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    Ch1(Real and Complex)

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    9 views56 pages

    Ch1 (Real and Complex)

    Uploaded by

    Ch Zain

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 56
    fo @' ee CHAPTER NOL = a Rear AND Complex Sy STE (Pag —=1) Lotrocluc tin = tte howe —noleok that al ce ——Abaaysis_is_haseeh on an_—atcusat oly fnecl__\) “ence Fi seal mumbtu.lLe—sh (Assen, me uneily with the Hatinol ___ unabens. tole Shall aot. that the Aalitoall fats as an orclenest set anol —a—fablol \ or__tastaace, there 1s _—20_hedibraasl fo bose yume tot (iep'sa) > fie_tacomapletensss of Aalieaed saunabers A Set ts a well. defined colleckio a ob ts Wet- defined means oo vue which dikerwine 5 —. ewent wether or not Ur ig te Me co tlection. Exanrples i W A = AW Aludents in M.Sc. pot —T Iekawwa Uriversaty Bahawolpur. OJ St of atl tres of Arme height » (height is net wete- defined) o Aek of IS t+¥e integers, (not wett- defined) (WD Set of $irst 16 4ve lrtegers. (Ss) Gt of trees of helght 15 fest. o Git of Avmre tve vtegers (Aeme 15 not mett - depres ) Notations 1. We wSuntly represent a Act by Capital Cetters , For exawpke »- A,B.C, __. Xen Dae The obects of a Act are denoted by Armrotl Letters 0,66, =) x, 9,35 Remariet- 4 Ark con not be an element ch hehe. z 9 How to describe % At 7 MERU Seen ee Exomple,. det A = At of ott +ve ttegers divisible by 3, Equivalently 5 wt wr ke a (3.645125 ---7} or eypivalert ly we wre AS { Loma & lx} Universal Sek s- Doyaddtves: Te Ack of oth obects under Can Sider oto Cert oe Onn ce eet a Rm SEE ccul ms ave UniverSat Set St (6 dancted by Ui Compinir® of SPT we yO vniversel Act ons Ac U. Tun Cevrpirent Of A denotes by Aor A 1s a Aak cf these elements of U which ave net faery Ma the moticotty z A = tx, eeu x dah Neth SF or Earby, SF 4 —gat which — po ; does not Gntarn: any element ts Krewn aS empty sat. gt is dencterl by h or i o | Gio Giaels Nott. Qn ordtr to Dhow thet two Asks A ond @ are egal »we wh have te Preve thet (iy ACB i) BEA Qn order to Ahow thot ACB , ue Ahav Prove thet every elewent of A iS in By or prove thet ony element which does not belong to B mples thot the lewervt does not belory th As Some — Resutts @O Ave = BVA (ease wee vae Property) O—ANg = baa _¢ 4 4 i) @ Avi(gve) = (AVB)UC (ASsoctatwe Property @ ANB = (ANB) U(ANC) (Distribwkne Las) CO (mm ee OM CO Gere Sat) @ ANA = ¢ ® Ave 2 RAG 9 AAR = AUB e 82 8.<. Ang... 4 Rend Analysis 15 thot Port ef Mothemeties © fr olavalops a theory of Liming Pracasies an axiomatic daseription of Rerl nuaber System toh Terarinodogtes oO Defintuw ce TE SR A hote ant elvis which Gefiredy “Carkodn concept, od ® which ‘Ub ustrote Some Cnc er (5 mpl .— A Stoltonant oF Statemenas Krown te be an eka Phe of thot Conce pe ® Courter Exaanphe v- i An example whieh negchis certoln Concap® 15 Know 5 Countir example = i EY The Porkienlar Concept f idea or theord] @ Theorem .- 9t ig a Ack of \, Bhokianrents ~ which is divided tty f tue ports —— namely Those Alotermrents which provides : | i WS Bewre Ie formot ens UU These Atoka mnr2wt5 whieh are te be proved. Norwoly , the part of Ako ewe Atork ing wth “g) And the part \ 15 Rot , 45 hypoth esty Arorting with “then? of, Shope’ velotec Mathematics 157 the dogeert Oh ay AV Organnart > guowk ty and mony Concepls - OXlomr- Ang stoleyntr meets 1p toler osby et and vsed ay the storling paint for Proviry A Asguance af, theorem by Log teok pled peste ren Cannesletey aera 2 the Preme wrarkar 2 15 a Counkrexample ome ess ota “ ALL Prime nen Are odd. | 9 9 Prepostter ov Lemma v- Gilasrees Ahotimowts ove wine _ theovems And ore nervrotty ubek ty rove OO theorem. @_ Corothary tot Diode wate qo bn Proved cmce ConSaquinee of a theorems we Cork the Atoti mew 25 corollary. | Anh sis of a Stodiwrant to be Provesk en Sn Proved Consiets of hypothesis and Chong In Auch ense , we use the Cr formed — lon giver iw the hybothests to | Prove the elotw. There gre theese methods to prove or O'spreve a Chelan (Twe for prove and ont for disprove) , For preve, gre method is Krom ay aot aT Ce |e | the Ascend wethed 15 pow OS | method of contradictlow + } : @ Usev' We f Sm orday to disprout a charm 9k 15 d Rrowgh ty Produc one charmple which | Aolisples Wypothests but negatis the Radin « Example .- Sokemmant 1 Mf fa? is ow Teger | thew “ar Uy Mwotele by 2, Se OO ch eee Alok disprove be Wt Courctor I) C Kam phe: Counter Example v= seer _ Shoot buck aN. Cheoser O& = 3 Set of Noturat ne i eee WV denetd by F and 15 Bie ee i : Z ate ae rcte9 ov 5u GS Hem S pce mate Zi and 15 Qiuer by Zeta ion yay --~} Set cf Rotlonat Nunebers 1. 9t 15 denctess by A ond 16 iden by @ as {Ht wmneZ, n 40} nw eerie erte recat cere ce rte ae EERE * | CSappose on ts edd. Tue mee tals Mew wee yyy tay ar we 5 Odd, a Gntradiction => m if eve Rawr r- Consider the eqnock ow | if Cerner 5 ayo e€# >a $0 | This equotion has on tnctegrot Aout ior ether al or b is a muttlple of w 9 @ Note an = b om condition (t)1s TG Noch ee 0 og the CAmohiar wih be A rotlonok | \ Wewber other than Integer. | ; Ramone .- There Ore cartory equotuns which do not have ratlonot Aslutlns, Example .- Consider the exmort er | gu CaM ee a Cer eee sce oe) Ne cae CTs eyrntun 9's us the existance Cf non- rotonod Rewbers) Soliton b- Assume the contrary , | det pp om where 916. A (myn) =| = 15 Aeletior of PH oa. Than 2 as 2 (2) = 2 = wos un ma Lh , ra a ‘ =7 21 => mis even ay m 9 even, > 2 2 =o tlw a5 Uw so Ulan 2 ‘ =? 21h => wis even. =e) a en rere orien Gi eunes alusuy.cd 9.40 Grsnd $1 which I$ a contradict * Thevefove phon dues net haw @ rotlenak Aolution . 6 Ekereisa - Shew thet following eqs do net have rvoctlennk Aolatier O p26 @ 9729 @ 210M 2 2 ©! Soltur O s- ASSume the Contrary Cres Peea 1G) hes rocttone® Aadutun, Gods [Ps where Gn) 24 Aokis fies the Qitaw eq anock Low! au) ' Bs Cece 26 Bs a => woe bn => 2616" CPI 5 2 ak co) ae 15 evens New Alm =97 Yl a5 ul er @ Thas pr = lo does not bwwe a votlonal — Asluturws Souter O s- ASguane the Corttory Ces Daw, icky Ate Opes ; oda ann 2 Aokistles the 9Min equation 2 Ce (MS = (Cea au > a. | Ds my be ok ahr aor => tle =) wi ts ever a ote Wi ny ube ot => Roz 3k > clit». (Pun) 21 Now (resn) 21 Cmples (MPom) 0 | => (Pin) s| = WD) On ta efter hand sth => lh {i 3s prene) => YR a5 43k 25 ape => 3in fee, CBN) 7,3 ; Pais al Sa OECS contradict ur te (ue Margest! or Smenttast wewber tno 7 et bs at = GPE aL P70 ond par} onk B&B = {peas Pano and ea} Thar a does not howe a Lorgest ics ear remENU ph eranetnnCls(p) ey peer Simdorky B docs vot hore oO Durotheast number ce Hp eG sts p

    % 762 RIED TPO = 47eB Frow QQ, we % 2 p* This cantyodtels, => B dees Viton ber - Rewari i ~ Rutan bers We hae Alse betwor yonk 4 Ate (by oO) get . not hoe a Arnatlest have notid that roctlonat gops betwen thew. ony two rotionnl niiwhers vr445 , there Biss omcther vyottonod nuwhe a4 We brow howe no ere + 22 ca 2 thot the reak numbers bee Auch Geps fs ee basic difference betwtun — vectionnk vweber 5 and veok wunrbers: @ Ordsreh St - An order denster by eee oe Oe velar Cea One ea Saas Seay | the Loo why Propert tes ye (Doe ant ondy one of the followings ho QA XL y or Yn or may VouyeS Oa ay Tee cS ae Raters The por (S,8)) ‘s See Not wnrdty 5 ote omt “2? and Wrtt AS Ar ordered ook, Rrown as ordered Exaw phe oo Tater See Define wsy + Sedetun ‘= det x,y eS cae Thaw ekthar > . . or =k 1s =ve. => x49 of %2y or yan Ce eC OCT oa wmS9 ond YLy we Show thet ~eY ~“ @) Thas ove of the follow conditions butts. neyo *2g9 OF DAE dot -%1953 €S be ats neg ort ysx , bes aly and 913 => Ao mney Ate DS Xm , 32 ON 2 Oe) x => «ly coe. x4 cee sa Bounded Sets - fet Se om order Age omnes, we boy Wet Meg te an wp per oO boundof A age Vaca oF a hes an wpeer bound ty Ss. then ue Any thet 4 6 baundet above + ae i \ CU We Any thet yes 15 a Lower bound op A yy ga aa gg A hs loner bound tn S) slew we Ay thee A 15 bawraled below. Exowpler- Sar ASG (Sat of rodtonals) where A =f xEAY x22} Here KEY weans X-Y '$ ~—ve, Thaw a ith beuniked obpve because 2 AS on upper beandk Claman sat Be {xe Qt Hsdnh Ther B % beanded below and —£ Us the Bouter beans eg B. Rawark .- A AubAct of On ordered Ak wey hove mere than bound or Lower bound, one upper Defincturr y- Least Upper bon nel ket $e on ordered Ast ond Bet ASS , wie soy that xe S ty Qaub(sup) of a y a (ois on upper beund of a+ Ww oF x 1S ony offar: upper beund of A, Thaw oe ara e a ®@ Rework af vs Dep eof A, then a may not be In Ar 294s Consider —_ Gxea 4 da} BEA qh ath as upper benncl of Ax cy 2 15 Lub of ay For thy , tet % 15 ony upper bound. of A At. L42 => Pe Y aca clot. 22% Sf net, har x62 We Know tect there are inpinctely wony votlenals betwen x onk 2. Fix one Auch votcenal nunebor & thar uy Ogh =? dea (by defn of a) iy ££ oy x! is not an uppar bount of a. , PN Tame wcgECe ods tars * O62 there fore ae => 2 15 Lub(Sup) of Ar Depint un v- BL b(9nF) of a Ack ahaa ae ed OAS Se but A be A AubAck of on ordered pet S Le Asy thot ae 5 15 BEBE) of A 4 2 La0 vaca city oF tS ony other Lbieg A, then : KLE Remark s- A Cf on ordered Kak RubC sup) For AW’s, con sicler (rd) 15 he HLY means — X- = Sela: = {Ppear does not €€a Ba Every mort. eee As =? bound of We Bat Cf As ® member Contrary ot ios Le EO a eae : ’ os eee beokidion 4 ae a a ar Rane a a 6 ‘ w re 7 ‘ g CP) Ce : => Pp 42h => per Pez doss 7, the ordered — Aa” Dace 2 °f frat evory 4 ® Above beundul Y Aub rct rot howe wy ekame ple where y 19 ves p2> sere} p 7% , P70} howe Rub. ’ D ond Ps Mm 6B 2 ay we 7B B upper bennod Of B, ASiem the net hed SEOLG a) an re 2 pn por Ter 470, 977 andl ach: => ° Ree et Cd Tie beunk of Ay Proves diok every piper ound TS CIR earn te Vg Cdatm 13 heey not hee & Smottest eemant ASSum~ the Contrary. very te puceOl a (nti a | GM Ge ealacG 5 — 0 Pt ye PH 2) on Hy) pA en e742 o eo than 4 2P ) og 8 om contractor t ©. This proms that @ docs net howe the ADrnothest ele want - coe, A does nok hove tre Lub. beaten Remora bended Y Aubssk of aw Perec al ee eee oe re Tee (Left for the Atusderts) ® Deflwtiuwr- Jax be on ordered see ete Bk We Any thet Ss hos 9b property 4 every AubAgt or S$ which 15 benrded below 5 hag RMN ec hea ote teraml ates Un Sy NeTe.- (Qs) dees net Woe 90h Property because B = Spee. bon Pzah TON Orreal ase no scl |G eros not hove glb th @. Defincuw .- bet S be an ordered Br. We Any thet S hag dub Property ¥y euery Aubset of § which 15 benmolut obeve , has heat Upper bound in S- Mo .-(QsL) does net hove Prperty dub because Biz {PE@s P70 ont Pea} hos upper bennd 3 bat B does tn @: mot hate Lub Coup) @ whieh {sa Condradictir Therefore A mugt be fouter bownst of B. quer Re Orme ck SO Po Rowse beard of 8 tle Ahew thot Bp4e& Since Bp ts @ Router bourd of 6, therefove by defn ef L, Bel. Since 4 = SuplL | An 4A: wo’ Lv ghte thet A = inf &. us the Preef. —olefineel int aiol to bea fitlol ae nite f le shall cath pelertly & eo the xez0 | element. of E Be_a2e lament 'solenale ck ———— by to? @ ool CE Sfp) is aa abelian pana. ______| Withee) = achoan tahe Cf usuel multplicalisa of” rakiral —mumbers Remosks r= tis The aclolitise eleatily —elenaleel hy So’ the aololitive. one fx ee focath_xeF. Th (a jin ABR yp 6 ther —| ays) nm Cysj becouse (1) is. An abelian group —— i) _Ja_shacl —e steph tr eet —— ——a.1 det yee; Mx an rol HL, ——— —————We_shatt_ wth ae re gee ———Bheaneia_.-—tp— any fietel £,— the foltoasiog — hetet k e of x4 x3 then oi } tz) ane oot at = Ket A) ee I (=Xe aH) 7 ¥ = =n Grey) Definer .- Qreeed Fieta v- dee 62? dee on order defined Ina Sled (Ft) » Thaw (Fret) wot he an ordsred fiedd os . ‘ 9 (de 49 L043 ee O43 Yuck (Si ny So Bef XRECF, YC, x30 ort 970 36 x70) in CX Positive } ¥ x40, we cald x. negative, Exampe,— not tet (Q,+,.) isa Lees, tS eo eca A GEC xLy YF x-5 ts —ve. Thaw (Rt) with the order “4? is on ovdlsren fe Qs « Propestew 4. ket F be on ordered Pied 6 Thaw wie hove he Sotto wry Propertaas , “@ % ~7o , ter —-x lo ~O - 36 ego. orks 947g 5 tha 49% = 4 © 9f x£o ark 943 than 97 23 D 95 x eo, then 70. In particular | © FF 0f4n49 , ten este a Ree Sine O4b, therefore ada AtbK bib apo< arb ak b =? aha < Loi) Lab a 1 << Lead bou oA az n =7 4 (o4}) ere prt azo, the coal o< tbeb. & (50) ASSueme. Gndvory Ce AFO+ Then from above Question oh ZAKO- Toke 3 = tac d Then me hove am 2K ESA, aw Crt det. 5 > nbvadiclion tb the “fort “hot Ake for ewry eyo. Hence @ xo. - eur xef €< me Gs ty ts ker t 4 ‘ B2eb<.as s 2%, Contvaokletis he fact tet 9 ech 14 ree Hence agb, fer fed 70 v fo, tharefor P te way pw Pence recta . = ve 1S terotlonok + Exercige 6». Let E€ be a non-empty AubbF ordaveh Ast. Suppose A 1S & Beart of Card p 15 or beat of €. er AEP. Se de Ge. Yxee —o ub ef € of an Lower ss | lal - ty] & Ja-yl Vo asgeR Exerciser fxyl = [allyl ¥ ~wyVER ae ac 2 } Slee fads fee s ivi > ENED » dw Now 6 2 [xy] =(Inl 19) = (Jey — bi it) (Ja) + bet DW) pas) ex eee) Zp ! fey} = fab qyl YuyeR- , Bs te shew thet Ce ag Ae © @& 1S Cortect Euckidean Space. | Theorem 1. det p™ he Euclidemn Space . EEO cries eee OCT CORI yea) y mw ASS eam (el ee ee a) er ze ae ee ee \, Reason .. lilo ds (2kgT Jao ay Bao ae « aac, eo Vb eu2---- on en es ee) 2 = a Racsenv- [dail = peace | aaet est apd CY) gles oIB < qoutllyl a » Memes paoh WE xs Be Theotemr- det Patines M(x y ) Thee show dy Me» Qa = Wx -9)) ptlne the n SS Paton Cel est « ‘ 2a = Wale) = . AR be Cuckdean bey Space V <.9ca™ ‘ n % matree reson. ERD, mi om oh 14) Fix] = lelles - (6-5. 9 neqrnicty) fe AES Lobes 2223 + otc» ao She => BG . bt 2 ye . . a abe

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