12.5.2 “Single-Stage Extraction.

A single-stage extraction is performed in which 400 kg of a solution containing 35 wt

% acetic acid in water is contacted with 400 kg of pure isopropyl ether. Calculate the
amounts and compositions of the extract and raffinate layers. Solve for the amounts
both algebraically and by the lever-arm rule. What percent of the acetic acid is
removed?”

12.5.4 “Extraction of Acetone in a Single Stage.

A mixture weighing 1000 kg contains 23.5 wt % acetone and 76.5 wt % water and is
to be extracted by 500 kg methyl isobutyl ketone in a single-stage extraction.
Determine the amounts and compositions of the extract and raffinate phases. ”

12.7.2 “Overall Balance in Countercurrent Stage Extraction.

An aqueous feed of 200 kg/h containing 25 wt % acetic acid is being extracted by
pure isopropyl ether at the rate of 600 kg/h in a countercurrent multistage system.
The exit acid concentration in the aqueous phase is to contain 3.0 wt % acetic acid.
Calculate the compositions and amounts of the exit extract and raffinate streams.”

“12.7-4. Countercurrent Extraction of Acetic Acid and Minimum Solvent.

An aqueous feed solution of 1000 kg/h of acetic acid–water solution contains 30.0 wt
% acetic acid and is to be extracted in a countercurrent multistage process with pure
isopropyl ether to reduce the acid concentration to 2.0 wt % acid in the final raffinate.”

a)Calculate the minimum solvent flow rate that can be used. (Hint: See Problem
12.7-3 for the method to use.)

b)If 2500 kg/h of ether solvent is used, determine the number of theoretical stages
required. (Note: It may be necessary to replot on an expanded scale the
concentrations at the dilute end.)”

12.7-6. “Extraction with Immiscible Solvents.

A water solution of 1000 kg/h containing 1.5 wt % nicotine in water is stripped with a
kerosene stream of 2000 kg/h containing 0.05 wt % nicotine in a countercurrent
stage tower. The exit water is to contain only 10% of the original nicotine, that is,
90% is removed. Use equilibrium data from Example 12.7-3. Calculate the number of
theoretical stages needed.”

“12.9-1. Leaching of Oil from Soybeans in a Single Stage.

Repeat Example 12.9-1 for single-stage leaching of oil from soybeans. The 100 kg of
soybeans contains 22 wt % oil and the solvent feed is 80 kg of solvent containing 3
wt % soybean oil.”

“12.9-2. Leaching a Soybean Slurry in a Single Stage.

A slurry of flaked soybeans weighing a total of 100 kg contains 75 kg of inert solids
and 25 kg of solution with 10 wt % oil and 90 wt % solvent hexane. This slurry is
contacted with 100 kg of pure hexane in a single stage so that the value of N for the
outlet underflow is 1.5 kg insoluble solid/kg solution retained. Calculate the amounts
and compositions of the overflow V1 and the underflow L1 leaving the stage.

12.10-1. Constant Underflow in Leaching Oil from Meal.

Use the same conditions as given in Example 12.10-1, but assume constant
underflow of N = 1.85 kg solid/kg solution. Calculate the exit flows and compositions
and the number of stages required.”

“EXAMPLE 11.4-1. Rectification of a Benzene–Toluene Mixture – çözümlü soru

A liquid mixture of benzene–toluene is to be distilled in a fractionating tower at 101.3
kPa pressure. The feed of 100 kg mol/h is liquid, containing 45 mol % benzene and
55mol % toluene, and enters at 327.6 K (130°F). A distillate containing 95 mol %
benzene and 5 mol % toluene and a bottoms containing 10 mol % benzene and 90
mol % toluene are to be obtained. The reflux ratio is 4:1. The average heat capacity
of the feed is 159 kJ/kg mol · K (38 btu/lb mol · °F) and the average latent heat 32
099 kJ/kg mol (13 800 btu/lb mol). Equilibrium data for this system are given in Table
11.1-1 and Fig. 11.1-1. Calculate the kg moles per hour distillate, kg moles per hour
bottoms, and the number of theoretical trays needed.”

“EXAMPLE 11.4-3. Number of Trays in Stripping Tower– çözümlü soru

A liquid feed at the boiling point of 400 kg mol/h containing 70 mol % benzene (A)
and 30 mol % toluene (B) is fed to a stripping tower at 101.3 kPa pressure. The
bottoms product flow is to be 60 kg mol/h containing only 10 mol % A and the rest B.
Calculate the kg mol/h overhead vapor, its composition, and the number of
theoretical steps required”

“EXAMPLE 11.6-2. Distillation Using Enthalpy–Concentration Method– çözümlü

soru
A liquid mixture of benzene–toluene is being distilled under the same conditions as in
Example 11.4-1, except that a reflux ratio of 1.5 times the minimum reflux ratio is to
be used. The value Rm = 1.17 from Example 11.4-2 will be used. Use enthalpy
balances to calculate the flow rates of the liquid and vapor at various points in the
tower and plot the curved operating lines. Determine the number of theoretical stages
needed.”

“EXAMPLE 11.7-1. Boiling Point of a Multicomponent Liquid– çözümlü soru

A liquid feed to a distillation tower at 405.3 kPa abs is fed to a distillation tower. The
composition in mole fractions is as follows: n-butane (xA = 0.40), n-pentane (xB =
0.25), n-hexane (xC = 0.20), n-heptane (xD = 0.15). Calculate the boiling point and
the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid.”
“EXAMPLE 11.7-2. Calculation of Top and Bottom Temperatures and Total
Reflux
The liquid feed of 100 mol/h at the boiling point given in Example 11.7-1 is fed to a
distillation tower at 405.3 kPa and is to be fractionated so that 90% of the n-pentane
(B) is recovered in the distillate and 90% of the n-hexane (C) in the bottoms.
Calculate the following:
1. Moles per hour and composition of distillate and bottoms.”
2. Top temperature (dew point) of distillate and boiling point of bottoms.
3. Minimum stages for total reflux and distribution of other components in the
distillate and bottoms.”

“EXAMPLE 11.7-3. Minimum Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages at Operating

Reflux Ratio
Using the conditions and results given in Example 11.7-2, calculate the following:
1. Minimum reflux ratio using the Underwood method.
 2. Number of theoretical stages at an operating reflux ratio R of 1.5Rm using the
Erbar–Maddox correlation.
3. Location of feed tray using the method of Kirkbride.”

“11.1-3. Boiling-Point-Diagram Calculation.

The vapor-pressure data are given below for the system hexane–octane:”

1. Using Raoult's law, calculate and plot the x-y data at a total pressure of 101.32
kPa.
2. Plot the boiling-point diagram.”

“11.2-1. Single-Stage Contact of Vapor–Liquid System.

A mixture of 100 mol containing 60 mol % n-pentane and 40 mol % n-heptane is
vaporized at 101.32 kPa abs pressure until 40 mol of vapor and 60 mol of liquid in
equilibrium with each other are produced. This occurs in a single-stage system, and
the vapor and liquid are kept in contact with each other until vaporization is complete.
The equilibrium data are given in Example 11.3-2. Calculate the composition of the
vapor and the liquid.”
“11.4-1. Distillation Using McCabe–Thiele Method.
A rectification column is fed 100 kg mol/h of a mixture of 50 mol % benzene and 50
mol % toluene at 101.32 kPa abs pressure. The feed is liquid at the boiling point. The
distillate is to contain 90 mol % benzene and the bottoms 10 mol % benzene. The
reflux ratio is 4.52:1. Calculate the kg mol/h distillate, kg mol/h bottoms, and the
number of theoretical trays needed using the McCabe–Thiele method.”

“11.4-2. Rectification of a Heptane–Ethyl Benzene Mixture.

A saturated liquid feed of 200 mol/h at the boiling point containing 42 mol % heptane
and 58% ethyl benzene is to be fractionated at 101.32 kPa abs to give a “distillate
containing 97 mol % heptane and a bottoms containing 1.1 mol % heptane. The
reflux ratio used is 2.5:1. Calculate the mol/h distillate, mol/h bottoms, theoretical
number of trays, and the feed tray number. Equilibrium data are given below at
101.32 kPa abs pressure for the mole fraction n-heptane xH and yH:”

“11.4-4. Minimum Number of Theoretical Plates and Minimum Reflux Ratio.

Determine the minimum reflux ratio Rm and the minimum number of theoretical
plates at total reflux for the rectification of a mixture of heptane and ethyl benzene as
given in Problem 11.4-2. Do this by using the graphical methods of McCabe–Thiele.”

“11.4-7. Enriching Tower for Benzene–Toluene.

An enriching tower is fed 100 kg mol/h of a saturated vapor feed containing 40 mol %
benzene (A) and 60 mol % toluene (B) at 101.32 kPa abs. The distillate is to contain
90 mol % benzene. The reflux ratio is set at 4.0:1. Calculate the kg mol/h distillate D
and bottoms W and their compositions. Also, calculate the number of theoretical
plates required.”

“11.6-1. Use of Enthalpy–Concentration Method to Distill an Ethanol–Water

Solution.
A mixture of 50 wt % ethanol and 50 wt % water which is saturated liquid at the
boiling point is to be distilled at 101.3 kPa pressure to give a distillate containing 85
wt % ethanol and a bottoms containing 3 wt % ethanol. The feed rate is 453.6 kg/h
and a reflux ratio of 1.5 is to be used. Use equilibrium and enthalpy data from
Appendix A.3. Note that the data are given in wt fraction and kJ/kg. Use these
consistent units in plotting the enthalpy–concentration data and equilibrium data. Do
as follows:
1. Calculate the amount of distillate and bottoms.
2. Calculate the number of theoretical trays needed.
3. Calculate the condenser and reboiler loads.”

11.7-4. Total Reflux, Minimum Reflux, Number of Stages.

The following feed of 100 mol/h at the boiling point and 405.3 kPa pressure is fed to
a fractionating tower: n-butane (xA = 0.40), n-pentane (xB = 0.25), n-hexane (xC =
0.20), n-heptane (xD = 0.15). This feed is distilled so that 95% of the n-pentane is
recovered in the distillate and 95% of the n-hexane in the bottoms. Calculate the
following:
1. Moles per hour and composition of distillate and bottoms.
2. Top and bottom temperature of tower.
3. Minimum stages for total reflux and distribution of other components (trace
components) in the distillate and bottoms, that is, moles and mole fractions.
[Also correct the compositions and moles in part (a) for the traces.]
4. Minimum reflux ratio using the Underwood method.
5. Number of theoretical stages at an operating reflux ratio of 1.3 times the
minimum using the Erbar–Maddox correlation.
6. Location of the feed tray using the Kirkbride method.”
“8.4-1. Heat-Transfer Coefficient in Single-Effect Evaporator.
A feed of 4535 kg/h of a 2.0 wt % salt solution at 311 K enters continuously a single-
effect evaporator and is being concentrated to 3.0%. The evaporation is at
atmospheric pressure and the area of the evaporator is 69.7 m2. Saturated steam at
383.2 K is supplied for heating. Since the solution is dilute, it can be assumed to
have the same boiling point as water. The heat capacity of the feed can be taken as
cp = 4.10 kJ/kg · K. Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid product and the overall
heat-transfer coefficient U.”

“EXAMPLE 8.4-3. Evaporation of an NaOH Solution

An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h (10 000 lbm/h) of a 20% solution of
NaOH in water entering at 60°C (140°F) to a product of 50% solids. The pressure of
the saturated steam used is 172.4 kPa (25 psia) and the pressure in the vapor space
of the evaporator is 11.7 kPa (1.7 psia). The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 1560
W/m2 · K (275 btu/h · ft2 · °F). Calculate the steam used, the steam economy in kg
vaporized/kg steam used, and the heating surface area in m2.”

“8.4-8. Heat-Transfer Coefficient to Evaporate NaOH.

In order to concentrate 4536 kg/h of an NaOH solution containing 10 wt % NaOH to a
20 wt % solution, a single-effect evaporator is being used, with an area of 37.6 m2.
The feed enters at 21.1°C (294.3 K). Saturated steam at 110°C (383.2 K) is used for
heating and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is 51.7 kPa. Calculate
the kg/h of steam used and the overall heat-transfer coefficient.”

“8.4-10. Surface Area and Steam Consumption of an Evaporator.

A single-effect evaporator is concentrating a feed solution of organic colloids from 5
to 50 wt %. The solution has a negligible boiling-point elevation. The heat capacity of
the feed is cp = 4.06 kJ/kg · K (0.97 btu/lbm · °F) and the feed enters at 15.6°C
(60°F). Saturated steam at 101.32 kPa is available for heating, and the pressure in
the vapor space of the evaporator is 15.3 kPa. A total of 4536 kg/h (10 000 lbm/h) of
water is to be evaporated. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 1988 W/m2 · K (350
btu/h · °F). What is the required surface area in m2 and the steam consumption?”
“8.5-1. Boiling Points in a Triple-Effect Evaporator.
A solution with a negligible boiling-point rise is being evaporated in a triple-effect
evaporator using saturated steam at 121.1°C (394.3 K). The pressure in the vapor of
the last effect is 25.6 kPa abs. The heat-transfer coefficients are U1 = 2840, U2=
1988, and U3= 1420 W/m2 · K, and the areas are equal. Estimate the boiling point in
each of the evaporators.”

“8.5-2. Evaporation of Sugar Solution in a Multiple-Effect Evaporator.

A triple-effect evaporator with forward feed is evaporating a sugar solution with
negligible boiling-point rise (less than 1.0 K, which will be neglected) and containing 5
wt % solids to 25% solids. Saturated steam at 205 kPa abs is being used. The
pressure in the vapor space of the third effect is 13.65 kPa. The feed rate is 22 680
kg/h and the temperature 299.9 K. The liquid heat capacity is cp = 4.19 – 2.35 x,
where cp is in kJ/kg · K and x in wt fraction (K1). The heat-transfer coefficients are
U1 = 3123, U2 = 1987, and U3 = 1136 W/m2 · K. Calculate the surface area of each
effect if each effect has the same area, and the steam rate.”

BÜTÜNLEME SINAVI-1.Soru

Soru 1. Bir buharlaştırıcıda F kg/h debili 38oC sıcaklıktaki %20 (ağ.) NaOH çözeltisi
F/L oranı 2.5 olacak şekilde derişiklendirilmektedir. Isıtma ortamı olarak 125 oC’deki
doymuş su buharı kullanılmakta ve buharlaştırıcının buhar boşluğunda 12.35 kPa
basınç oluşmaktadır. Tüm ısı aktarım katsayısı 1420 W/m 2 oC ve buharlaştırıcı alanı
86.4 m2’dir.
(Cpkızgın buhar=1.884 kj/kg oC olarak alınabilir)
a) Derişik çözeltinin NaOH içeriğini hesaplayınız?
b) Gerekli olan su buharı miktarını hesaplayınız.
c) Buharlaştırıcıya beslenen F besleme debisini hesaplayınız.
d) Buhar ekonomisini hesaplayınız.
Soru 2. Bir distilasyon kolonunda %40 (mol) etanol içeren etanol (1)-su (2) karışımı
distillenerek %70 (mol) etanol içeren tepe ürün elde edilmektedir. Karışım kaynama
noktasında doygun sıvı olarak kolona beslenmektedir. Riflaks oranı minimum riflaks
oranının 2 katı olarak alınmaktadır (R=2R min). Sisteme ait denge değerleri mol
yüzdeleri cinsinden aşağıda verilmiştir.
a) Besleme rafının yerini bulunuz.
b) Kolon içindeki sıvı akış hızı Ln=0.017 kmol/s olduğuna göre baş ürün hızını
kg/s olarak bulunuz.( Metanol=46 kg/kmol, Msu=18 kg/kmol)

x1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.89

y1 0 0.43 0.526 0.577 0.615 0.655 0.70 0.754 0.82 0.89

Soru 3. Ağırlıkça %5 asetik asit içeren 1000 kg/h’lik su çözeltisi 1175 kg/h’lik saf 1-
butanol ile zıt (ters) akış ekstraksiyon ünitesinde ekstrakte edilmektedir. Su ile 1-
bütanol birbiri ile hiç karışmamaktadır. Çıkış su çözeltisinde asetik asit miktarının
%0.6 (ağ.) olması istenmektedir. Gerekli teorik raf sayısını hesaplayınız. Asetik asitin
su çözeltisi içindeki (x) ve asetik asitin 1-bütanol çözeltisi içindeki (y) ağırlık kesirleri
aşağıda verilmiştir.

x 0 0.0204 0.0309 0.0417 0.0526 0.0638

y 0 0.0333 0.0508 0.0690 0.0877 0.1071