Signal Reconstruction

21
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 Design of the Anti-Aliasing Filter

• Anti-aliasing filters are analog filters.

• They process the signal before it is sampled.

• In most cases, they are also low-pass filters unless band-

pass sampling techniques are used.

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 Design of the Anti-Aliasing Filter

The shape of each replica in the sampled signal spectrum is the same as that of
the anti-aliasing filter magnitude frequency response.

 To control the aliasing noise level:

 A higher-order lowpass filter (i.e. Butterworth filter)

 Increasing the sampling rate.

24
 Example: Butterworth Filter
• The Butterworth magnitude frequency response with an order of n is given by:

• For a second-order Butterworth lowpass filter with the unit gain, the transfer
function and its magnitude frequency response are given by:

2525
Second-order unit-gain Sallen-Key lowpass filter

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Assuming a sampling rate of 8000 Hz is used, and the anti-aliasing filter is a second-
order Butterworth lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 3.4 kHz:

(a) Determine the percentage of aliasing level at the cutoff frequency.

(b) Determine the percentage of aliasing level at the frequency of 1000 Hz

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Assuming a sampling rate of 16,000 Hz is used, and the anti-aliasing filter is a
second-order Butterworth lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 3.4 kHz:

2929
 i1

Vo
i=0
i i2 Vo = +

−
=
Assume the
voltage at −
this node is V =

− +
= = = ≫≫ =
+

= +

− − −
= = +

+ + +
− − −
= +

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Given the DSP system with a sampling rate of 40,000 Hz is used, the antialiasing filter is the
Butterworth lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency 8 kHz, and the percentage of aliasing level
at the cutoff frequency is required to be less than 1%, determine the order of the anti-aliasing
lowpass filter

31
 Practical consideration of signal reconstruction

Hold transfer function

Frequency Response

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Sample-and-hold lowpass filtering effect

The magnitude frequency

response of the sampled and
hold signal

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• The magnitude frequency response acts like lowpass filtering and shapes the
sampled signal spectrum of Ys(f ). This shaping effect distorts the sampled signal
spectrum Ys(f ) in the desired frequency band.

• The spectral images are attenuated due to the lowpass effect of sin(x)/x. This
sample-and-hold effect can help us design the anti-image filter.

• Since the magnitude frequency response of the sampled signal using an ideal
sampler is T|Ys(f )|, therefore, the spectral distortion at the recovery stage can
be derived as

 The percentage of distortion in the desired frequency band is given by

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3838
 Under Sampling
• If the sampling rate is lower than the required Nyquist rate,
that is fS < 2W, it is called under sampling.

• In under sampling images of high frequency signals

erroneously appear in the baseband (or Nyquist range) due
to aliasing.

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 Sampling of Band Limited Signals
Signals whose frequencies are restricted to a narrow band of
high frequencies can be sampled at a rate similar to twice the
Bandwidth (BW) instead of twice the maximum frequency.

Fs ≥ BW

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 Sampling of Band Limited Signals
• While this under-sampling is normally avoided, it can be
exploited.
• For example, in the case of band limited signals all of the
important signal characteristics can be deduced from the
copy of the spectrum that appears in the baseband through
sampling.
• Depending on the relationship between the signal
frequencies and the sampling rate, spectral inversion may
cause the shape of the spectrum in the baseband to be
inverted from the true spectrum of the signal.

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 Sampling of Band Limited Signals

Figure: Signal recovered

From Nyquist range are
Base band versions of the
Original signal. Sampling rate is
Important to make sure no aliasing
and spectral inversion occurs.

(a) Fs = 80 kHz, signal spectrum

is Inverted in the baseband.

(b) Fs = 100 kHz, the lowest

Frequencies In the signal alias
to the highest frequencies.

(c) Fs = 120 kHz, No spectral

Inversion occurs.

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 Over Sampling

• Oversampling is defined as sampling above the minimum

Nyquist rate, that is, fS > 2fmax.

• Oversampling is useful because it creates space in the

spectrum that can reduce the demands on the analog anti-
aliasing filter.

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 Over Sampling
• In the example below, 2x oversampling means that a low order analog
filter is adequate to keep important signal information intact after
sampling.
• After sampling, higher order digital filter can be used to extract the
information.

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 Over Sampling
• The ideal filter has a flat pass-band and the cut-off is very
sharp, since the cut-off frequency of this filter is half of that
of the sampling frequency, the resulting replicated spectrum
of the sampled signal do not overlap each other. Thus no
aliasing occurs.
• Practical low-pass filters cannot achieve the ideal
characteristics.
• Firstly, this would mean that we have to sample the filtered
signals at a rate that is higher than the Nyquist rate to
compensate for the transition band of the filter

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 Spectra of Sampled signals

Figure: Signal ‘s Spectra

(i) Over sampled
(ii) Nyquest Rate
(iii) Under Sampled

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Sampling Low Pass Signals

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 Exercise
Exercise-1: If the 20 kHz signal is under-sampled at 30 kHz, find the
aliased frequency of the signal.

Exercise-2: A voice signal is sampled at 8000 samples per second.

i. What is the time between samples?
ii. What is the maximum frequency that will be recovered from the
signal?

Exercise-3: An analog Electromyogram (EMG) signal contains useful

frequencies up to 3000 Hz.
i. Determine the minimum required sampling rate to avoid aliasing.
ii. Suppose that we sample this signal at a rate of 6500 samples/s.
what is the highest frequency that can be represented uniquely at
this sampling rate?

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 Exercise
Exercise-4: Humans can hear sounds at frequencies between 0 and 20
kHz. What minimum sampling rate should be chosen to permit perfect
recovery from samples?

Exercise-5: An ECG signal is sampled at 250 samples per second.

i. What is the time between samples?
ii. What is the maximum frequency that will be recovered from the
signal?

Exercise-6: An ultrasound signal ranging in frequency from 900 kHz to

900.5 kHz is under-sampled at 200 kHz. If a 200 Hz target appears in
the baseband, what is the actual frequency of the target?

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