Nama : Nur An Nisa Octa Ayuningtyas

Kelas/Jurusan : 1B/D3-Teknik Kimia

NIM : 2031410064

TUGAS ATK 1: PROBLEM HIMMELBLAU EDISI 7

HALAMAN 56:
1. For Ethanol a handbook gives sp. Gr. 60°F = 0,79389. What is the density of Ethanol
at 60°F?
2. The specific gravity of steel is 7.9. what is the volume in cubic feet of a steel ingot
weighing 4000 lb?
3. The specific gravity of a solution in 0,80 at 70°F. how many cubic feet will be
occupied by 100 lb of the solution at 70°F?
4. A solution in waters contains 1,704 kg of HNO3/kg H2O, and the solution has a
specific gravity of 1,382 at 20°C. what is the mass of HNO3 in kg per cubic meter of
solution at 20°C?

HALAMAN 59:
1. Commerical sulphuric acids is 98% H2SO4 and 2 % H2O. What is the mole ratio of
H2SO4 to H2O?
2. A compound contains 50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by mass. Is the empirical formula
of the compound (1) SO , (2) SO2 , (3) SO3 or (4) SO4?
3. How many kg os activated carbon ( a substances use in removing trace impurities)
must be mixed with 38 kg of sand so that the final mixture is 28% activated carbon?
4. A gas mixture contains 40 lb of O2 , 25 lb of SO2 , and 30 lb of SO3. What is the
composition of the mixture in mole fractions?

HALAMAN 61:
1. Saccharin, an artificial sweetener that is 3000 times sweater than sucrose, is
composed of 45,90% carbon, 2,73% hydrogen, 26,23% oxygen, 7,65% nitrogen, and
17,49 sulfur. Is the molecular formula of saccharin (a) C 14H1006N2S2 , (b) C5H7O3NS , (c)
C8H9O2NS , (d) C7H5O3NS?
2. A mixture of gases is analized and found to have the following composition:
 CO2 12,0% , CO 6,0% , CH4 27,3% , H2 9,9% , N2 44,8%. How much will 3 lb mol of this
gas weigh?
3. A liquefied mixture of n-butane, n-pentane, and n-hexane has the following
composition: n-C4H10 50% , n-C5H12 30% , n-C6H14 20%. For this mixture, calculate:
a. The weight fraction of each component. b. The mole fraction of each component.
c. The mole present of each component d. The average molecular weight of the
mixture

HALAMAN 66:
1. How many ml/gr is equivalent to a 1,2% solution of a substance in water?
2. If a membrane filters yields a count of 69 fecal coliform (CF) colonies from 5 mL of
well waterm what should be the reported FC concentration?
3. The danger point ib breathing sulphur dioxide for humans is 2620 μg/m3. How many
ppm in this value?

HALAMAN 70 – 77:
2.1 The following was a leter to The Chemical Engineer (a British publication).

In reply to Dr J. B. Morris in the February issue, of course the symbols g mole

and kg mole used to exist, and they still can if you want them to, but not in the SI.
Anyway, what is wrong with the mole (mol) and kilomole (kmol) ? They are easier
both to say and to write. We are all aware off the apparent inconsistency in the
choice of the mole rather than the kilomole as the basic SI unit for amount of
substance, but the controversy is over now and it is sterile to pursue the matter.

Dr Morris is treading on dangerous ground when he attempts “to remind us

that the mole has the dimensions of mass.” The mole is certainly relate to mass, but
this not confer dimensions of mass on it. The amount of substance is proportional to
mass divided by the relative molecular mass, a dimensionless ratio formerly known
as the molecular weight. If SI units are involved, a dimentional contants of
proportionality numerically equal to 103 is normally chosen, but there is no
fundamentally compelling reason why we should do so.

Explain what is correct and what is not correct about this latter.

2.2 The following objectives were given at the beginning of a chapter discussing the
concept of a mole. Do the objectives describe the correct characteristics of the
mole? Answer yes or no.

 Objective 1. The student will know that the mole is a counting unit and that
one mole of any substance contains the same number of units as one mole of
any other substance.
  Objective 2. The student will know that the mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing Avogadro's number of units or particles of that
substance.
 Objective 3. The student will be able to calculate the atomic or molecular
masses grams from the molar masses of the respective atoms or molecules,
and vice- versa.

2.3 Explain the differences between mole, molecule, and molecular weight.

Mol adalah

2.4 What is wrong, or correct, about each of the following answers to the question:
What is a mole?

(a) A mole is found in a certain number of cm3 of one substance or another.

(b) A mole is the weight of a molecule expressed in grams.

(c) A mole is the number of molecules in one gram of a substance.

(d) A mole is the sum of atomic weights.

(e) A mole is the molecular weight of an element.

2.5 A textbook states: "A mole is a quantity of material whose weight is numerically
equal to the molecular weight." State whether this statement is correct, incorrect,
or partially correct, and explain in no more than three sentences the reasoning
behind your answer.

2.6 What does the unit mol-1 mean? Can a unit be mol1/3?

2.7 Select the correct answer (s):

1. A mole of H2O and a mole of O2

(a) have the same mass

(b) contain one molecule each

(c) have a mass of 1g each

(d) contain the same number of molecules

2. One mole of oxygen molecules contains more independent units (O 2) than one
mole of oxygen atoms (O).

(a) True, because there are two atoms of O for every molecule of O 2.

(b) True, because one mole of O2 weighs more than one mole of O.
 (c) False, because both of them have the same number of particles.

(d) False, because one mole of O has the same mass as one mole of O̟ 2.

2.8 Calculate the mass of one mole of chlorophyll (C 55H72MgN4O5)

2.9 Convert the following:

(a) 120 Ib moles of NaCl to g.

(b) 120 g moles of NaCl to Ib.

(c) 120 Ib of NaCl to g moles.

(d) 120 g of NaCl to lb moles

2.10 (a) What is the molecular weight of CaCO3?

(b) How many g mol are in 10 g of CaCO3?

(c) How many Ib mol are in 20 lb of CaCO3?

(d) How many g are in 2 Ib mol of CaCO3?

2.11 Convert the following:

(a) 4 g mol of MgCl2 to g

(b) 2 lb mol of C3H8 to g

(c) 16 g of N2 to lb mol

(d) 3 lb of C2H6O to g mol

2.12 How many pounds are there in each of the following

(a) 16.1 lb mol of pure HCI

(b) 19.4 Ib mol of KCI

(c) 11.9 g mol of NaNO3

(d) 164 g mol of SiO2

2.13 A solid compound was found to contain 42.11% C, 51.46% 0, and 6.43% H. Its
molecular weight was about 341. What is the formula for the compound?

2.14 The structural formulas in Figure P2.14 are for vitamins:

(a) How many pounds of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
cach vitamin):
 (1) 2.00 g mol (2) 16 g

(b) How many grams of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
each vitamin):

(1) 1.00 lb mol (2) 12 Ib

2.15 You are asked to decide what size containers to use to ship 1,000 Ib of cotton-seed
oil of specific gravity equal to 0.926. What would be the minimum size drum
expressed in gallons?

2.16 The density of a certain solution is 8.80 Ib / gal at 80°F. How many cubic feet will be
occupied by 10,010 lb of this solution at 80°F?

2.17 Which of these three sets of containers represent each one mole of lead (Pb), one
mol of zinc (Zn), and one mo! of carbon (C).

2.18 Inserting genetic material into plant cells to create disease-resistant or

herbicidetolerant strains of crops is now possible with a technique that requires no
special equipment. Known as" transformation, "the method differs from
microinjection or the ballistic method, which uses a "gun" to fire gold particles
coated with the genetic material into cells. Transformation only requires
commercially available silicon car- bide "whiskers," a test tube and a mixer. Suppose
that 10,000 SiC crystals, with an average diameter of 0.5 μm and length of 20 μm,
are added to a test tube containing 1,000 plant cells and the genetic material to be
inserted. The tube is agitated in a simple mixer for about a minute. Collisions
between the cells and needle-like SiC crystals create pores through which the
genetic material diffuses into the cell. How many grams of SiC were added? The
specific gravity of SiC is 3.17.

2.19 A cylindrical rod of silica (SiO2) is heated to its melting point and at hread of silica
0.125 mm in diameter is drawn from the melt. By careful control of the temperature
and the tension on the thread being drawn, long fibers of uniform diameter can be
ob- tained that make optical fibers.

(a) Calculate how much fiber (in km) can be drawn from one cylinder of silica 1.0m in
length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Also estimate the mass. The specific gravity of silica
is 2.25.

(b) Before optical fiber is used, it is typically covered with a thin protective coating of
a polymer. The fiber discussed above is coated with a 50 μm layer of a polymer with
density 1,740 kg / m³. How much polymer is needed to coat the entire fiber?

2.20 In fully vaulted storage systems (see Figure P2.20) the primary container is installed
in a completely sealed reinforced concrete vault of monolithic construction. Leak
 detection is normally achieved by the installation of monitoring wells or sensors in
the backfill area. These vaults must be constructed by pouring the floor and walls as
continuous structural elements. Chemical resistant coatings on interior surfaces and
water barrier coatings on exterior surfaces are required.

If a 10,000 gallon cylindrical tank is to be buried in an approved containment

system, the volume of the containment system must by law hold 10% of the volume
of the tank. If tbe void fraction of the backfill material (after compaction) is 20%,
what must be the volume in ft of the excavation made before the concrete vault is
poured? What is the weight of the backfill if it is sand (density 2.2g /cm 3)?

2.21 A sample has a specific volume of 5,2 (m3)(kg-1) and a molar volume of 1160 (m3)(kg
mole-1). Determine the molecular weight of the material.

2.22 Five thousand barrels of 28° API gas oil are blended with 20,000 bbl of 15° API fuel
oil. What is the dencity of the mixture in lb/gal and lb/ft3? Assume that the volume
are additive. 1 bbl = 42 gal. The Density of water at 60° F is 0,999 g/cm3.

60 ℉ 141,5
Specific grafity =
60 ℉ ° API + 131,5

141,5
s . g .28 ° = =0,887
28+131,5

ρ28 ° = 0,887 × 62,4 lb/ft ³ = 55,36 lb/ft ³

42 gal 1 ft ³
v 28° = 5000 bbl × × =28,07 ×103 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal

55,36lb
m 28 ° = 3
× 28,07 ×103 f t 3=155 , 39552×10 4 lb
ft

141,5
s . g .15 ° = =0,966
15+131,5

ρ15 ° = 0,966 × 62,4 lb/ft ³ = 60,27 lb/ft ³

42 gal 1 ft ³
v15 ° = 20.000 bbl × × =1,123 ×105 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal

60,27 lb
m15 ° = 3
× 1,123 ×105 f t 3=67,68321× 105 lb
ft

155 ,39552 ×104 lb +67,68321× 105 lb lb

ρmix = 3 5
=59,288 3 =
28,07 ×10 ft ³+1,123 ×10 ft ³ ft
lb 1 ft ³
59,288 3 × =7,93 lb / gal
f t 7,481 gal
2.23 In a handbook you find that the conversion between ° API and density is 0,800
density = 45,28° API . Is this a misprint?

2.24 The specific grafity of acetic acid is 1,049. What is the density in lb m/ft3?

2.25 The specific grafity of a fuel oil is 0,82. What is the density of the oil in lb/ft 3? Show
all units.

0,82lb /ft ³ lb
3
×62,4 3 =51lb / ft ³
1lb/f t H 2 O f t H 2O

2.26 The specific grafity of Ag2O is 7,30 with the reference H2O AT 25℃. What is the
specific grafity the reference water is at 4℃?

2.27 The Handbook of Physics and Chemistry lists in one column a 30% fulfuric acid
solution at 20℃ as having a specific grafity of 1,2185. In the next column it lists the
grams/liter of H2SO4 in the solution as being equal to 365,6. Is this value correct?

2.28 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, P. L. 92-500, specifies legally acceptable
methods for wastewater analys. Analys for cyanide is done according to the method
outlined in “Standard Methods of the Examination of Water Wastewater.” Mercuric
chloride is used in the analytic procedure to decompose complex cyanides, and 200
mg are used per analysis.

The Illinois Pollution Control Board has established Water Quality Standards
that limit mercury (as Hg) to 0.0005 ppm in any effluent. Permit holders are required
to submit daily reports on their effluent. Will a permit holder discharging 100,000
gal / day be in violation of the cited standard if one analysis is made?

2.29 You are asked to make up a laboratory solution of 0.10 molar H 2SO4 (0.10 mol
H2SO4/L) from concentrated (96.0%) H2SO4. You look up the specific gravity of
96.0% H2SO4 and find it is t.858. Calculate

(a) the weight of 96.0% acid needed per L of solution.

(b) the volume of 96.0% acid used per L of solution.

(c) the density of the 0.1 molar solution.

2.30 A bartender claims that his special brand of rum is so strong that ice cubes sink in it.
Is this possible?

2.31 The density of benzene at 60 ° F is 0.879 g / cm3. What is the specific gravity of
benzene at 60 ° F / 60 ° F?
 ρbenzena = 0,879 g/cm3

ρair pada suhu 60℉ = 0,99905 g/mL

60℉ 0,879 g/cm3

Sp.gr dari benzene pada = =0,879
60℉ 0,99905 g/cm3

2.32 A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.90 at 25 ° C. What is its

(a) Density at 25 ° C in kg / m3?

kg liq kg H 2 O
0,90 3
10 3
m m3 kg liq
x =900
kg H 2 O 1 m3
3
m

(b) Specific volume at 25 ° C in ft3 / lbm?

1 m3 3
3,2808 ft 0,454 kg ft 3
900 kg liq
x (1m ) x
1 lb m
=0,0178
lb m

(c) If the liquid is placed in a 1.5-L bottle that has a mass of 232 g, how much will the
full bottle weigh?

0,9(1000 g) 1,5liter
x +232 g=1582 g
liter 1

2.33 Given a water solution that contains 1,704 kg of HNO3 / kg H2O and has a specific
gravity of 1.382 at 20 ° C, express the composition in the following ways:

Massa HNO3 = 1,704 kg

Massa H2O = 1 kg

s.g. = 1,382

(a) Weight percent HNO3

1,704 kg
% massa = ×100 %=63 %
2,704 kg

(b) Pounds HNO3 per cubic foot of solution at 20 ° C

0,63lb HNO3 1,382 lb /ft ³

× ×62,4 lb / f t 3 HNO3
1 lb 3
1lb / f t H 2 O

(c) Molarity (gram moles of HNO3 per liter of solution at 20 ° C)

BM HNO3 = 63 g/gmol
 1,382 g /cm ³ 1g H 2O 1000 cm ³ 0,63 g HNO 3 1 gmol
× × × × =13,82 g mol / L
1 g /cm ³ H 2O 1 cm ³ H 2O 1L 1g 63 g

2.34 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has established limits for the
storage of various toxic or hazardous chemicals (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119, Ap- pendix
A). The maximum limit for acetaldehyde is 113.0 kg. What is the minimum size
spherical vessel that can be used to store this liquid at room temperature?

2.35 For the purpose of permit compliance, all hazardous materials are categorized into
three hazard categories: toxicity, flammability, and reactivity, and assigned numbers
in cach category from 0 to 4 (most severe). Methyl alcohol (methanol, CH 3OH) has
the code 1, 4, 0 in the liquid state. For the toxic category, any amount of stored toxic
material of category I over 0.35 oz. must be reported by city ordinance. Must a
one- half liter bottle of methanol (sp.gr. = 0.792) be reported?

MeOH
Sp.gr. = 0,792 g( cm3 )
Volume methanol = 0,5 liter

0,500 L 1000 cm3 0,792 g MeOH 1lb 16 ons

x x x x =13,96 ons
1 1L cm 3 454 g 1lb

2.36 Oil (sp.gr. = 0.8) is flowing through a 6 inch diameter pipe with a velocity of 56.7 ft /
s. What is the flowrate of the oil in m / s?

Sp.gr = 0,8

d = 6 inchi

v = 56,7 ft/s

56,7 ft
Q=vA= x π ¿¿
s

2.37 Forty gal / min of a hydrocarbon fuel having a specific gravity of 0.91 flow into a tank
truck with load limit of 40,000 Ib of fuel. How long will it take to fill the tank in the
truck?

s.g. = 0,91

kecepatan = 40 gal/min
 lb fuel 62,4 lb H 2 O
0,91
1 ft 3 fuel ft 3 H 2 O 1 ft 3 40 gal
x x x x =132 menit
40000 lb fuel lb H 2 O 1 7,48 gal 1 menit
1,0
ft 3 H 2 O

2.38 Calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound with the following mass
analysis: carbon, 26.9%; hydrogen, 2.2%; and oxygen as the only other element
present.

Massa C = 26,9 gram Ar C = 12

Massa H = 2,2 gram Ar H = 1

Massa O = 100 gram – (26,9 gram + 2,2 gram) = 70,9 gram Ar O = 16

massa C 26,9 g
mol C= = =2,2417 mol
Ar C g
12
mol

massa H 2,2 g
mol H = = =2,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol

massa O 70,9 g
mol O= = =4,4312 mol
Ar O g
16
mol

2,2417 mol C 2,2 mol H 4,4312 mol O

mol C : mol H : mol O= : :
2,2 mol H 2,2 mol H 2,2 mol H

¿ 1:1 :2

Jadi, rumus empirisnya adalah CHO2

2.39 Given the following mass percent composition, determine the empirical formula:
49.5% C; 5.2% H; 28.8% N: 16.5% O.

Massa C = 49,5 gram Ar C = 12

Massa H = 5,2 gram Ar H = 1

Massa N = 28,8 gram Ar N = 14

Massa O = 16,5 gram Ar O = 16

Massa keseluruhan = 100 gram

 massa C 49,5 g
mol C= = =4,125 mol
Ar C g
12
mol

massa H 5,2 g
mol H = = =5,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol

massa N 28,8 g
mol N = = =2,057 mol
Ar N g
14
mol

massa O 16,5 g
mol O= = =1,031 mol
Ar O g
16
mol

4,125 mol C 5,2 mol H 2,057 mol N 1,031mol O

mol C : mol H : mol N :mol O= : : :
1,031mol O 1,031 mol O 1,031 mol O 1,031mol O
¿ 4 : 5:2 :1

Jadi, rumus empirisnya adalah C4H5N2O

2.40 Calculate the mass and mole fractions of the respective components in NaCIO 3

2.41 The specific gravity of a solution of KOH at 15 ° C is 1.0824 and contains 0.813 Ib KOH
per gal of solution. What are the mass fractions of KOH and H2O in the solution?

2.42 Prepare an expression that converts mass (weight) fraction (ω) to mole fraction (x),
and another expression for the conversion of mole fraction to mass fraction, for a
binary mixture.

2.43 You have 100 kilograms of gas of the following composition:

CH4 30%

H2 10%

N2 60%

What is the average molecular weight of this gas?

2.44 You analyze the gas in 100 kg of gas in a tank at atmospheric pressure, and find the
following:

CO2 : 19.3%, N2 : 72.1%, O2 : 6.5%, H2O: 2.1%

What is the average molecular weight of the gas?

2.45 Suppose you are required to make an analysis of 317 lb of combustion gas and find
it has the following composition:

CO2 60%

CO 10%

N2 30%

What is the average molecular weight of this gas in the American Engineering System
of units?

2.46 You purchase a tank with a volume of 2.1 ft³ . You pump the tank out, and add first
20 lb. of CO2 and then 10 lb of N2. What is the analysis of the final gas.in the tank?

2.47 How many ppb are there in 1 ppm? Does the system of units affect your answer?
Does it make any difference if the material for which the ppb are measured is a gas,
liquid, or solid?

2.48 The table lists values of Fe, Cu, and Pb in Christmas wrapping paper fo r two
different brands. Convert the ppm to mass fractions on a paper free basis.

Concentration, ppm

Fe Cu Pb

Brand A 1310 2000 2750

Brand B 350 50 5

2.49 Harbor sediments in the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area contain PCBS at levels up
to 190,000 ppm according to a report prepared by Grant Weaver of the
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office ( Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (9)
(1982): 491A. What is the concentration in percent?

2.50 NIOSH sets standards for CCI, in air at 12.6 mg / m³ of air (a time weighted average
over 40 hr). The CCI4 found in a sample is 4800 ppb (parts per billion; billion = 10 9).
Does the sample exceed the NIOSH standard? Be careful!

2.51 The following table shows the annual inputs of phosphorus to Lake Erie:

Short tons / yr

Source

Lake Huron 2,240

Land drainage 6,740

 Municipal waste 19,090

Industrial waste 2,030

30,100

Outflow 4,500

Retained 25,600

(a) Convert the retained phosphorus to concentration in micrograms per liter

assuming that Lake Erie contains 1.2 x 1014 gal of water and that the average
phosphorus retention time is 2.60 yr.

(b) What percentage of the input comes from municipal water?

(c) What percentage of the input comes from detergents, assuming they represent
70% of the municipal waste?

(d) If 10 ppb of phosphorus triggers nuisance algal blooms, as has been reported in
some documents, would removing 30% of the phosphorus in the municipal waste
and all the phosphorus in the industrial waste be effective in reducing the eu-
trophication (ie , the unwanted algal blooms) in Lake Erie?

(e) Would removing all the phosphate in detergents help?

2.52 A gas contains 350 ppm of H2S in CO2. If the gas is liquified, what is the weight
fraction H2S?

2.53 Sulfur trioxide (SO3) can be absorbed in sulfuric acid solution to form more
concentrated sulfuric acid. If the gas to be absorbed contains 55% SO3, 41% N2, 3%
SO2 and 1% O2, how many parts per million of O2 are there in the gas? (b) What is
the composition of the gas on a N2 free basis?

2.54 If the concentration of Ca is 56.4 mg / L and of Mg is 8.8 mg / L in water, what is the

total hardness of the water expressed in mg / L of CACO3?

2.55 Twenty-seven pounds (27 lb) of chlorine gas is used for treating 750,000 gallons of
water each day. The chlorine used up by the microorganisms in the water is
measured to be 2.6 mg / L. What is the residual (excess) chlorine concentration in
the treated water?

2.56 A newspaper report says the FDA found 13-20 ppb of acrylonitrile in a soft drink
bottle, and if this is correct, it only amounts to 1 molecule of acrylonitrile per bottle.
Is this statement correct?
2.57 Several studies of global warming indicate that the concentration of CO 2 in the
atmosphere is increasing by roughly 1% per year. Do we have to worry about the
de-crease in the oxygen concentration also?

2.58 The analysis of a biomass sample gave

% dry weight of cell

C 50.2

O 20.1

N 14.0

H 8.2

P 3.0

Other 4.5

This compound gives a ratio of 10.5 g ceils / mol ATP synthesized in the meta-
bolic reaction to form cells. Approximately how many moles of C are in the cells per
mole of ATP?

2.59 A radioactive tracer labeled microorganism (MMM) decomposes to NN as follows

MMM (s) → NN (s) + 3 CO2 (g)

If the CO2 (g) yields 2 x 107 dpm (disintegrations per minute) in a detection device,
how many μCi (micro Curies) is this? How many cpm (counts per minute) will be
noted if the counting device is 80% efficient in counting disintegrations? Data: 1
Curie = 3 x 1010 dps (disintegrations per second).

2.60 Several alternative compounds have been added to gasoline including methanol,
ethanol, and methy-ter-butyl ether (MTBE) to increase the oxygen content of
gasoline in order to reduce the formation of CO on combustion. Unfortunately,
MTBE has been found in ground water at concentrations sufficient to cause concern.
Persistence of a compound in water can be evaluated from its half-life, t 1/2, i.e., The
time for one-half of the compound to leave the system of interest. The half-life
depends on the conditions in the system, of course, but for environmental
evaluation can be approximated by

t1/2 = In (2) / (k) (OH-)

where (OH-) is the concentration of hydroxyl radical in the system that for this
problem of the contamination of water is equal to 1.5 x 106 molecules / cm³. The
values of k determined from experiment are:
 k (cm'V (molecule) (sec)

Methanol 0,15 x 10-12

Ethanol 1 x 10-12

MTBE 0,60 x 10-12

Calculate the half-life of each of the three compounds, and order them according to
their persistence.

HALAMAN 95:
1. Complete the following table with the proper equivalent temperature:
°C______°F________°K________°Ra_
-40 ___ ___ ___
___ 77,0 ___ ___
___ ___ 698 ___
___ ___ ___ 69,8