene is to be fractionated at normal
Rm 1 xD x' 0.96 0.7125 atmospheric pressure in a column with a total condenser and a still from which the bottoms are
withdrawn. The distillate is to contain 95 mole percent benzene and the bottoms 4 mole percent
(a) Rm – 0.4687512Rm = 0.46875 benzene. The feed is at its dew point.
(a) What is the minimum reflux ratio ( L O / D ) (c) What is the minimum refux ratio?
(b) What is the minimum number of equilibrium stages in the column required at total reflux? (d) What percentage of the feed ethanol is recovered in the distillate?
(c) How many equilibrium stages are required at a reflux ratio of 8?
(d) How many equilibrium stages would be required at a reflux ratio of 8 if the feed were a li quid at
SOLVED PROBLEMS:
its bubble point?
kg H2O
1. An air stream at 90 C having a humidity of 0.03 kg dry air
is contacted in adiabatic
Given:
humidifier. It is cooled & humidified at 90 % RH. Determine the temperature of the humidified air &
F = 0.3 benzene and 0.7 toluene 3
xD = 0.95 benzene the make up H2O for every m of inlet air.
xW = 0.04 benzene
GIVEN:
q=0
Solution:
COOLER
(c) R = 8 T2
R
Yn1 X n 1 X D L in every m 3 of air
1 R R 1 SOLUTION:
(X n ) 0.95
8 1
Yn1 Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart:
9 9
@ Xn = 0 , Yn+1 = 0.1056
@ Xn = 0. 95 , Yn+1 = 0.95 Step 2: Compute for humid volume.
Number of equilibrium stages @ reflux = 8 : 8.79 stages
(d) R = 8, feed is l iquid at boiling point
H2O balance:
Number of equilibrium stages = 8.75 stages
7.35. An equimolar mixture of ethanol and water is to be fractionally distilled to produce a distillate L=W
H2 H1
of composition 0.80 mole fraction ethanol and bottoms of 0.05 mole fraction of ethanol. The feed is
3 3
saturated liquid and there is a total condenser and a total reboiler. VH = 2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10 H TK
(a) At areflux ratio of 2.0, how many equilibrium stages are required?
=
(b) How many stages are required at total reflux?
3 3
2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10
0.03
90 273
T1 = 300C T2 = 50 0C
3 HEATER
m
VH = 1.0769
kg da
3
Basis: 1 m RH = 80%
Vf =200 m3/h
3
kg da REQUIRED: qH
W=1 m 3 OLUTION:
1.0679 m
Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart
W = 0.9285 kg da Step 2: Compute for the Humid Volume
3 0 0
3. 200 m /h of air at 30C and 80% relative humidity is to be heated to 50 C using a heater.
Calculate the heat load of the heater in KW. Step 4: Calculate the specific heat
kg k
kg kJ
q H = 225.25 1.0464
hr kg K
REQUIRED: qc
kJ SOLUTION:
qH 4714.032
hr
Step 1: Compute for h1 & h2 , then vH
3 6
h1 1.005 + 1.88H1 x10 t1 0 + 2.501 x10 H1
0
4. An air conditioning unit must keep the air inside the room at 25 C and 90% relative
humidity. The air coming from the air conditioning unit has a T of 15 0C. Calculate the hp rating of
3 3
the air conditioning unit if the room space is 75m , the air in the room is changed every 15 min.
h1 1.005 + 1.880.0184 x10 25 0 +
GIVEN: 6
2.501 x10 0.0189
AC J
h1 72,008.2
kg
3 6
h2 1.005 + 1.88H2 x10 t1 0 + 2.501 x10 H2
3
ROOM
h2 1.005
+ 1.880.0097 x10 15 0 +
qH
0
25 C 6
x10 0.0097
90%RH 2.501
J
h2 39,608.79
qc
kg
vH 2.83x10 3 4.56x10 3H1 t1 273
COOLER
vH 2.83x10 3 4.56x10 30.0184 (25 + 273)
kJ
4.187x10 3 (15-25) K
kg K
3
m
vH 0.8683
kg dry air 7 J 1 hr
q C 1.132x10 x
hr 3600 s
kg H2O
L=3.0059 0
hr 70 F 0
TD = 200 F
q C Wh1 h2 - LcpLt2 t1 0.0008 lbH2O TW = 115 0F
3 REQUIRED: T of air leaving the
ft air
kg dry air72,008.2 39,608.79 H2 preheater and humidifier
qC 345.5027 3.0059kg hr SOLUTION:
hr J
kg Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart
L = W (0.048 – H2) eqn. 1
1
W
vH
o eqn. 2
Tw = 115 F
H3=H4 0.048 H 70 460
2
0.0008=
0.0252 0.0405H2
0.048 lb H2O/lb da
0.0367 lb H2O
H2 =
Td = 200 F
o lb dry air
90 % RH
0
Tw2 =103.8 F
Tw2=Tw3=
103.8 oF H3=0.048
lbH2O/lb da H2 = 0.0367
LbH2O/lb da
o
T2 =152 F
6. In a plant lab having a floor area of 100 m 2 and a ceiling height of 3 m, the T and RH are
kept at 23.9 0F and 80 % respectively. The closed loop air conditioning unit installed for the
Step 2: Solve for H2. o
T3= 100 F purpose has an air capacity to change the air in the room, which 80 % is void space, every 10
0
minutes. The air leaving the condenser f the aircon unit has a T of 18.3 C. Calculate the quantity
H2O Balance at Humidifier:
of condensate which has to be dashed from the aircon unit in kg/hr
WH2 = WH1 + L
L = W( H3 – H2)
GIVEN:
H=0.0151
AC
H=0.0106
o o
18.3 C 23.9 C
ROOM
Step 2: Compute for vh.
o
23.9 C
A=100 m 80%RH 80% void vH 2.83x10 3 4.56x10 30.0151 (23.9 + 273)
H=3m 10 min
3
0.8607 m
vH =
kg dry air
qH
o
23.9 C
oStep 3: Solve for W and then L, the condensate.
80 % RH 18.3 C
COOLER
kg dry air 2 1
W 100m x3m
0.8607 0.8
L
REQUIRED: L
435.71 kg dry air60 min
W
SOLUTION: 10 min 1hr
L = W (H1-H2)
80% RH
2614.26 kg da0.0151 0.0106kg H2O PA MA
L = H= x
hr kg da P T PA MB
kg H2O
GEANKOPLIS: H = 0.0228
kg dry air
9.3-1. Humidity from Vapor Pressure
The air in a room is at 37.8oC and a total pressure of 101.3 kPa abs containing water Step 2: Compute Hs & Hp.
vapor with a partial pressure pA = 3.59 kPa. Calculate:
a. Humidity From steam table, by interpolation:
b. Saturation humidity and percentage humidity
c. Percentage relative humidity PAs of H2O = 6.59 KPa
GIVEN: p As MA
Hs = x
ROOM P T P As M B
kg H2O
REQUIRED: H S = 0.0432
kg dry air
Humidity, Saturation humidity & Percentage Humidity,
Percentage Relative Humidity
H
SOLUTION: Hp = x 100
Hs
Step 1: Calculate H.
Percentage Humidity & Percentage Relative Humidity
kg H2O
0.0228
kg dry air SOLUTION:
Hp = x 100
kg H2O
0.0432
kg dry air Step 1: Compute for PA.
Hp = 57.78 %
PA MA
H= x
Step 3: Solve for HR.
P T PA MB
PA PA 18
HR = x 100 0.021 = x
P As 101.3 PA 29
61.69 - 0.609 P A = 18 P A
3.59 KPa
HR = x 100 61.69 P A = 18.609
6.59 KPa
The air in a room has a humidity H of 0.021 kg H2O/ kg dry air at 32.2 oC and 101.3 kPa
abs. Pressure. Calculate: From steam table, by interpolation:
a. Percentage humidity Hp
b. Percentage relative humidity HR PAs of H2O = 4.82 KPa
GIVEN: p As MA
Hs = x
P T P As M B
ROOM
Hp = 67.74 %
Dp = 60 F
H = 0.011
P
HR = A x 100 5.3 % RH kg H2O/ kg da
P As
HR = 68.88 %
CS 1.88H
= 1.005 +
9.3-3. Use of the Humidity Chart
The air entering a dryer has a temperature of 65.6 oC (150 oF) and a dew point of 15.6oC
= 1.005 + 1.88 (0.011)
(60 oF). Using the humidity chart, determine the actual humidity and percentage humidity. Calculate
the humid volume of this mixture and also calculate CS using SI and English units.
KJ
GIVEN:
CS kg dry air K
= 1.026 ( SI )
DRYER
CS 0.45H
= 0.24 + GIVEN:
DRYER
Btu
CS lb m dry air F T= 52.7 C
= 0.245 ( English )
H = 0.030 kg H2O/kg da
Step 3: Solve for VH.
3 3
vH = 2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10 H TK
REQUIRED:
Percentage humidity, saturation humidity at 57.2 oC, dew point,
3 3
humid heat & humid volume
vH = 2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10
0.011
( 65.6 + 273 )
SOLUTION:
3
m Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart.
vH = 0.975 ( SI )
kg dry air
Step 2: Look for PAs at 57.2 oC and solve for H S & HP.
From steam table, by interpolation:
PAs of H2O at 57.2 oC = 17.60 Kpa
vH = 0.0204 0.0405 H
T F
0.030
= x 100
0.1305 vH = 0.0204 0.0405 H
T F
HP 23 %
vH = ( 0.0204 + 0.0405(0.030) ) ( 134.96 + 460 )
3
Step 3: Compute for humid heat in SI and English.
ft
vH = 15.72 ( English )
lb m dry air
CS = 1.005 + 1.88H
kg dry air K b. For 100% saturation, what would be the values of H and T?
o
T= 82.2 C
Btu
C S = 0.2535 ( English )
H = 0.0655
lb m dry air F ADIABATIC
kg H2O/kg da SATURATOR 80%
Step 4: Solve for VH.
REQUIRED:
Final values of H and T oC
3 3
vH = 2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10 H TK
Values of H and T at 100 % saturation
SOLUTION:
3 3
vH = 2.83 x 10 4 .56 x 10
0.030 ( 57.2 + 273 )
Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart.
80 % RH H2 = 0.079
kg H2O/kg da
o
Tw = 120 F o
= 0.0655 Dp = 40.6 C
H1REQUIRED:
kg H2O/kg da o
Final values for H and T C
T2 = 52.78 oC T1 = 82.2 oC
o o
or 127 F or 180 F
4
SOLUTION:
Step 2: For 100 % saturation, take readings in the Psychrometric Chart. Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart.
Tw = 113 oF 90 % RH
H2 = 0.0802
kg H2O/kg da
o
H1 = 0.0655 Dp = 105 F H2 =
o
kg H2O/kg da or 40.6 C kg H2
o o
o o T2 = 116 F T1 = 140 F
T2 = 49 C T1 = 82.2 C o o
o
or 120 F
o
or 180 F or 46.7 C or 76.7 C
9.3-6 Adiabatic Saturation of Air 9.3-7 Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperature
Air enters an adiabatic saturator having a temperature of 76.7 oC and a dew-point An air-water vapor mixture has a dry bulb temperature of 65.6 oC and a wet bulb
o o
temperature of 40.6 C. It leaves the saturator 90 % saturated. What are the final values of H and T temperature of 32.2 C. What is the humidity of the mixture?
o
C?
GIVEN:
GIVEN: Td = 65.6 oC & Tw = 32.2 oC
REQUIRED:
o 90% RH Humidity
Td = 76.7 C
ADIABATIC
SATURATOR
SOLUTION:
Td = 140 F
or 60 C
Tw = 32.2 C
or 90 F
H = 0.0175
kg H2O/kg da 9.3-10 Cooling and Dehumidifying Air
o
Air is entering an adiabatic cooling chamber has a temperature of 32.2 C and a
percentage humidity of 65%. It is cooled by a cold water spray and saturated with water vapor in
o
the chamber. After leaving, it is heated to 23.9 C. The final air has a percentage humidity of 40%.
(a) What is the initial humidity of the air?
o
Td = 65.6 C (b) What is the final humidity after heating?
or 149.9 F
GIVEN:
SOLUTION:
Step 1: From Psychrometric Chart.
Tw = 98 F
or 36.67 C 65 % RH
H = 0.030
kg H2O/kg da
The initial free moisture was X 1 = 0.55 and the critical moisture content Xc = 0.22 kg free moisture/
H1 = 0.02
kg dry solid.
kg H2O/ kg da
Calculate the time to dry a batch of this material from X1 = 0.45 to X2 = 0.3 using the
same drying conditions but a thickness of 50.8 mm, with drying from the top and bottom surface.
Given:
2
Ls/A = 24.4 kg d.s/m
X1= 0.45 kg free moisture/kg d.s
X1 = 0.55 kg free moisture/kg d.s
Step 2: Obtain H3 from Psychrometric Chart.
Xc = 0.22 kg free moisture/kg d.s
X2 = 0.3 kg free moisture/kg d.s
Required:
Time (t)
40 % RH
Solution:
H3 = 0.0075 Ls XC
kg H2O/kg da t
A
X1 X2 XC ln X
2
nd
For Ls/A of 2 condition:
T3 = 23.9 C Since
PROBLEMS
Ls VA V(m) V(m)
(GEANKOPLIS)
A A vol bA
9.6-1) Time for Drying in Constant-Rate Period. A batch of wet solid was dried on a tray dryer using
constant drying conditions and a thickness of material on the tray of 25.4 mm. Only the top surface
was exposed. The drying rate during the constant rate period was R = 2.05 kg H 2O/ h – m2 ( 0.42 lb
H2O/ h – ft2 ). The ratio Ls/A used was 24.4 kg dry solid/ m 2 exposed surface ( 5 lbm dry solid/ft 2 ).
So, From example 9.6-3
A = 0.457 x 0.457 m
b = 25.4 mm
Ls Ls
v = 6.1 m/s
A 1 A 2 T db = 65.6ºC
V(m) V(m) H = 0.010 kg H2O/kg d.a
25.4A 1 (50.8)A
2 Required:
V(m) V(m) a. Rc if v = 3.05 m/s
25.4A 25.4A b. Rc with T = 76.6ºC
Therefore,
Solution:
Ls Ls kg d.s a)
24.4 From ex. 9.6-3
A 1 A 2 m2
kg
1.037
Ls m3
t AR C X1 X2
kg d.s
24.4 G v
t m2 0.45 0.3 kg H2O
kg H2O m s kg
2.05
kg d.s 3.05 3600 1.037 3
h m2
s hr m
G = 11386.26 kg m2/h
t = 1.7854 hrs
9.6-2) Prediction of Effect of Process Variables on Drying Rate . Using the conditions in
example 9.6-3 for the constant rate drying period, do as follows:
a. Predict the effect on Rc if the air velocity is only 3.05 m/s
b. Predict the effect if the gas temperature is raised tom 76.7ºC and it remains the
same.
Given:
h 0.0204G0.8
0.020411386.26 0.8 h 0.0204G0.8
W 0.020422056.14470.8
h 35.8703
m2 K W
h 60.8771
m2 K
h
Rc T TW
W
35.8703
65.6 28.9 3600 h
24331000 Rc T TW
W
60.8771
76.7 28.9 3600
Rc = 1.9479 kg/ m
2
-h 24331000
2
Rc = 4.21 kg/h-m
b)
@ T = 76.7ºC
H = 0.010 kg H2O/kg d.a 9.6-3) Prediction in Constant-Rate Drying Region. A granular insoluble solid material wet with
water is being dried in the constant rate period in a pan 0.61 m x 0.61 m and the depth of material
is 25.4 mm. The sides and bottom are insulated. Air flows parallel to the top drying surface at a
VH 2.83x10 4.56x10 HT
3 3
velocity of 3.05 m/s and has fry bulb temperature of 60 C and wet bulb temperature of 29.4 C .
2.83x10
-3 4.56x103 0.010273 76.7 The pan contains 11.34 kg of dry solid having a free moisture content of 0.35 kg H2O per kg dry
solid and the material is to be dried in the constant-rate period to 0.22 kg H2O / kg dry solid.
3 a. Predict the drying rate and time i n hours needed.
VH = 1.0056 m /kg da
b. Predict the time needed if the depth of mat’l is increased to 44.5
mm
Ls
Solution: t X 1 X 2
AR c
a.) @ Tdb = 60C, H = 0.0141 kg H2O/ Kg d.a
11.34
t 0.35 0.22
0.61x0.61 1.6437
VH 2.83x10 4 .56x10 H T
3 3 t = 2.4103 hrs
VH 2.83x10
3 4 .56x103 0.014160 273 b.) by ratio & Proportion:
VH 0.9638 m3 / kg d.a
t1 b1
m 1.0 kg d.a 0.0141kg H2 O
m t2 b2
m 1.0141 V
H
t1b2 2.4103hr 44.5mm
01..9638
0141 t2 b1 25.4mm
1.0522 kg/m 3
t 2 = 4.2228 hrs
9.6-4) Drying a Filter Cake in the constant-rate region . A wet filter cake in a pan 1 ft x 1 ft square
G v(3600 )
and 1 in. thick is dried on the top surface with air at wet bulb temperature of 80 F and a dry bulb of
G 3.05
1.0522
(3600) 120F flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 2.5 ft/s. The dry density of the cake is 120 lb m/
G 11,553.031 kg/h - m 2
3
ft and the critical free moisture content is 0.09 lb H 2O / lb dry solid. How long will it take to dry the
material from a free moisture content of 0.20 lb H 2O / lb dry material to the critical moisture
content?
h 0.0204G0.08
Given
h 0.0204(11,553.031)0.08 2
A = 1 ft
2
h 36.29 W/m K t = 1in
From steam table: @ T wb = 29.4C , hw = 2432.14 x 103
Twb = 80F
Tdb = 120F
V = 2.5 ft/s
h
RC T Tw
3600 = 120 lbm/ft3
hw
Xc = 0.90 lbm H2O/ lbm d.s
36.29
RC 2432.14 x10 60 24
3 .9 3600
h
Rc T Tw
3600
X1 = 0.20 lbm H2O/ lbm d.s w
Required:
t sX Xc
tc
Rc
Solution:
1
@ Twb = 80F Tdb = 120F : H = 0.013 kgH2O/ kg da 120
.09
0.20 0
tc 12
0.0827
VH 0.0252 0.0405 TR tc = 13.30 hrs
mS
@ Twb = 80F ; w = 1048.4 (from steam table) tC X1 XC
ARc
99.8
tC 0.4 0.1950
2.2950 4.6451.51
Rc 120 80
3600
1048.4
tC = 2.9169 hrs
lbm
Rc 0.0827
h ft3
tF = 6.3185 hrs
SOLUTION:
mS XC
tF XC ln
AR C X2
Getting the free moisture content: (at the given time and weight)
99.8 0.1950
tF 0.1950 ln
4.6451.51 0.02 Free moisture content wet sample weight- equilibrium moisture content-bone dry sample weight
tT t C tF .267
0.2266
0.1976
t T = 9.2354 hrs
0.1591
9.7-2) Drying Tests with a Foodstuff. In order to test the feasibility of drying a certain foodstuff, 0.1193
drying data were obtained in a tray dryer with air flow over the top exposed surface having an area 0.07596
of 0.186m2. The bone-dry sample weight was 3.765 kg dry solid. At equilibrium after a long period, 0.0518
the wet sample weight was 3.955kg H2O + solid. Hence, 3.955-3.765, or 0.190, kg of equilibrium
moisture was present. The following sample weights versus time were obtained in the drying test.
0.01699
-3
______________________________________________________________________ 601088x10
Time(h) Weight(kg) Time(hr) Weight(kg) Time(hr) Weight(kg)__ 0
0 4.944 2.2 4.554 7.0
4.019
0.4 4.885 3.0 4.404 9.0
3.978 9.8-2) Drying when radiation, Conduction, and Convection are present. A material is granular and
0.8 4.808 4.2 4.241 12.0 wet with water and is being dried in a layer 25.4 mm deep in a batch-tray dryer pan. The pan has a
3.955 metal bottom having a thermal conductivity of km=43.3 W/m. K and a thickness of 1.59mm. The
1.4 4.699 5.0 4.150 thermal conductivity of the solid is Ks= 1.125 W/m.K. The air flows parallel to the top exposed
surface and the bottom metal at a velocity of 3.05m/s and a temperature of 60oC and humidity
______________________________________________________________________ H=0.010kgH2O/kg dry solid. Direct radiation heat from steam pipes having a surface temperature
of 104.4oC falls on to exposed top surface, whose emissivity is 0.94. Estimate the surface
Calculate the free moisture content X kg H2O/kg d.s. for each datapoint and plot X temperature and the drying rate for the constant-rate period.
versus time. (Hint: For 0h, 4.944-0.190-3.765=0.989) kg free moisture in 3.765kg dry solid, Hence,
X=0.989/3.765)
GIVEN:
hc 0.0204G0.8
Zs 0.0254m G v
K m 43.3W / mK 1 H
Z m 0.00159m
VH
K s 1.125W / mK VH (2.83x103 4.56x103 )(T 273)
V 3.05m / s
[(2.83x10-3 4.56x103 (0.010)](60 273)
T 60 o C
VH 0.9576 m3 / kgda
H 0.010kgH 2 O / kgd.s.
TR 104.4 0 C ~
377.4K
W
0.94 hR 8.6076
m2K
Required: at Ts 33 Cfrom steam table :
o
Ts and Rc
s 2423.37KJ / kg
Solution: hc / k yMB ~
Cs
Cs [1.005 1.88H]103
1 0.010
1.0547kg / m3 [1.005 1.88(0.010)]103
0.9576
1023.8 J/kgK
3600s (1.0547)
G 3.05
h 1
kg UK
11,580.606 1 Zm Zs
h.m2
hc Km Ks
hc 0.0204(11580.606)0.8 1
W
hc 36.3593 Tsshould be Tw Ts 33o C ~
306K 1 0.00159 0.0254
2
mK 4 4 36.3593 43.3 1.125
TR Ts
hR (5.676)
from psychromet ric chart 100 100
TR Ts
@ Td 60o C;H 0.01kgH2O / kgd.a.
4 4
28.8889o C 377.4 306
Tw
hR 0.94(5.676 )
100 100
377.4 306
W
19.9530
m2K
for trial 1
Hs - H s U h
1 k T Ts R TR Ts
hc / kyH B hc he
0.0328 0.01 2423
.37 1000 19.9530 8.6076
1 60 Ts (104.4 Ts )
1023.8 36.3593 36.3593
Ts 31.8355o C
33o C 31.8355o C
TRIAL 2 :
Ts 32.3 305.3K 4 4
377.4 305.3
0.94(5.676)
100 100
hR
377.4 305.3
hR 8.5832W / m2K
Trial 3 :
@ Ts 32.3o C Ts 32.6o C 305.6K
s 2425.036KJ / Kg 4 4
377.4 305.6
@ Ts 32.3o C;Hs 0.0312kgH2O / Kgd.a.
hR 0.94(5.676)
100 100
377.4 305.6
(0.0312 0.01)2425.036 8.5832 2
1.5488(60 Ts ) 104.4 Ts Rc = 3.1937 kg/h-m
1023.8 36.3593
50.2156 1.5488(60 Ts ) 0.2361(104.4 Ts )
9.9-1) Diffusion Drying of Wood. Repeat example 9.9-1 using the physical properties given but the
following changes.
TS 33.68O C
32.3o C 33.68o C
hR 8.3936W / m2K
X* = 0.04 kg H2O/kg dry wood
@ Ts 32.6o C, s 2424.322KJ / Kg x1 = 0.0127 m
a.=X0.22 b. X = 0.29
(0.0318 0.01)2424.322(1000) 8.5936 t1 t1
Ts 32.9908
Required:
a. time using fig. 5.3-13
TRIAL 4 :
b. time
Ts 32.75o C
From Fig.5.3-13
(hc Uk )(T Ts ) hR (TR Ts )
Rc (3600)
s
DLt/x12 = 0.20
(36.3593 19.9538)(60 - 32.75) [8.5991(1.4.4 - 32.75)]
3
(3600)
2424.084x10
2
3.1937 x1 (0.20)
a. Calculate the time needed todry the wood from a total moisture of 0.22to 0.13. Use Fig. 5.3-
t
DL
13.
b. Calculate the time needed to dry planks of wood 12.7 mm thick from Xt1 = 0.29 to Xt = 0.09.
2 0.20
0.0127
Compare with the time needed for 25.4 mm thickness. 2.97x10 6
t= 10.86 hrs
Given:
From Ex.9.9-1 b.)
DL = 2.97 x 10-6 X1 = Xt1 –X* = 0.29-0.04 = 0.25
X = Xt –X* = 0.09-0.04 = 0.05 Given:
-3
x1 = 12.7/ 2 (1000) = 6.35 x 10 m
2
4 x1 8 X1
t ln Solution:
2DL 2 X
4 6.35x10 -3 2
ln
80.25
2 2.97 x106 2 0.05
t = 7.70 hrs by psychrometric chart :
@T1 121.1o C; H 0.04
9.10-1) Drying a Bed of Solids by Through Circulation. Repeat example 9.10-1 for drying of a
Tw 47.2; Hw 0.074
packed bed of wet cylinders by through circulation of the drying air. Use the same conditions
except that the air velocity is 0.381m/s
V 0.381m / s
X 1 1.0kgH 2 O / kgdrysolid
X 0.01
ds 1602kg / m 3
bed thickness 50.8mm 0.0508m
s 641kg / m 3
H1 0.04kgH 2 O / kgd.s.
for solid cylinder : X1 X t1 X *
D c 0.00635m 1 0.01
h 0.0254m 0.99kgH2O / kgd.s.
Xc X tc X *
0.50 - 0.01
0.49kgH2O / kgd.a.
X Xt X*
0.10 - 0.01
0.09kgH2O / kgd.a.
if radiation and conduction are neglected,
solid temp is at Tw.
1 0.04
0.8760kgd.a. H2O / m3
1.1872
1
G 0.381m / s(0.8760kg / m3 ) (3600s / h)(1/ 1.04)
1.0 0.04
G 1155.3092kgd.a. / hm 2
GT 1155.3092 1155.3092(0.05 )
kgair H2O
GT 1161.0747 2
h.m
641kg
volume 0.04001m3 .
1602kg / m3
1 0.4 0.6
D (Dch 0.5Dc 2 )2
for time of drying at constant rate period
[0.00635(0.0254) 0.5(0.00635)2 ]
9.10-3) Through Circulation Drying in the Constant-Rate Period. Spherical wet catalyst pellets
from steam table : having a diameter of 12.7mm are being dried in a through circulation dryer. The pellets are in a bed
KJ 63.5mm thick on a screen. The solids are being dried by air entering with a superficial velocity of
o 6
Tw 47.2 C, w 2389 2.389 x10 J / kg 0.914m/s at 82.2oC and having a humidity H=0.01 kgH 2O/kg dry air. The dry solid density is
kg 3
determined as 1522kg/m, and the void fraction in the bed is 0.35. The initial free moisture content
Cs 1.005 1.88H
is 0.90 kgH 2O/kg solid and the solids are to be dried to a free moisture content of 0.45, which is
Cs 1.005 1.88(0.05) above the critical-moisture content. Calculate the time for drying in this constant-rate period.
3
Cs 1.099KJ / kgd.a.K or 1.099x10 J / kgd.a.K
Given:
DP=12.7 Basis:1 kg d.a.
Z=63.5
10.01
V=0.914
T=821.2C V
H=0.01kgH2O/kgd.a. H
3
P=1522kg/m
VH=[2.83x10-3+4.56x10-3H]TK
E=0.35
=[2.86x10-3+4.56x10-3(0.1)](82.2+273)
X1=0.90
=1.02m3/kg d.a.
X2-0.45
So,
Required:
tCRP 1.01
1.02
Solution: =0.99 kg/m3
S 1
1522 (1 - 0.35 ) Q=2931W
989.3 kg/m 3
TG1,H1 Gas
a=6(1-E)/DP
solid G,TG2,H2
Heat Balance :
@TG2=87.8C & To=0C
H’G2= CS(TG2-To) + H2
=[1.005 + 1.88(0.01)](87.8-0) + 0.01(2501) 9.10-5) Drying in a Continuous Tunnel Dryer . A rate of feed of 700lbm dry solid/h containing a free
=114.9 kJ/kgd.a. moisture content of X 1=0.4133lb H2O/lb dry solid is to be dried to X=0.0374 lbH 2O/lb d.s. in a
continuous counterflow tunnel dryer. A flow of 13280lbm/dry air/h enters at 203 oF with an
For the exit gas’ H2=0.0562lbH2O/lb dry air. The stock enters at the wet bulb temperature of 119 oF and remains
H’G1=CS(HG1-To) + H1 essentially constant in temperature in the dryer. The saturation humidity at 119 oF from the humidity
=[1.005 + 1.88H1](32.2-0) +H1(2501) chart is Hw=0.0786 lb H2O/lbd.a. The surface area available for drying is (A/L s)=0.30ft2/lbmd.s..
=32.36 +2561.54H1 A small batch experiment was performed using constant drying conditions, air velocity,
and temperature of the solid approximately the same as in the continuous dryer. The equilibrium
For the entering solid, critical moisture content was found to be X c=0.0959lbH2O/lb d.s., and the experimental value of
2
H’S1=Cps(Ts1-To) + X1Cpa(Ts1-To) kyMB was found as 30.15lbm air/hr.ft . In the falling-rate was directly proportional to X.
=1.456(15.6-) + 0.04(4.187)(15.6-0) For the continuous dryer, calculate the time in the dryer in the constant-rate zone and in
=25.33kJ/kgd.a. the falling-rate zone.
H’S2=Cps(Ts2-To) + X2Cpa(TS2-To)
=1.456(60-0) + 0.002(4.187)(60-0) Given:
=87.86 kJ/kgd.s.
Ls=700lbmds/h Tw=119F
Heat Balance on dryer, X1=0.4133 Hw=0.0786lbH2O/lbda
H2=0.0562lbH2O/lbda
From Eq 1,
G=-17.24/(0.01-H1) Required
a.)tCRP
From Eq 2, b.)tFRP
-17.24/(0.01-H1) (82.54-2561.54H1)=38915.21
-1422.99+444160.95H1=389.15-38915.21H1 Solution:
83076.16H1=1812.14
So, Material Balance:
H1=0.0218kgH2O/kgd.a. Ls(Xc-X2)=G(Hc-H2)
700(0.0959-0.0374)=13280(Hc-0.0562)
Hc=0.0593lbH2O/lbda
Subs. To Eq1,
G=-17.24/(0.01-0.0218kgH2O/kgd.a.)
G LS 1 HW HC
t CRP ln
G=1461.02kgd.a./h LS A K YMB HW H1
Required:
GH2 + LsX1 = GH1 + LsX2 a. fresh air
b. % air leaving
13280(0.0562)+700(0.4133)=13280H1+700(0.0374) c. heat added (heater)
H1=0.076 lbH2O/lbda d. heat loss (dryer)
So, Solution:
G L X 1 X H H
t FRP LS AS K YM
C ln XCH W H 2 H2O Bal. On the dryer
B HW H2 G / L S X 2 2 W C
Given: at junction A
G1H1 + G6H6 = G4H4
From eqn 1:
G1 0.007
41728.75 G1 0.02
41728.75 0.01
G1 0.007 834.57 0.02G1 417.29
G1 G6 G3
G1 0.013 417.289
G6 41728.75 32099.15
9629.6 kg/h
G 1 = 32,099.15 kg fresh d.a /h
Q = 32.06 KW
H'G1 Cs1(TG1 T0 ) H1 o
1.0182(25.6 - 0) 0.007(2501)
43.57 KJ/kg d.a
subs to equation
MC CABE
G2 G4 41722.38 kg d.a/h
Whe re
CS2 1.0426 KJ/kg d.a
KJ hr
Q 115403.98
hr 3600s
adiabatic rotary dryer at a rate of 18,000 lb/hr Nt= 2.2? Is this reasonable design?
of bone-dry solids. The heating air enters at 1000 oF with a humidity of 0.03 and wet bulb b.) Repeat part (a) with Nt=1.8.
temperature of 150oF. The solids have a specific heat of 0.48 Btu/lb oF; they enter the dryer at 70 oF
and leave at 200oF. The maximum allowable mass velocity of the air is 2,000 lb/ft2.h. Given:
Thb Twb
Nt ln
Tha Twb
Twb inlet Tw
Twa outlet Tw
Thb outlet Tb
Tha outlet Tb
for Tha
1000 150 850
2.2 ln ln
Tha 150 Thc 150
Solution:
also, 850
e2.2
xa 0.06 Thc 150
2.2
CsB 0.24 0.45 0.24 0.45(0.03)
xb 4xe10(3Tha 150) 850 0.2535
Tha 244.18o F
Ms 18000
where :
Tsa feedT
Tv vapor' nT
Tsb final solids T
Tva final vapor T
heat of vapor
L = 35.842 ft
Cps , CpL , Cpv sp. heat of solid. liquid and vapor
0.48(200 - 70) 0.06(1)(150 - 70) (0.06 - 4x10)1008.1 4x10- 3 1
(200 150) (0.06 4x10 3 )(0.45)(244.18 150)
qt Btu
123.7111
Ms lb
so,
Btu
qT 123.7111(18000) 2.2268x106
h
The flow rate of enteringair is found a heat balanceand the humid heat CsB ,
qt
mg(1 Hb )
Csb (Thb Tha )
2.2268 x10 6
(1000 244.18)0.2535 24.2)A porous solid is dried in a batch dryer under constant drying conditions. Seven hours are
11622.10699 required to reduce the moisture content from 35 to 10 percent. The critical moisture content was
found to be 20 percent and the equilibrium moisture content is 4 percent. All moisture contents are
since, Hb 0.03;mg 11622.10699 / 1 0.03 on the dry basis. Assuming that the rate of drying during the falling rate period is proportional to
lb the free moisture content, how long should it take to dry a sample of the same solid from 35 to 5
mg 11283.59902
h percent under the same conditions?
so,
2.226 x10 6
L
0.125(2.72)(2000 )0.67 (357.1863)
at:
FOUST
31 dx 31 16 15
t
c
18.10 A rotary countercurrent dryer is fed with wet sand containing 50 percent moisture and is
Rc Rc Rc discharging sand containing 3 percent moisture. The entering air is at 120Cand has an absolute
16
humidity of 0.007g H2O/g air. The wet sand enters at 25C and leaves at 40C.The air leaves at
45C.The wet sand input is 10 k g/s. Radiation amounts to 5 cal/g dry air.
X X 16 16
t c ln c ln Calculate the pounds of dry air passing through the dryer and the humidity of the air
f Rc X Rc Rc
2 leaving the dryer.
31 dx TG1=45C,H1=? G1=?,TG2=120C,H2=0.007
31 1 30
t
c
Rc Rc 4.3848
1
6.84 hrs
Required:
10.12 hrs
G, H1
t
T
6.84 10.12 Solution:
G=159140. 7017g/h~159. 1407 kg/h 5. The heat required to vaporize 1lb of the solvent is taken as the ____ at the exposed
0.81
C1985 = $11,649.13
600
1,000ft
2
0.81
790 500
cost1985 = $6,892.19 2 560 C1985 = $13,503.00
400ft For 700 ft2
0.81
c o s t1985 = $ 2 0 ,4 2 3 . 3 8
C1985 = $13,503.00
700
600
3. If the purchased cost of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (floating head and carbon-steel tubes)
with 100 ft2 of heating surface was $3,000 in 1980. Note that the purchase-cost-capacity exponent C1985 = $15,298.79
is not constant over range
2 surface area requested. What will be the purchased cost of a heat
exchanger with 700 ft of heating surface in 1985? 4. From the preceding question, what will be the purchased cost of the heat exchanger with 800 ft 2
GIVEN: of heating surface in 1985?
A = 100 to 2,000 ft2 GIVEN:
Present year = 1980 A = 100 to 2,000 ft2
P1980 = $3,000 Present year = 1980
REQUIRED: P1980 = $3,000
1985 purchase cost with 700 2ft REQUIRED:
SOLUTION: 1985 purchase cost with 800 2ft
Using table 3, page 163 (Cost indexes as annual average) SOLUTION:
2
Where: 1980 = 560, and 1985 = 790 For 700 ft
For 200 ft2 0.81
0.60
C1985 = $13,503.00
700
C1985 = $3,000
200 790
560 600
100
C1985 = $15,298.79
C1985 = $6,414.73
For 300 ft2
2
0.60 For 800 ft
C1985 = $6,414.73
300 0.81
800
200 C1985 = $15,298.79
C1985 = $8,181.50 700
For 400 ft2 C1985 = $17,046.32
5. Refer to problem no. 3. What will be the purchased cost of the heat exchanger with 1500 ft 2 of
heating surface in 1985?
GIVEN:
A = 100 to 2,000 ft2
Present year = 1980 of the building cost will be for indoor construction, and the contractor’s fee will be 7% of the direct
P1980 = $3,000 plant cost. All other costs are close to the average values found for typical chemical plants. On the
REQUIRED: basis of this information, estimate the total direct plant cost.
1985 purchase cost with 1500 2ft GIVEN:
SOLUTION: Equipment Cost = $300,000
For 800 ft2 Contractor’s Fee = 7% of the direct plant cost
0.81
C1985 = $15,298.79
800 REQUIRED:
Total direct plant cost
700 SOLUTION:
C1985 = $17,046.32 Purchased Equipment 100% ($300,000)= $300,000
2 Purchased Installation 39% ($300,000) =
For 1,000 ft $117,000
0.81
Instrumentation 13% ($300,000) =
C1985 = $17,046.32
1,000 $39,000
800 Piping 31% ($300,000) =
$93,000
C1985 = $20,423.39 Electrical 10% ($300,000) = $30,000
For 1,500 ft2 Building 29% ($300,000) = $87,000
0.81 Yard Improvements 10% ($300,000) = $30,000
C1985 = $20,423.39
1,500 Service Facilities 55% ($300,000) = $165,000
Land 6% ($300,000) =
1,000 $18,000
C1985 = $28,363.62 Total Direct Plant Cost = $879,000
8. The purchased equipment cost for a plant which produces pentaerythritol (solid-fuel processing
6. The purchase and installation cost of some pieces of equipment are given as a function of plant) is $300,000. The plant is to be an addition to an existing formaldehyde plant. The major part
weight rather than capacity. An example of this is the installed cost of large tanks. The 1980 cost of the building cost will be for indoor construction, and the contractor’s fee will be 7% of the direct
for an installed aluminum tank weighing 100,000 lb was $390,000. For a size range from 200,000 plant cost. All other costs are close to the average values found for typical chemical plants. On the
to 1,000,000 ld, the installed cost-weight exponent for aluminum tanks is 0.93. If an aluminum tank basis of this information, estimate the fixed capital investment.
weighing 700,000 lb is required, what is the present capital investment needed? GIVEN:
GIVEN: Equipment Cost = $300,000
= 100,000
W1980 lb i 200, 000-1,000,000 = 0.93 Contractor’s Fee = 7% of the direct plant cost
C1980 = $390,000 REQUIRED:
REQUIRED: Fixed capital i nvestment
C in $ for 700,000 lb
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
0.60 0.93
200,000
700,000 Purchased Equipment 100% ($300,000)= $300,000
C = $390,000 200,000 Purchased Installation 39% ($300,000) =
1,000,000
$117,000
Instrumentation 13% ($300,000) =
C = $1,900,000 $39,000
Present Cost Piping 31% ($300,000) =
using table 3, page 163 (Cost indexes as annual average) $93,000
where: 1980 = 560, and 1985 = 904 Electrical 10% ($300,000) = $30,000
Building 29% ($300,000) = $87,000
C1990 = $1,900,000
904 Yard Improvements 10% ($300,000) = $30,000
560 Service Facilities 55% ($300,000) = $165,000
Land 6% ($300,000) =
C1990 = $ 3 ,0 6 0 ,0 0 0 $18,000
1.5
x 500,000
=
25 1,000,000
by ratio and proportion
SOLUTION:
x = 8.84%
i For new ieff = [1+ r/m) m-1
R (V VS ) Ieff = [1 + 0.2/52) -1 = 0.2209
(1 i )n 1 Solving for S,
S = R[1+ ieff) – 1]/ieff
S = $5000 [1.02209)10-1]/0.2209
0.06 S = $ 143951.4873
R (24000 4000 )
(1 0.6)5 1
R = $ 3,547.928 17. A multiple – effect evaporator is to be used for evaporating 400,000 lb of water per day from a
st
salt solution. The total initial cost for the 1 effect is $18,000 and each additional effect costs
$15,000. The life period is estimated to be 10 years, and the scrap value at the end of the life
14. An annuity is due to being used to accumulate money. Interest is compounded at an effective period may be assumed to be zero. The straight-line depreciation method is used. Fixed charges
annual rate of 8 %, and $1000 is deposited at the beginning of each year. What will be the total minus depreciation are 15% yearly based on the first cost of the equipment. Steam cost $1.50 per
amount of annuity due be after 5 years? 1000 lb. Annual maintenance charges are 5% of the initial equipment cost. All other cost is
GIVEN: independent of the number of effects. The unit will operate 300 days per year. If the lb of water
R = $1000 evaporated per pound of steam equals 0.85 x numbers of effects, determine the optimum number
N = 5 yrs. I=8% of effects for mi nimum annual cost.
REQUIRED:S5 GIVEN:
SOLUTION: Initial cost = $18000
If no interest: S 5 = R [ ( 1+ i) n – 1]/i Lb of water = 400000 lb
S5= $5000 Cost of additional effect = $15000
But with interest: Life period = 10
S5 = 1000[(1 + 0.08)5-1]/0.08 Salvage value = 0
Fixed charges = 15% of first cost
S5 = $ 5866.6009 Steam cost = $1.50/1000 lb
Per year: S = $5866.6009/5 = $ 1173.32 Maintenance charges = 5% of first cost
Operation = 300 days/year
Lb of steam/lb water = 0.85 x no. of effects
15. For the total year payments of $5000 for ten years, what will be the compound amount REQUIRED:
accumulated at the end of ten years if the payment is at the end of the year? The effective (annual) Optimum number of effects for minimum annual cost
interest is 20% and payments are uniform.
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
R = $5000 Let x = additional no. of effects
20% annual interest Cost of equipment = 18000 + 15000x
REQUIRED: FC = 0.15 (18000 +15000x)
S at the end of the year = 2700 + 2250 x
SOLUTION:
S = R [(1+ i) n – 1]/i Annual maintenance = 0.05(18000+15000x)
S = $5000[(1 +0.2)10-1]/0.2 = 900 + 750x
S = $ 129793.41
Depreciation/yr = (18000+15000x)/10
d = 1800 + 1500x
16. Referring to the previous problem, estimate the compound amount accumulated at the end of
ten years, if the payment is made weekly?
lb of steam = 400000lbH2O/day (300 days/yr)
GIVEN:
0.85(x+1)
R = $5000 = 1.41176 x 108
20% annual interest
(x+1)
REQUIRED:
Steam cost / yr = 1.50 1.41176x10
8
S at the end of the year
1000 x 1
SOLUTION: = 70,588.23 / (x+1)
For weekly i ≠ 0.2 Total Cost per year = CT = FC + Steam cost + depreciation + maintenance cost
CT = (2700 + 2250x) + (1800+1500x) + (900+750x) + (70588.23/x+1)
2 A = DoL =
10.75 2I t (1000)
CT = 5400 + 4500x + 70588/(x+1)
dC T 70588 12
4500 1
dx ( x 1) 2 Uo
1 x w Do
2
0 = 4500(x +2x+1) – 70588
ho
kDln
0 = 4500x2 + 9000x – 66088
Do do
Using quadratic equation: Dln
9000 9000
2 4 4500
66088 2
x=
10.75 2I t (10.75)
2(4500) Dln 10.75 I t
x = 2.96 2
1
Use total effect = 3 Uo
1 I t (10.75 2I t )
18. Determine the optimum economic thickness of insulation that should be used under the 2 0.03(10.75 I t )(12)
following conditions: Standard steam is being passed continuously through a steel pipe with an
outside diameter of 10.75 in. The temperature of the steam is 400 F, and the steamCost is valued at
of steam=
$1.80 per 1000 lb. The pipe is to be insulated with material that has a thermal conductivity of 0.03
dTAC
Btu/h-ft2-F/ft. The cost of installed insulation per foot of pipe length is $4.5xI t, where It is the 900I t 458.8(10.75 2It )
thickness of the insulation in inches. Annual fixed charges including maintenance amount to 20% dI t
of the initial installed cost. The total length of the pipe is 1000 ft, and the average temperature of
the surrounding may be taken as 70 F. Heat transfer resistance due to the steam film, scale and
pipe wall are negligible. The air –film coefficient at the outside of the insulation may be assumed
1
I (10.75 2 I )
1 2 t t
0.03(10.75 It )(12)
constant at 2.0 Btu/h-ft 2-F for all insulation thickness. TAC = 900 I t 2.31 ( 10.75 I t )(10.75 2I t )
GIVEN: (10.75 I t )(2I t ) 2 0.935
Steam 10.75 I t )(10.75 2I t )
400F do = 10.75 in 0 = 900 I t 2.31 (
(10.75 I t )(2I t ) 2 0.935
Do (with insulation) = 10.75 + 2 I t It = 1 TAC = $3228
Cost of steam = $1.80/1000lb = 1.5 TAC = $3054
Thermal conductivity = 0.03 Btu/h-ft 2-F/ft
Cost of insulation/ft = $4.5 I t It = 1.4 TAC = $3057
Annual fixed charges + maintenance = 20% of Initial cost
Length = 1000 ft 19. A proposed chemical plant will require a fixed capital investment of $10 million. It is estimated
T surrounding = 70 F that the working capital will amount to 25% of the total investment and annual depreciation costs
h = 2 btu/h-ft2F are estimated to be 10 percent of the fixed capital investment. If the annual profit will be $3 million,
REQUIRED: determine the standard percent return on the total investment
Optimum economic thickness insulation
SOLUTION: GIVEN:
Cost of insulation = (4.5 I t) (1000 ft ) = 4500 It FCI = $10 M
Working capital = 25% TCI
FC = 0.20 (4500 tI) Annual depreciation costs = 10% FCI
FC = 500 It Annual profit = $3 M
REQUIRED:
cost of steam = m = UAo∆T % return on investment (ROR)
∆T = 400 – 70 =330F SOLUTION:
= 826 btu/lb
annualprofit = x – 0.10TCI
ROR =
TCI 10 = 0.85TCI
But TCI = FCI + WC (x 0.10TCI) 0.8TCI
Let x = TCI
x = 0.105 TCI
x = 10 M + 0.25x
x = TCI = $13.33M %rate of return = annualprofit x100
TCI
ROR = $3M
x100 ROR = 10.50%
$13.33M
ROR = 22.5% 22. The information given in the previous problem, applies to conditions before income taxes. If
34% percent of all profits must be paid out for income taxes, determine the standard rate of return
after taxes using the figures given in the previous problem.
20. If a plant will require a fixed capital investment of $10 million and the working capital will GIVEN:
amount to 25% of the total investment and annual depreciation costs are estimated to be 10 Payout period = 10 years
percent of the fixed capital investment. If the annual profit will be $3 million, what is the minimum Minimum annual return = 0.10 of fictitious expense
payout period (POP)? Annual depreciation cost = 8% TCI
GIVEN: 34% of all profits must be paid out for income taxes
FCI = $10 M REQUIRED
Working capital = 25% TCI Standard rate of return after taxes
Annual depreciation costs = 10% FCI SOLUTION:
Annual profit = $3 M Profit = 0.105TCI (before taxes)
REQUIRED: Profit = 0.105TCI –0.34(0.105TCI) (after taxes)
minimum payout period Profit = 0.0693TCI
SOLUTION: ROR = annualprofit x100
depreciableFCI TCI
POP =
prof it dep' n = 0.0693TCI x100
TCI
yr yr
ROR = 6.93%
= 10M
$3M
0.1($10M) 23. A capitalized cost for a piece of equipment has been found to be $55,000. This cost is based
yr on the srcinal cost plus the present value of an indefinite number of renewals. An annual interest
POP = 2.5 years rate of 12% was used in determining the capitalized cost. The salvage value of the equipment at
the end of the service life was estimated to be 10 years. Under these conditions, what would be the
21. An annual investigation of a proposed investment has been made. The following result has srcinal cost of the equipment?
been presented to management. The minimum payout period based on capital recovery using a GIVEN:
minimum annual return of 10 percent as a fi ctitious expense is 10 years; annual depreciation costs k = $55,000 i = 12%
amount top 8 percent of the total investment. Using this information, determine the standard rate of = 0Vs n = 10 yrs.
return on the investment. REQUIRED:Cv
GIVEN SOLUTION
k = C R (1 i)
n
Payout period = 10 years
Minimum annual return = 0.10 of fictitious expense Vs
(1 i) n 1
Annual depreciation cost = 8% TCI
REQUIRED Vs = 0
Standard rate of return
55 000 = C R (1 0.12)
10
SOLUTION
FCI (1 0.12)101
Payout period =
averageprofit avedep'n CR = $37 291.47
yr yr
Ave. profit = annual profit – expenses
k= C CR Current Assets Current Liabilities
v
(1 i) n 1 Cash $ 20,000 Accounts Payable
37291.47 Accounts Receivable 6,000 MC Company $ 2,000
Cv = 55 000-
(1 0.12) 1
10
Inventories 15,000 MD Company 8,000
Cv =$37 291.47
Government Bonds 3,000 Mortgage Payable 5,000
For problems 24- 26.On Aug. 1, a concern had 10,000 lb of raw material on hand, which was Total $ 44,000 Total $ 15,000
purchased at a cost of $0.030 per pound. In order to build up the reserve, 8000 lb of additional raw Fixed Assets Stockholder’s Equity
material was purchased on Aug. 15 at a cost of $0.028 per pound. If none of the raw material was
Machinery & Equipment 18,000 Common Stocks Sold 50,000
used until after the last purchase.
Furniture & Fixtures 5,000 Total $ 50,000
24. Determine the total cost of 12,000 lb of the raw material on an inventory or cost-of-sales Total $ 23,000 Surplus 2,000
account for the month of August by current average method.
SOLUTION: Total $ 2,000
Ave = $ (0.030 + 0.028 + 0.031) / 3 Total Assets $ 67,000 Total Equities $ 67,000
Ave = $ 0.0297/ lb
Total Assets: $ 67, 000
25. Determine the total cost of 12,000 lb of the raw material on an inventory or cost-of-sales
account for the month of August by “FiFo” method.
28. Determine the total current assets of the AMD Food Corporation.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: From the balance sheet;
10,000 lb = $ 0.030
other 2000 lb cost = $ 0.028/lb Total Current Asset = $ 44,000
29. What is the total amount of the Current liabilities of the AMD Corporation?
26. Determine the total cost of 12,000 lb of the raw material on an inventory or cost-of-sales ANSWER: From the balance sheet;
account for the month of August by lifo method. Total Current Liabilities = $ 15,000
ANSWER: recent price = $ 0.031/lb 30. What is the total amount of the Fi xed Assets of the AMD Food Corporation?
ANSWER: From the balance sheet;
Total Fixed Assets = $ 23,000
For question nos. 27– 31.
The following are the data gathered from the AMD Food Corporation:
Cash $20,000 During the month of October, the following information was obtained in the AC antifreeze retailing
company:
Accounts payable:
B Company 2,000 Salaries $ 3,000
C Company 8,000 Delivery expenses 700
Rent 400
Accounts receivable 6,000 Sales 15,100
Inventories 15,000 Antifreeze available for sale during October (at cost) 20,000
Mortgage payable 5,000 Antifreeze inventory on Oct. 31 (at cost) 11,000
Common stock sold 50,000 Other expenses 1,200
Machinery and equipment (at present value) 18,000 Earned surplus before income taxes as of Sept.30 800
Furniture and fixtures (at present value) 5,000
Government bonds 3,000
Surplus 2,000 31. Prepare an income statement for the month of October to determine the net income is for the
month of October.
ANSWER:
27. From the data given above, determine the total asset of the AMD Food Corporation. AC Antifreeze Retailing Company
ANSWER: Income Statement
BALANCE SHEET As of October
Income
ASSETS EQUITIES
Sales $ Current Assets
15,100 Accounts Receivable 1,700
Antifreeze available for sale 20,200 Cash in Bank
Earned Surplus before income 3,100
800 Government Bonds 3,000
Total Gross Income 36,100 Inventory 1,600
Deductions Prepaid Rent
Antifreeze inventory on Oct.31 11,600 300
Salaries
3,000
Delivery 700 Total
Rent
9,700
400
Other Expenses
Long-term Debts 1,600
1,200
Current Liabilities
Net Income $
Departments due within 1 year
19,200
1,000
Accounts Payable 2,300
Social Security Taxes payable 240
32. From the data above, determine also the total gross income of the AC Antifreeze Company.
Total
ANSWER:
From the income statement;
5,140
Gross Income = $36,100
33. Determine the cash asset for the MADSteel Company at the given date. 37. Determine the current ratio of MADSteel Company
Current liabilities
Cash Assets = $9, 700
Cash in Bank $ 3,100
Government Bonds 3,000 $3, 540
Total 6,100
40. A piece of equipment is srcinally costing $40,000 was put into use 12 years ago. At the time
Current ratio = 2.74 the equipment was put into use, the service life was estimated to be 20 years and the salvage and
scrap value at the end of the service life were assumed to be zero. On this basis, the straight-line
depreciation fund was set up. The equipment can now be sold for $10,000, and a more advanced
38. A reactor of special design is the major item of equipment in a small chemical plant. The initial model can be installed for $55,000. Assuming the depreciation fund is available for use, how much
cost of a completely installed reactor is $60,000, and the salvage value at the end of the useful life new capital must be supplied to make the purchase?
is estimated to be $10,000. Excluding depreciation costs for the reactor, the total annual expenses GIVEN:
for the plant are $100,000. How many years of useful life should be estimated for the reactor if 12 Vo = $40,000
% of the total annual expenses for the plant are due to the cost for the reactor depreciation? The Vs = 0
straight-line method for determining depreciation should be used. a = 12
GIVEN: n = 20
Vo = $60,000 REQUIRED:New Capital needed
Vs = $10,000 SOLUTION:
Total expenses annually exc. Depreciation = $ 100,000
i = 0.12 d=
Vo Vs
REQUIRED: n using SLM n
SOLUTION:
d=
40,000 0
d=
Vo Vs 20
n $2,000
d=
x = total annual expenses inc dep’n/yr yr
x = 100,000 + 0.12x Va = Vo – ad
n Using SLM
d=
850,000 50,000
d=
Vo Vs
20 n
$40,000 d = $ 25,000
d=
yr inc = $28034.3 - $25,000
inc = $ 3.034.35
Basis: 1 yr
51. In order to make it worthwhile to purchase a new piece of equipment, the annual depreciation
GE = $ 1,000,000– (600,000 + 40,000) = $ 360,000
costs for the equipment cannot exceed $3,000 at any time. The srcinal cost of the equipment is
Net Profit = $ 360,000 (1 - 0.45) = $ 198,000 $30,000, and it has a zero salvage and scrap value. Determine the length of service life necessary
if the equipment is depreciated by the sum=of-the-years-digits method by the straight-line method.
Income Tax = 0.45 ($ 360,000) = $ 162,000 GIVEN:
Reduction in net profit = $198,000 - $178,095.24 = $19,904.76 da = $ 3,000 Vo = $30,000 Vs = 0
REQUIRED:n
Reduction in income tax = $162,000 - $ 145.714.28 = $16,285.72 SOLUTION:
Using SYDM: a=1
Reduction in income tax = $16,285.72
da = 2 ( n-1+1)/ n (n+1) x ( Vo–Vs )
3000n2 + 3000 n = 60000n
48. The total value of anew plant is $2 million. A certificate of necessity has been obtained
n = 19 years
permitting a write-off of 60 percent of the initial value ay 5 years. The balance of the plant requires
a write-off period of 15 years. Using the straight-line method and assuming negligible salvage and
52. Referring to the previous number, determine the length of service life necessary if the
scrap value, determine the total depreciation cost during the first year.
equipment is depreciated by the straight-line method.
GIVEN:
GIVEN:
Vo = $2,000,000
da = $ 3,000 Vo = $30,000 Vs = 0
Vs = 0
REQUIRED:n
n = 15
a=5
SOLUTION:
Vs = negligible
Using SLM: a=1
REQUIRED:d after 1 year
SOLUTION: d=
Vo Vs
Vo new = 2,000,000– 2,000,000 ( 0.6) = $ 800,000 n
d=
Vo Vs 3000 = 30000n
n
n= 10 years
d=
80,000 0
15 A materials-testing machine was purchased for $20,000 and was to be used for 5 years with an
d = $ 53, 333. 33/ yr expected residual salvage value of $5,000. Graph the annual depreciation charges and year-end
book values obtained by using:
50. A profit-producing property has an initial value of $50,000, a service life of 10 years, and zero 53. By using Straight-line depreciation
salvage and scraps value. By how much would annual profits before taxes be increased if a 5 GIVEN:
Vo = $20,000 Vo = $20,000
Vs = $5,000 Vs = $5,000
n=5 n=5
REQUIRED:da & Va REQUIRED:da & Va
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
SLM DDBM
d=
Vo Vs Vs
f = 2 =2
5,000 = 0.5
n 20,000
Vo
20,000 5,000
d= = $ 3,000 a 1
5 Va 1 = Vo 1 f
= 20,000
1 0.5
= $ 10,000
C3 = CO - D3 = 90,000 - 24,000
C 3 = P 65,200
A broadcasting corporation purchased equipment for P53, 000 and paid P1, 5000 for freight and SOLUTION:
delivery charges top the job sites. The equipment has a normal life of 10 year with a trade-in value
of P5, 000 against the purchase of anew equipment at the end of the life. d=
CO CL 60,000 6,000 P54,000
= = = P 1,263
58. referring to the problem above, determine the annual depreciation by straight-line method. F F 42.7533
GIVEN: , 12% , 16
Co = P53, 000 + 1,500 = 54,500 A A,6.5%,10
CL= P5, 000 L = 10
REQUIRED:da using SLM D 12 = d F 12%, 16 1263 (24.1331)
SOLUTION: A,
CO C L d12 = P30, 480
d=
L C12 = Co - d 12 = 60,000 – 30,480
d=
54,500 5,000 C12= P29, 520
10
d = P4, 950 For numbers 62 – 64. A certain type of machine losses 10% of its value each year. The machine
59. From the preceding number, determine annual depreciation by sinking fund method. Assuming cost P2, 000 srcinally. Make cut a schedule showing the following:
interest 6 ½% compounded annually. 62. By yearly depreciation
GIVEN:
Co = P53,000 + 1,500 = 54,500 GIVEN:
CL= P5, 000 L = 10 Co = P2, 000
REQUIRED: da using SFM dep’n = 10%
SOLUTION: REQUIRED:C5
SOLUTION:
P49,500
d= CO CL = 54,500 5,000 = Year Book value at Dep’n (10%) Total dep’n Book
F , 6.5% , 10 F 13.3846 value the beginning at the end
A A,6.5%,10
d= P 3,668 1 P 2,000 P 200 P 200
A firm brought equipment for P56, 000. Other expenses including installation amounted to P4, 000. P 1,800
The equipment is expected to have a life of 16 years with a salvage value of 10% of the srcinal 2 1,800 180 380
cost. 1,620
60. Determine the book value at the end of 12 years by SLM: 3 1,620 162 542
GIVEN: 1,458
Co = P56,000 + 4,000 = P60,000 4 1,458 145.8 687.8
CL = 0.1 Co 1,312
L = 10 5 1,312.20 131.22 819.12 1,180.98
i = 0.12
REQUIRED: C12 using SLM
SOLUTION: 63. The total depreciation after 5 years.
GIVEN:
CO C L Co = P2, 000 dep’n=10%REQUIRED:C5
d=
L ANSWER: P819.12
73. Determine the equal (year-end) payments that will be available for the next four years if we 77. The engineer has 15 years to accumulate this fund. His quarterly deposits are determined by u
invest $4, 000 at 6%. sing the sinking factor. There are 15 x 4 or 60 interest payments to be made at a quarterly interest
SOLUTION: rate of 0.0125
R = $4, 000 0.06 (1 + 0.06) 4 SOLUTION:
= $4, 000 (0.28859) R = Si/[(1+i)n – 1 ]
(1 + 0.06) 4 - 1 Using n = 60
R = $15, 210 ( 1/88.5745)
R = $1154.36 R = $172.00 where 88.5745 represents the amount of annuity.
74. A new snow removal machine costs $50, 000. The new machine will operate at a reputed 78. A low carbon steel machine part, costing $350 installed, lasts 6 years when operating in a
savings of $400 per day over the present equipment in terms of time and efficiency. If interest is at corrosive atmosphere. An identically shaped part, but treated for corrosion resistance, would cost
5% and the machine’s life is assumed to be 10 years with zero salvage, how many days per year $650 installed. How long would the corrosion resistance part have to last to be at least as good
must the machine be used to make the investment economical? investment as the untreated part? Assume money is worth 7%.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
n
Assume straight-line depreciation and no salvage value. R=P [ i(1+i) ]
n
To invest in the machine, the yearly savings must at least be equal to $6375. The number of days for n = 14 crf = 0.114
m the machine must be used is therefore n=x crf =
0.113
m = 6375 / 400 = 15.9 or 16 days n = 15 crf = 0.109 crf =
0.109
75. Based on the sinking fund method and using the data in the previous problem, what number of
days must the machine be used if the amount to be accumulated in 10 years is $50, 000? Difference = 15 -14 = 1.00 0.005 0.004
SOLUTION:
R = S i / [(1+i)n – 1 ] 0.004/0.005 = (15– x)/ 1.00
For i = 5% and n = 10
x = 14.20 years
n
i/[(1+i) – 1 ] = 0.0795
79. The total cost of a cast product consists of (1) the raw material cost that is directly proportional
therefore R = 50, 000 x 0.0795 to the weight, of the casting, (2) the machining cost that varies inversely as the weight, and (3)
R = $3975 overhead cost that remains constant per unit produced regardless of weight. Find the weight giving
the minimum cost per casting.
m = 3975/400 = 9.9 or 10 days
76. A consulting engineer decides to set up an educational fund for his son that will provide $3000 SOLUTION:
per year for 6 years starting in 16 years. The best interest rate he can expect to get is 5% Let Ct = total cost
compounded quarterly. He wants to accumulate the necessary capital by making quarterly deposits Cw = cost based on weight
until his son starts college. What will be his needed quarterly deposit? Cm = machining cost
SOLUTION: Co = overhead unit cost
4
i = (1+ 0.05 ) - 1 W = weight
Cw = k1W (direct proportion of raw material cost to weight) which may be considered to balance each other). If a fixed amount of evaporation is to be
2
Cm = k2/W (inverse proportion of machining cost to weight) obtained and each units to have 1, 000 ftof heating surface with a service life of five years, the
2
Co = Co (constant value) annual fixed costs Cf would be (using cost data of $25, 000 for a single evaporator of 5, 000 ft ,
employing the 0.6 factor, and neglecting the interest).
The minimum total cost can be determined by differentiating cost with respect to weight.
dCt/dW = k1 – k2/W Cf =( 1, 000)0.6 25, 000 N ……. dollars per year
5, 000 5
the minimum cost can be ascertained by equating the right hand side of the above eqn to 0.
where N is the number of effects.
1/2
W = ($ x lb) = lb Because of the steam economy in multiple-effect operation, the direct costs for steam
1/2
( $/lb) will decrease and the total of all annual direct costs, C D, has been established for this type of
operation as
-0.95
Therefore, minimum cost occurs when: CD = 65, 000 N dollars
W = (k2/k1)1/2 lb
SOLUTION:
Ct = 1, 900 N = 65, 000 N-0.95
80. Based on the previous problem, what is the minimum total cost? Differentiating: dCt = 1, 900 – 61, 800 N -0.95 = 0
SOLUTION: dN
Ct = [k1(k2 / k1)1/2 = k2 (k1 / k2) ½ + Co] N = 5.95 or 6
81. Methyl alcohol condensed at 148 F is to be cooled to 100 F for storage at a rate of 10,83. A capitalized cost for a piece of equipment has been found to be $55, 000. This cost is based
000gal/hr by water available at 75 F in a countercurrent heat exchanger. The over-all heat transfer on the srcinal cost plus the present value of an indefinite number of renewals. An annual interest
2
coefficient is constant and estimated at 200 Btu/ft -hr-F. Heat exchanger annual costs including rate of 12% was used in determining the capitalized cost. The salvage value of the equipment at
operation are estimated at $2 per ft 2 including depreciation. The cooler is to operate 5, 000 hr/year, the end of the service life was estimated to be 10 years. Under these conditions, what would be the
-7
and the value of heat utilized is estimated at $5x10 per Btu. What is the estimated optimum cost srcinal cost of the equipment?
2
of the heat exchanger if the cost for surface is $9 per ft ? GIVEN: k = $55, 000
SOLUTION: i = 12%
Since the outlet temperature is fixed; Vs= 0
∆t is fixed at 100 – 75 = 25 F N = 10 yrs
REQUIRED: Cv
Hourly cost: 2 = $4x10-4 per (ft2-hr) SOLUTION:
n
5, 000 k = CR ( 1 - i) + Vs
(1 + i )n – 1
∆t1 = (M/R) (T1 – t1) = 4/5 x 103 (148 – 75) = 11.7 F 55000 = CR ( 1 – 0.12)10
U x 25 200 x 25 (1 + 0.12 ) 10 – 1
CR = $37, 291.47
Outlet temp. for water : 148 – 11.7 = 136 F
cp = 0.5 k = Cv + CR
10
ρ methanol = 0.79g/cc (1 + 0.12 ) – 1
q = 10, 000 x 8.33 x 0.79 (0.5)(148 -100) = 1, 580, 000 Btu/ hr Cv = $37, 291.47
∆tm = 25 – 11.7 = 17.7 84. A heat treating furnace is used to preheat small steel parts. The furnace uses fuel oil consisting
ln (25/11.7) $0.04 per gallon, with a heating value of 142, 000Btu/gal. The furnace has a firebrick lining, the
outside temperature of which is 1210 F, this is to be covered with insulation costing $300 per 1000
q = UA∆t board feet. The air temperature is 110 F. Operations is 7200 hr/yr. Conductivity is 0.028 for
A= 1, 580, 000 insulation in Btu/hr-ft 2-F. Calculate the most economical thickness of insulation. Furnace life is 8
200 x 17.7 years. Assume negligible temperature drop from insulation to air.
A = 446 ft2 GIVEN:
Estimated optimum cost: 446 x 9 = $4, 014 Heat treating furnace
T1 = 1210 F
T2 = 110 F
82. What is the most economical number of effects to use i n the recovery of black liquor in a paper Cost of fuel oil $ = 0.04 / gal
plant if the following cost data are available? The annual fixed costs increase essentially linearly Heating value = 142000 Btu/gal
with each effect (except for condensing, feeding, and other equipment costs for multiple units Cost of insulation = $300/1000bdft
Operation = 7200 hrs/yr GIVEN:
k = 0.028 Btu Reaction:
REQUIRED:Most economical thickness of insulation A+B C
SOLUTION: 1 hr – time per batch
Basis: A = 1 ft1 A = $0.10/lb
q = - kA∆T B = $ 0.05/ lb
= - (0.028)(1)(110-1210) REQUIRED:cost per lb of C
x SOLUTION:
q = 30.8 By ratio and proportion:
x If A = $0.1 /lb and B = $0.05/lb
cost of fuel = 30.8 x 1gal/142000 Btu ($0.04/gal)(7200hr/yr C = $3.08/ lb
x
87. Seven million pounds of water per year is to be obtained from 8 percent solids slurry to be
cost of fuel = 0.06246705 filtered on a leaf filter to produce a cake containing 40 percent solids. The area of the filter is 200
x ft2. Tests show a value of 2 x 104 for k in pound units. The cake is not washed. The dumping and
cleaning time is 3 hr and costs $39 each cycle. Filtration costs are $14 per hr, and inventory
cost of insulation = 0.06246705 + 0.3 x charges maybe neglected. What is the cycle time for minimum costs?
x GIVEN:
dTc = -0.06246705 + 0.3= 0 7000000 lbwater/yr– can obtained from 8% slurry
x2 A filter = 200 ft2
Dumping and cleaning time = 3 hr
x = 5.48 in Filtration costs = $14/hr
85. A batch inorganic chemical operations gives product C from two chemicals A and B according REQUIRED:cycle time for minimum cost
to the following empirical relation: SOLUTION:
0.5
Q = A ( k θf)
2 0.5 4 0.5
equating to 0
For nos. 89- 91.
0 = 1.4 (-2.2 +C) In processing 500 ton/day of ore assaying 50% mineral, 300 tons of concentrate containing 66.7 %
0 = -3.08 +C are obtained at a cost of sales ( all fixed operating cost are excluded) of $15 per ton concentrate.
C = $3.08 An investment of $200, 000 of concentrate that will assay 71% mineral. If the plant operates 200
days/year, equipment must pay out in 5 years with interest at 15% and no salvage value and no
86. Based from the previous problem, what is the cost per lb of C? additional labor or repair costs need to be considered.
Fixed cost = $15/ton
89. Based on the stated problem above, calculate the additional cost per ton of concentrate for Operation = 200 days/year
capital recovery on the new equipment. Pay out period = 5 years
GIVEN: Interests = 15%
500 tons/day of ore with assay of 50 % mineral No salvage value
300 tons/day of ore with assay of 66.7% mineral Selling price = $ 263.13
fixed cost = $15/ton REQUIRED: efficiency
Operation = 200 days/year SOLUTION:
Pay out period = 5 years E = 500(0.5) + 300(0.6667)– 300(0.71)
Interests = 15% 500(0.5) + 300(0.6667)
No salvage value E = 52.677%
REQUIRED: additional cost per ton concentrate
SOLUTION: 92. A ties on a plant railroad sliding are to be replaced. Untreated ties consisting $ 2.50 installed
Let x additional cost of equipment have a life of 7 years. If created ties have a life of 10 years, what is the maximum installed cost that
FCI = $15 + x should be paid for treated ties if money is worth 8 percent?
Annual share with 15% interest GIVEN:
= 0.15 (15+x) Untreated ties = $2.50
= 2.25 + 0.15x n=7
with 5 year payment period Created ties = X
15 + 0.15x n = 10
5 REQUIRED: maximum installed cost
Cost of equipment invested:
= $200, 000 x / 300 tons/day (200 days/yr) SOLUTION:
=3.33 x Getting the annual depreciation cost
tons of concentrate per year
=
= [500
19893(0.5)
/ x ++1300 (0.667) + 300 (0.71) ]tons/day ( 200d/yr) 0.08 = (2.50/7) – ( x /10)
X – 2.50
Cost total/yr = FCI + Cost concentrate + Annual Charges + Investments
X = $3.10
Ct = 15 +3.825x +(19893/x+1) 9+ 2.25 +0.15x +3.33x
dCt/dx = 3.48x - 19893/ (x+1)2 = 0 93. Powdered coal having a heating value of 13, 500 Btu/ lb is to be compared with fuel oil worth
3.48 ( x2 +2x +1) – 19893 = 0 $2.00 per bbl (42 gal) having a heating value of 130,000 Btu/gal as a source of fuel in the
by quadratic equation: processing plant. If the efficiency of the conversion of the fuel is 64% for coal and 72 % for oil, with
x = $74.6 all other costs being equal, what is the maximum allowable selling price for coal per ton?
90. Determine the selling price in dollars per ton (100% mineral basis) required for which the cost SOLUTION:
of the n new equipment is j ustified. Powdered coal
GIVEN: Let x be the selling price per ton
500 tons/day of ore with assay of 50 % mineral
300 tons/day of ore with assay of 66.7% mineral (X / ton)(ton/ 2000lb) (lb / 13500Btu) (0.64)
Fixed cost = $15/ton = 2.37 x 10-8- /Btu
Operation = 200 days/year Fuel Oil
Pay out period = 5 years (2.00/bbl) (bbl/42gal) (gal/130000Btu)(0.72)
Interests = 15% = 2.67x 10 -7 / Btu
No salvage value Equating both prices:
REQUIRED: selling price X = $11.13 / ton
SOLUTION:
Since x = $74.6 94. A steam boiler is purchased on the basis of guaranteed performance. However, initial tests
19893 / (74.6 + 1) =$ 263.13 indicate that the opening (income) cost will be P400 more per year than guaranteed. If the
expected life is 25 years and money is worth 10 %, what deduction from the purchase price would
91. What is the % increase in recovery and rejection for the new process based on mineral and compensate the buyer for the additional operating cost?
gauged? SOLUTION
GIVEN:
500 tons/day of ore with assay of 50 % mineral A = 400
300 tons/day of ore with assay of 66.7% mineral N = 25 i = 0.10
n = 10 years
-25
P = 400 ( 1 – ( 1+0.10) )
0.10
P = 3, 630.82 pesos
99. Solve the previous problem with the sinking fund formula at 8%
95. If the sum of P12, 000 is deposited in an account earning interest at the rate of 9% SOLUTION
compounded quarterly, what will it become at the end of 8 years? 0.10V = (V-0) ( 0.08)
n
(1 + 0.08) – 1
SOLUTION: n = ln 1.08
= 7.64
P = 12, 000 n = 8 years
i = 9% / 4 = 2.25%
n = 8 (4) = 32 100. Determine the ordinary simple interest on $10, 000 for 9 months and 10 days if the rate of
interest is 12%.
F = P(1+i)n SOLUTION
= 12, 000 (1 + 0.0225)32 9 months and 10 days = 9 (30) + 10 = 280 days
F = 24, 457.24 P = $10, 000
96. At a certain interest rate compounded quarterly, P1, 000 will amount to P4, 500 in 15 years. I = Pi (d/360)
What is the amount at the end of 10 years? I = 10, 000 (0.12) (280/360)
SOLUTION: I = $933.33
F= P (1+i)n
60
4, 500 = 1, 000 (1+ i)
i = 0.02538
For 10 years
n = 4 (10); 40 periods
40
F= 1, 000 (1 + 0.02538)
F = 2, 725.17 pesos
97. A one bagger concrete mixer can be purchased with a down payment of P8, 000 and equal
installments of P600 each paid at the end of every month for the next 12 months. If the money is
worth 12% compounded monthly, determine the equivalent cash prize of the mixer.
SOLUTION
-12
P = 8, 000 = 600 ( 1– (1+ 0.01) )\
0.01
P = 14, 753.05 pesos
98. A certain company makes it the policy that for any new piece of equipment, the annual
depreciation cost should not exceed 10% of the srcinal cost at any time with no salvage or scrap
value. Determine the length of service life necessary if the depreciation method use is straight line
formula.
SOLUTION
Vs = 0
d = 0.10 V
d = V –Vs
n
0.10V = V – 0
n