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Formula Sheet For Linear Algebra

This document provides a summary of key concepts and formulas related to linear algebra including systems of linear equations, matrix operations, special matrices, inverses, determinants, and vectors. Methods for solving systems of linear equations include using reduction to row echelon form, inverses, and determinants. Key matrix concepts covered are addition/subtraction, multiplication, transposes, properties, and finding inverses.

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636 views5 pages

Formula Sheet For Linear Algebra

This document provides a summary of key concepts and formulas related to linear algebra including systems of linear equations, matrix operations, special matrices, inverses, determinants, and vectors. Methods for solving systems of linear equations include using reduction to row echelon form, inverses, and determinants. Key matrix concepts covered are addition/subtraction, multiplication, transposes, properties, and finding inverses.

Uploaded by

ashfaq4985
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Linear Algebra – Maths 2 – Formula sheet

System of n equations with m Augmented matrix Coefficient matrix


unknowns

Solving systems of linear equations – Method 1 (using reduction)


 Reduce the augmented matrix to row-echelon form (Gaussian Elimination). Then re-build the system and
use back substitution to find the solutions.
 Reduce the augmented matrix to reduced row-echelon (Gauss-Jordan Elimination). The last column of the
matrix represents the solutions of the system.

 Reduced row-echelon form - if it satisfies all four of the following conditions:


1. If there are any rows of all zeros then they are at the bottom of the matrix.
2. If a row does not consist of all zeros then its first non-zero entry (i.e. the left most
non-zero entry) is a 1. This 1 is called a leading 1.
3. In any two successive rows, neither of which consists of all zeroes, the leading 1
of the lower row is to the right of the leading 1 of the higher row.
4. If a column contains a leading 1 then all the other entries of that column are zero.

 Row-echelon form - if it satisfies items 1 – 3 of the reduced row-echelon form definition.

Solving systems of linear equations – Method 2 (using the inverse of a matrix)


 Given a system of linear equations Ax = b, where A is the coefficients matrix, if A is invertible, then the
system of equations has exactly one solution for every n×1 matrix b. The solution is: x = A-1b.
Matrix Operations
Matrix addition/subtraction: 𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �
Scalar multiplication: 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗 �
Matrix multiplication: If A is an n×p matrix and B is a p×m matrix then the product is a
new matrix with size n×m whose ijth entry is found by multiplying row i of A times
column j of B.
Transpose of a matrix
If A is an n×m matrix then AT , is an m× n matrix that is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A.

Matrix Properties
10. 𝐴𝐴0 = 𝐼𝐼
11. 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚
12. (𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 )𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Properties of the Transpose
Special Matrices
 Diagonal: any matrix in which the only potentially non-zero entries are on the main diagonal
 Symmetric: A = AT
 If A is a square matrix and we can find another matrix of the same size, say B, such that AB = BA = I then we
call A invertible and we say that B is an inverse of the matrix A. If we can’t find such a matrix B we call A a
singular matrix.

Finding the inverse – Option 1: using the identity matrix

Finding the inverse – Option 2: using the adjoint matrix

For 2 x 2 matrices, use this:

Minors and Cofactors

Adjoint of a matrix: adj(A)


Sign matrix for calculating the cofactors
Solving systems of linear equations – Method 3 (using determinants)

Properties of determinants

Vectors
Vector Spaces

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