2.1 INTRODUCTION The capacitance together wth conductance forms the shsntadninanc ofa ‘ransmisson lin. As mentioned earlier the condactace i the esl of kaze ‘over the surface of insulators and is of negligible onder. When an altering voltage is applied tothe lise, the line capacitance draws a leading sinusoidal current called the charging carrent which is drawn even when the line is pea Circuit atthe far end. Telia expcitance being proportional ois length tie ‘charging current is negligible forline less than 100k long. For longer ines ‘the capacitance becomes inceasigly important and hast be aecounted fr Ji subotc rst OF oN stRAioH concTOR aga an ify log igh cota fa moved om es cota (Gocluding earth) caryig uniform charge of q coulombnewe length BY symmetry, the equipotent rf willbe concent eylinders, while tbe es of elecwostatc stress will be radial. The electric field ineasy ata distance y from te ais of the conduc is i ove tet serio mt i ‘sown nig 31 cleo P nd Py at a sy wb peal iea te wnat wa Tae aes Sen eS Bee Tia Stunts De parity of fee mace is Ay = B85 X10"? Fim, Reltye einvty for ae = y= matt Trion nee eter Pa i ven by Yor fetrefot ov Fig. 8.1. loci fll of along stalght condor As the poten diference is independent ofthe pa, we choose the path of Integration 25 7,PP, shown in thick ine. Sice the path PP, is along an ‘supotenalY i obtained simply by integrating nloag PP ie 4 ayn jg De ¥ asia by y oe fo Ore on 3@° POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTORS OF AGROUP OF PARALLEL CONDUCTORS, Figue 3:2 shows group of parallel charged condectrs. tis asumed that the conductors ae far removed from he ground sad a suc gemove om ‘ach oer, Le. th conductor adi are mich smaller tan te distances between ‘hem, The sping cositonly used in verbead power tansmssion lines always ‘meets these asmptios, Further. these assurpcons imply tha the charge on ‘each conduct resins uniformly disuibate around its periphery and length.od “The poem ference between any two conductrs of the group can then be ‘binned by ang the contributions ofthe adividualchuged eondvtor by Tepeaed apleaion of Ea. Gl), So, We potential ference between conduc a and (vllage drop from 410 8) otf Pee + 9, In 2+ 4, In 2 4...g, 6 22) ¥ Each em in Eg, (2) i the polenta dep fam « w b eaueed by charge on fone of the condoctor ofthe group. Expressions on simi lines cauld be ‘tite for age drop Between any two conditore ofthe group. he cages vary sisoidally,s0 do the vallages (his canine); the expression of Eq. 32) sill applies wih ebargeumeue length nd vliages regarded as phasor quntes. Equation (22) ths valid for inauntuneovs quantities and for sind qusnites aswell, whten all charges and voltages are phasors." * (AS croncmisce oF a roma (Considers woot line shown in Fig, 33 exed trom single. phate sure ‘Thelne develops equal ad opposite sinusidal charges on he we conductors Which canbe repented 36 phasors 9, and 9) 50 that gy = bs 4 Fa-82, Cotes! eta be peta ec Vi i win n r of ecoes ade by gganf gy By ase of Eq. (32) with acid assumptions (Le. Dis avg std pound i ar aay). Ths, ° an 2rand) 63) Sie ¥ Lale)—Ant) = inh) ‘Te ine eapacance Cy is then * wemregy mb tine 0) + Yoke) = In(rd ‘cae aa ean cg OL in net cout eatin ‘The associated line eargngcuent e (te) = fC Mn eo co o——}}-—o» 6) Urine capcce 24-240» Cae Gunt ita 01 Unetonea ete Fig. 34 AAs shown in Figs. 34 () and (6) te Hines>tine capacitance can be ‘equvalety considered spel eaactinees series The vliage 27058, the ines divides equally between he eapaciatesSoch ta the neal point Jsatthe ground potent The eapastance of each ine to neta shen given y Serer epee 20282 Fh eo ing vin = Cu= Cn = 2a= “The assumptions inherent nthe above deta () The cnrge on te srface of each conductors assumed to be uniformly isibaed, but this is sey ot conect. 1 non-niformiy of charg dsubuton is taken ito arco, then on 1 biar» 1 tbe abo exprsionredbces v0 at of Eq, @.6nd the error yb cen ree vaotecmacen ti one cecum ooMadam Power Syem Ansiyia ‘GAPACITANCE OF A THREE-PHASE LINE WITH EOUILATERAL SPACING Figue 35 shows a tee phase line composed of tes ies! conditrs rar placed eg ong, 4 Se He z ye ig. 95 Cros socton os tree phe Ine wth gutter! spacing Using Bq 325 we cin wet the expressions for ¥ a Yen Golem 2enn2 rand) dig ae 8) ad 9) we Yar to= [enn 2 4a,term2] aw Sine there ae no ber charges in the cay, the sum of charges ca the te ‘ondctrs smo. Thus 9h # 4c =~ de which when subtuted in Eq (10) rele wa 5 Fatty+4e=0 2 ew ‘With talancd dveephase volages applied tothe lin, it follows from the phasor diagram of Fig 46 Dat od Va (um 2ramttan2) 0s 63) Vat Ve ry Vat Vax Bin 2) Substinting fof (Vy + Vz) from Eq. (.12) in Eg, G.11), we gt hamER yD: wae fe an) ‘The eapscitoceof line wo neural immediately follows as aif Guta) non Capactonc of Transit nes jes For air medium (&, © 1), ae ene) “hetne png cot of pase i 1 in ebro) = J aus ; ome Yaveos 30° Bron 05 30° Eon Es Fig. Prasr éagram of balanced tve-phase votages CAPACITANCE OF A THREE-PHASE LINE WITH LUNSYMMETRICAL SPACING Figure 3. shows the three dential conductors of rus r ofa three-phase Line ‘sth unsymmetical spacing. Kis assomed thatthe Line i fll transposed. As ‘he condctrs af rotted ey in the thce sections of the transposition ‘yee, conespondingly thee expresions gan be writen for Vig These expresions ate For the fiat section af he tansposition ele (sat Bt Ea 169 Ye a(n 924 ain hy Ge)ossenere pmmmemescssaenn gs 5 Deimete ig.2.7 Cross-section o a tvce ase line wit asym! spacing (tty vanepoces) For the second section of the transposon cycle 1 Da Dy igre pa 2) Fe[enm Peas cs ) Bi For the hid seton of the wanston ele Ve (rts 28 payin aa) I hoo g(t Bran k tasteBB) 06) I the volage dop along the line is selected. Vay i the same in each ranspostion ele: On similar lines ce such equations ean be writen for fe = Vay £127. Three move equaons can be veriten equating 10 20 the summation of al line charges in ech section ofthe transposon cple From these nin (independent) equation, tis posible to determine we nine unknown charygs. The sigorus solution though posible is too involved ‘With the wail spacing of conficon suficient accursey is obsined by suing 6) ‘This assimpie of qual chargeluitleagh ef line in the tee sections of te transposition cyte requires, onthe ote Hand, three different ves of Vag Aexignated 28 Vay, Vig 20d Vay ia the thee sections. The solution can be ‘consierabysimplied by taking Vgasthe average ofthese tre volages, ie. Sia tert= Evan + Yaa + Yas) * vam gigas 22PpE) gt: seas) DadaDx ie af Bion J Dy = DgDyDy) Sinai, ae ‘Ading Eqs. 3.18) and B.19). eget Ue 2 Vat Vey 1 tn 2 464, 9, iln—L) ile Hsin ‘5s pot .43.12 for hanced three-phase voages Yeo? Me ert and ao tare Ey be == bo Use ofthese relationships in Eg, (8.20) leas to” », fay Pes ri aa on oy ‘The capacitance of line to neutal of the transpose line is then given by . fe 2a Gate Fm to neural ox, aise msi ‘ sae) For ai medium (k, = 1) ome be(D,/) is obvious that for equltral spacing. Dy, = D, the above (approximate) formals gives the exact result presented ali ° The line charging current fra thre phase line in phasor form is 4, line charging) = fuVag An “ Phen wo new +320) 6 EYFECT OF EARTH ON TRANSMISSION LINE. JY caractrance {n calling the capaciance of transmission lines, the presence of eth wae ‘anored, so far. The elect of eanh on capacitance can be convenicly taken into secoum by the method of images : - fothod of Isiasies ‘Th lect feld of ransmision line conductors mest conform othe presence ‘ofthe ea below, The eth fr this purpose maybe assumed to be a erect213 pa Gotan 0» pau aa an ka pour 30%) up 20639 90 ‘onan 29 U9 3199 wontsodsuen ayo suonoes aes 24930) svoneahs aay af uns asada posh ns ‘ery seu gop oo ae any 49 voor von no Ksuend vy fare wood Low pn ' pe Yo 7b soda a Kua» poe q»sronpes 24h “ps0dseen Kit) 99 cx parepsuos 2a SQL-or Steno et nyo ees 49 otme> ype my fortes Soeay agony SON sarT enna roan ve ote “spo 28204 Jo 3 somone aut wo Wut Jo oy 29 -YFoH ‘e991 SHAT ot pacany 28m 20 “oy (hh) + Us spe ‘2 s8uipou pmo jo sotasand a rg vob ase A Woy postage (Hel +0 a exo eanou ow @. a aman ne llth ga+ De 90" sapere yg —— Et mp sone; Aerep aca sso om ov vosuscuan acous-ogus ee Bs? ‘sco tion “Feds po sade waza Jo safe ip dunogsgn 5 soy se wot 99 os g pot 9 FOU pura pu » SBNGUED IES HHT ‘ry ka porame 4 dary tin 9129 worenbs UL 9098 PREP an Jo pon nese ont ura jo suse 2 For aE ‘3 tere on pba 56's nos =u EYES EPO oury eseae 96015 © 10 some fon pains Metso6do yee Gu om fo pes ENG. EE: Ss ROT ENT FE STS Fg TON HIM Y wIA = ino o satel a soi AAA few ay. “90431 SPs SY cea 2 apy Sea aol a ao ag STS 2 Snags pied bei 2. POUT wo sf De 3Esep Beye wiew—> an J] Seung psmapan soe poy ses 99 ALE EAE = ali poids oosSop TUUT Jo age Suton «1 FEF we CANS 1s voto a eam KERPTE =E ai © sey» in = 5 jun sod bp Be atm soronpo end 49 O40 FAM AL F a i "Se RES Sp ot aay ET I ens mat TE ea Fe GOD Ee‘Simia equim fo can be wien forthe second and isco of the ‘eangositon le. Ife uit ecute sumption of ont cage pe unt eng of induce rough he tanec ep made ere Yalu of Vg ihe tice Secon ofthe yele i shen by Tifa Basin ta ) hh 44y(te tg Cabo” (som whet Dy = DpDeDy)"” 2Qe oe i fe “% \ i . o 2-0 ~ Fin.210 Tice pase ine with images of Traaiasen Les ‘The equation forthe average value ofthe phasor Vy is found in similar ‘manver. Proceeding on the lines of See. 3.6 and using Vig + Vin = 3V,c and 4. *:9y+ q,=0, we ulimaely obsined the following expression 10 the apace to esta, 2k (Sa lights) j Fim to neutral (3.292) er Hn 0 newt 3.29) 10g og a) 7 Giiah™ [Comparing Bs. 0.22) and (3.24), ti vide thatthe effet of anh is to Jncense ae expcace of ne I he cond above earth tie condotos se high above earth ommpared tothe distances among tm. he effect of earth on the eapacTance Calculate the capacitance to neusaltim ofa single-phase line composed of No 2 sage stand conductors (aus = 0.328 cm) spaced 3 m apart and 73. m above the groend. Compare the results obined by Eqs. (26). (27) and 6.28). : Solution (1) Neplecting the presence of eh (E5. €.6)) C= 902 sem 0007 in "Fo328 ye natn Cee va 2o(2 3) (i) : ‘Since 2 = 915,theeffect f non-unifonity of charge dsuibution i almost + ai 080817 pm£0, Coniing ete of yh sd neleing nn foi of care sebuton Toy G29) eee Ge ‘one D eo ay ee xy Ge was in 200 femarpie sz | ‘A thane phase 50 He ansiision line has flat horzotl spacing wth 3.5 =| ‘berweem adjteat conductors. The conductors are No. 20 hardrawn seven Stal copper outside conductor eameter = 1.0 em). The valiage of the Line is 110 KV. Fd the cspactance to neutral and the ching coment per onete of oe Da oon Te,” Sirona = 0388 « 10° Ohm to neutral Me _ 105x100 X O3B x0, 017 Atm Ther conce ofadableciee pa wes Lint mos empl sens sy ee oe towtsone 1 4 j 1 Fig. 311 Grossstcton of» double cout tee ghase tne “| Solution asinSec, 3.6, assume tha the charge pee conductor on cach phase is equal nal he thee seton of the wanspoition cycle For section Pot the trompesiton ele vat= slefa{ie i+ £}(in pend) £] 220 For section of he uanspoton epee vate sh [altel sinh )ea{nesnt) sofetset] For section IT ofthe wanspoition cycle fe tam ion oan s[ledostn(aseat zal vac tl talebend]] 0: Lawf]] oad Avg at Ye msi ei ey Va Gve)= ale w( ele, w( seta)