Describe the basic internal layout and operation of a magnetic hard

disk drive.
The disk has one or more platters. These platters can be magnetized.
The platter is mounted on a central spindle. The disks are rotated on a
high speed. Each surface has a read-write head mounted on an arm
positioned just right above the surface. The surface of the platter is
divided into concentric blocks. The data is encoded as a magnetic
pattern for each block. When writing to the disk the electric current
varies in the head produces a variation in magnetic field on the disk.
Internal operation of a speaker.
A coil of wire is wrapped around the core of iron which will act as a
temporary magnet. A permanent magnet is also positioned very close
to the temporary magnet. Current varies when is passes through the
wire, the induced magnetic field in the iron core also varies. The
electromagnet is attracted toward the permanent magnet. This causes
vibration in the irone core. Iron core is attached to the cone. When iron
core vibrates, it causes vibration in the cone, thus producing Sound.
Internal operation of a microphone.
When sound is created is causes air vibrations. The diaphragm in the
microphone picks up the air vibration, the diaphragm also starts to
vibrate. A copper coil is wrapped around a permanent magnet and the
coil is connected to the diaphragm using the cone. When diaphragm
vibrates it causes the cone to move in and out causing coil to move
backward and forward, which causes the magnetic field around the
permanent magnet to be disturbed thus inducing an electric current.
Electric current is either then amplified or recorded in a device. Electric
current is analogue in nature.
Describe the internal construction and working of a laser printer.
The data to be printed is stored temporary in the temporary memory
known as the printer buffer. Positive charge is given to the drum. As the
frum rotates, the laser beam scan across the paper removing positive
charges and leaving negative charges in certain areas where the text or
images needs exactly to be printed. The drum is coated with the toner
which is the powdered ink. Since the toner is positively charged it sticks
the areas which are negatively charged. Negatively charged sheet of
paper is rolled over the drum to produce the exact copy of the content
which needs to b printed. To prevent the paper sticking to the drum,
The electric charge on the paper is removed after one rotation. The
paper goes through the diffuser which heat the melt the ink so it fixes
permanently on the paper. The discharge lamp removes all the charge
from the drum so printer is ready to print the next page.
Describe the working of the inkjet printer.
A sheet of paper is fed to the main body of the printer. The print head
moves side by side across the paper printing the text or image. The four
inks are sprayed in exact amounts onto the paper to produce the
desired final color. At the end of each full pass print head, the paper is
moved slightly forward to print the next line. This continues until the
whole paper is printed. If the contents of the buffer are emptied then
the printing is done if not then it continues the same steps until the
buffer is emptied.