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TEST 2 ASSESSOR: MR LP MOJI

DATE: 19 September 2019 TIME: 11:00

SUBJECT: Electronic Communication 3 CODE: ECM226A

INSTRUCTIONS:
Duration of Paper: 2 Hours Maximum marks: 66
1. Answer all questions in black or blue ink.
2. Show all units and calculations.
3 Make valid assumptions where necessary.
4. Write neatly and clearly, using one side of the paper, leaving margins entirely free.
5. Only non-alphanumeric calculators are allowed.
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Question 1 LO4: Analyse a basic radio frequency (RF) Circuit

[GA1 partially assessed] [11]

1.1 A small RF amplifier below has the following data:

VCC = 10 V, VBE = 0.65 V, Ct = 91 pF, R1 = 2 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, RE = 1.0 kΩ,
RL = 50 Ω, LP = 4.0 μH, ac collector resistor rc = 250 kΩ, unloaded quality factor
Qu = 104, primary to secondary turns ratio = 5.
8 T1
C1
Q1 Ct 4

R1 R2 6 RL
Vin Vout
1

RE CE 5

VCC
Rdn

Cdn 100

Sketch the amplifier’s dc equivalent circuit and determine the value of the emitter ac
resistor (𝑟𝑒 ). (8)

1.2 A Colpitts oscillator below has the following frequency determining components:
C1 = 10 pF, C2 = 100 pF, L1= 1 µH.
Determine the resonant frequency of the oscillator. (3)
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Question 2 LO5: Design a basic RF circuit [GA3 partially assessed] (11)

Design a 5th order low-pass filter for source and load impedance of 50 Ω with a cut-off
frequency of 5 MHz. Draw the filter circuit using π configuration. State the E24 value for
each calculated component value.

Question 3 LO6: Choose a suitable transmission line for a required application

[GA1 partially assessed] (12)

A certain microwave transmitter operating at 1.9 GHz must deliver most of its output power
to the transmit antenna. The transmitter power is 120 W. The distance between the
transmitter and antenna is 30 m. The following transmission lines are available for this
application:
Coaxial cable with attenuation of 7.09 dB/100 m
Elliptical waveguide with attenuation of 2.68 dB/100 m
Choose a suitable transmission line that meets the requirement.

Question 4 LO7: Choose a suitable analogue modulation scheme for a given

requirement [GA1 partially assessed] (10)

A carrier signal c(t) = 50 cos(2π100000t) volts is modulated by the modulating signal

m(t) = cos (2π6000t) volts.
The modulated wave is applied across a 50 Ω load.
It is required that the modulated wave should be transmitted using a minimum transmitter
power. Full carrier AM (with modulation index of 0.5), single sideband (SSB) and FM (with
a modulation index of 1) schemes are available. Choose the suitable analogue
modulation scheme for this requirement.
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Question 5 LO8: Analyse a basic analogue modulator/demodulator circuit

[GA1 partially assessed] (15)

5.1 The following direct FM modulator has the following specifications:

Modulator oscillator frequency: 10 MHz
Modulator sensitivity: kf = 2.5 kHz/V
Output frequency deviation: 6400 Hz
Frequency multipliers value: 20

FM modulator Frequency
(Modulated multipliers WBFM
Oscillator)

Pre-emphasis

Audio input

5.1.1 Determine the output frequency of the transmitter. (2)

5.1.2 Determine the RMS voltage of the audio input signal. (6)
5.1.3 Describe the function of the pre-emphasis. (1)

5.2 The LM565 PLL frequency demodulator shown below has the following
specification:
RO = 11 kΩ, CO = 430 pF, VC = 20 V, C2 = 3.3 nF.

Determine the lock range and capture range of the demodulator. (6)
+ Vcc

U1
10

RO C2
+VCC

7
8 VCON Output
C1 TRES
2
FM in 3 IN1
IN2 6
R1 4 REF
R2 VOUT
5
VIN
TCAP

-VCC

LM565
9

- Vee
CO
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Question 6 LO9: Choose a suitable digital modulation scheme for a given

requirement [GA1 partially assessed] (7)

Coherent BASK, coherent BFSK and coherent QPSK modulation schemes are considered
for transmitting digital information where minimum bandwidth is of greate importance. If bit
duration in the information is 1 µs, choose the suitable modulation scheme for this
application. (7)
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Table 1: Bessel functions of the First Kind, Jn(mf)

mf J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.98 0.12
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03
0.75 0.86 0.35 0.07 0.01
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02
1.25 0.65 0.51 0.17 0.04 0.01
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01
1.75 0.37 0.58 0.29 0.09 0.02
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 0.01
2.25 0.08 0.55 0.40 0.17 0.05 0.01
2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02
2.5 -0.05 0.50 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01
2.75 -0.16 0.43 0.47 0.26 0.10 0.03 0.01
3.0 -0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
3.5 -0.38 0.14 0.46 0.39 0.20 0.08 0.03 0.01
4.0 -0.40 -0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.01
4.5 -0.32 -0.23 0.22 0.42 0.35 0.20 0.08 0.03 0.01
5.0 -0.18 -0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 0.01
5.5 0.00 -0.34 -0.12 0.26 0.40 0.32 0.19 0.09 0.03 0.01
6.0 0.15 -0.28 -0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 0.01

Useful Trigonometric Identities

sinx siny = 0.5[cos(x-y) - cos(x+y)]
cosx cosy = 0.5[cos(x-y) + cos(x+y)]
sinx cosy = 0.5[sin(x-y) + sin(x+y)]
cosx siny = 0.5[sin(x-y) - sin(x+y)]

Useful Constants
Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.38 × 10-23 J/K
Electronic (fundamental) charge q = 1.602 × 10-19 C
Standard (absolute) temperature T0 = 273K
Thermal voltage VT = 26 mV at room temperature
Speed of light c = 3 x 108m/s
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RF Circuits
𝑍𝐷 = 𝑄𝑢 𝑋𝐿
𝑅𝐿 (𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) = 𝑛2 𝑅𝐿
1
𝑓𝑂 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
𝑅𝑐 (𝑒𝑓𝑓)
𝐴𝑣 (𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑂 )𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑛𝑟𝑒
𝑅𝐶 (𝑒𝑓𝑓)
𝑄𝐿 =
𝑋𝐿
𝑓𝑂
𝐵𝑊 =
𝑄𝐿
𝑛𝑝
𝑛=
𝑛𝑠

Table 2: Normalised Passive Butterworth Low-Pass Filters’ Design Table

(Rs = 1Ω, 1/Rs = 1Ω, RL = 1Ω)

Low-Pass Scaling Rules:

𝑅𝐿 𝐿𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) =
𝜔
𝐶𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝐶𝑛 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) =
𝜔𝑅𝐿

High-Pass Scaling Rules:

𝑅𝐿
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) =
𝜔𝐶𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
1
𝐶𝑛 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) =
𝜔𝑅𝐿 𝐿𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
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Modulation Schemes
𝑣𝐴𝑀 = (𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑉𝑚
𝑚𝑎 =
𝑉𝑐
1
√ 2 −1
𝑚𝑎
𝐶≤
2𝜋𝑅𝑊
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑚
𝑣𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡)
2
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑚
𝑣𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡)
2
𝑣𝐹𝑀 = 𝑉𝑐 sin⁡[(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝑚𝑓 sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝐵𝑇 (𝐹𝑀) = 2[𝑓𝑑 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) + 𝑓𝑚 (𝑚𝑎𝑥)]
𝑚𝑎2
𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + )
2
2
𝑉𝑆𝑆𝐵 (𝑟𝑚𝑠)
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 =
𝑅
𝑉𝑇2 (𝑟𝑚𝑠)
𝑃𝐹𝑀 =
𝑅
𝐽𝑛2 (𝑉𝑇 (𝑟𝑚𝑠)2
𝑃𝑛 =
𝑅
𝐶
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐶𝑇𝑏 =
𝑅𝑏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑇𝐵𝑇
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑁𝑜 = = = 𝑘𝑇
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝑇
𝐸𝑏 𝐶𝑇𝑏 𝐶 𝐶 𝐵𝑇
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = = = =
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑏 𝑁𝑜 𝑁 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑏 𝐶 𝐸𝑏
𝜂𝐵 = (𝑑𝐵) = (𝑑𝐵) − (𝑑𝐵)
𝐵𝑇 𝑁 𝑁𝑜
𝐵𝑇 (𝐶𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐾) = 2𝑅𝑏
𝐵𝑇 (𝐶𝐵𝐹𝑆𝐾) = 3𝑅𝑏
𝐵𝑇 (𝐶𝐵𝑃𝑆𝐾) = 2𝑅𝑏
𝐵𝑇 (𝐶𝑄𝑃𝑆𝐾) = 𝑅𝑏