THE COMPARISON IN COMPRESSIVE Final Final Na Talaga

Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Civil Engineering Project 2
CIEN 30262
THE COMPARISON IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

BETWEEN HEATED CONVENTIONAL AND POWDERED
GROUNDNUT SHELL AS AN ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of Institute of Technology
In partial fulfillment of
The requirements in CIEN 30262
SUBMITTED BY:
Cruz, Dianne Grace M.
Infante, John Oliver C.
Jalimao, Neil Gabriel T.
Jimeno, Fritz Gerald C.
Mañoza, John Gabriel A.
DCvET 3-1
April 15, 2022
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APPROVAL SHEET
The research paper entitled, “The Comparison in Compressive Strength Between Heated
Conventional and Powdered Groundnut Shell as an Additive in Concrete”, prepared and
submitted by, Cruz, Dianne M., Infante, John Oliver C., Jimeno, Fritz Gerald C., Jalimao,
Neil Gabriel T., Mañoza, John Gabriel A. of Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology
(DCVET) 3-1, has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval.
DELOS ANGELES, ARLHETH
Research Adviser
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements CE Project 2 (CIEN 30262) for the 1st
Semester of S.Y. 2022-2023.
ENGR. FRESCIAN C. RUIZ, MSIT ENGR.RAMIR M. CRUZ, MSCM
Chairperson, Engineering Technology Academic Dean Department
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Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we give thanks to God and all His glory in guiding us throughout the creation
of this paper.
The researchers would also like to thank our family and friends for their support that allowed
us to perform this research without a problem. We also want to give our thanks to the various
people and organizations who gave unending support and guidance for this research. We would
like to specially acknowledge the Department of Public Works and Highways - Bureau of
Research and Quezon City District 2 Office for hosting us and lending their knowledge and
equipment up until the completion of our papers. Additionally, we would like to give thanks as
well to Majestic Earth Core Venture and Holcim for providing us with the necessary materials
required for the samples we have.
Last, but not the least we would like to give thanks to our research adviser and the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines - Sta. Mesa collectively for the opportunity that they gave us for this
paper.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Appendices v
Chapter Page
1 Introduction to the Study 6
Background of the Study 7

Conceptual Framework 8
Statement of the Problem 9
Significance of the Study 10-11
Scope and Delimitation 12
Definition of Terms 13
2 Related Literatures 14-17

Related Studies 18-23
3 Research Design 24
Data Gathering and Sample 24-25
Project Design 26-31
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation 31
4 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation 32-37
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5 Summary of Findings 38-40

Conclusion 40
Recommendation 40
Bibliography 41
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Documentation 42-47

Appendix B: Curriculum Vitae 48-53
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem and purpose
conceptual framework, hypotheses, scope, limitations and delimitations, and definition of
terminologies.
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the 20th century, everything in the world started to change. Technologies are
starting to advance in which the lives of people became easier. The inevitable progress seemed to
be the greatest advancement in the new century. But with this progress, global warming became
prominent. This said occurrence changed the world for good.
The Philippines is known to be a tropical country, which clearly states that Filipinos are
prone to experiencing extreme heat that could lead up to hazardous events such as the breaking
down of rocks, especially during summer. Because of this problem, the researchers came up with
a possible solution through experimentation: the testing of ground nut shells, simply known as
peanut shells as an additive in heated concrete compared to the conventional in terms of
compressive strength.
This study is highly relevant to the archipelago’s situation since drought is experienced
throughout the country most of the time. The research is important once tested because it may
serve as an admixture wherein the strength of the concrete cannot be affected when exposed to
high temperatures. This will also help in building creative minds for the people to innovate certain
objects that will help in construction.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are
chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is initially from South America and is utilized principally for
culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well concerning the creation of rolls,
bread, desserts, oats, and servings of mixed vegetables. Also, due to their high percentage of fat,
peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. To add
further, groundnut shell ash is classified as class C pozzolana where it is used as resistance against
heat. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the
production of peanuts was 43,982,066, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are developed
primarily in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa at 26.2%, the
Americas at 8.4%, and Oceania at 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of Agri-
industrial waste (shells).
Concrete is an artificial stone-like mass, the composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips, etc.),
water, admixtures, etc. in specific proportions. The strength and quality are dependent on the
mixing proportions. Concrete is powerful, easy to create, and can be formed into varied shapes and
sizes. Besides that, it is reasonable, low cost, and instantly mixed. It is designed to allow reliable
and high-quality fast-track construction. Structures designed with the concrete unit of
measurements are durable and should be designed to face up to earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons,
and tornadoes.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This section helps the students understand how to visualize the flow of the study. The
conceptual framework discusses different events that happened in conducting the research.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of groundnut shell powder as an additive in
concrete. Due to the change happening in our climate every day, the strength and durability of a
block have been affected. Thus, the researchers would like to seek an answer to the problem, of
how effective is groundnut shells for concrete and to answer the following sub-problems:
1. Which percentage of the added powdered groundnut shell that corresponds with the
amount of cement in concrete has the highest compressive strength?
a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 15%
2. What will be the average pound per square inch (PSI) of the samples of each curing
day?
a) 7 days
b) 14 days
c) 28 days
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HYPOTHESES
There is a possibility that the powdered groundnut shell is an effective additive when it
comes to the compressive strength of the heated concrete.
ASSUMPTIONS
In this study, any important facts may be drawn from conducting this experiment which is
presumed to be true but not verified. The following assumptions are:
1. A large quantity of ground nut shells is needed to conduct this research.
2. The powdered ground nut shells and other components in making concrete must be mixed
properly to have a better result.
3. Groundnut shells increase the possibility of having a higher compressive strength in
concrete when added.
4. Groundnut shells should be crushed completely before adding them to the other materials.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This part will determine who benefits from the study and how that specific audience will
benefit from its findings. It also refers to the level of certainty in the results of the study.
This study will be beneficial to the:
•To Engineers
This study will give them a new idea or option for the concrete that they will do in their
specific construction project. As engineers are planning for their infrastructure projects, they may
use the groundnut shell as an additive when it comes to the compressive strength of concrete in a
climate area.
•To the Government
The government will benefit from this research because this will help the agency to provide a
better quality of living when conducting public housing. In addition, when the product becomes
effective and available in the market, it will help in the rising of the economic level.
•To the Consumers
Peanut shell concrete is an organic type, so it is more economical than ordinary concrete.
This kind of concrete is eco-friendly so consumers may tend to use it. It may become very useful
also during summer.
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•To the Farmers
Farmers are the ones who are responsible for planting and harvesting ground nuts.
With this, they can earn money by selling it to their respective buyers.
•To the Future Researchers
This study will also help the researchers to gain new knowledge that may help them in the
future. This study can provide extensive comprehension regarding the use of ground nut shells in
concrete.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study focuses on the comparison in compressive strength between heated conventional
and powdered additive peanut groundnut shells in concrete. The study aims to identify the
compressive strength of concrete, added with powdered groundnut shell, that is easily heated when
exposed to direct sunlight and to fire. The time allotted for this study began on the third week of
December 2023 and lasted until March 2023. This study was conducted at the Testing Section of
the Department of Public Works and Highways – Quezon City 2nd District. The materials used in
this are the pulverized groundnut shell along with cement and fine and coarse aggregates. This
study intends to find the compressive strength of concrete mixed with groundnut additives after
undergoing 5 hours inside a laboratory oven at a temperature of 300 degrees. A control set will
also be created with the same mix undergoing the same testing procedures.
The limitation of this study will be the comparison in compressive strength between heated
conventional and powdered additive peanut groundnut shells in concrete. Its limitations do not
intend to replace any construction materials but only to add powdered peanut groundnut shells in
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concrete. The study does not include knowing what ingredients or chemicals affected the results
of the tests conducted by the researchers. The research will not extend to other factors that are
outside the scope of the study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Additive - a substance that is added to something to improve or preserve it. In this study, the
groundnut shells serve as the additive to the concrete to know if it is good enough for the durability
of the heated samples.
Concrete -In this research, it is the variable that is being tested whether it is capable of making
the concrete stronger when it tests its compressibility.
Effectivity - the capability of producing a desired result or the power to be effective. In this, this
is the variable that researchers are looking for if a concrete sample with groundnut shells will have
a higher average of psi when it comes to its compressive strength.
Groundnut shell – the covering of the peanut that is loaded with cellulose and lignin and rich in
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In this study, the shells are used as an additive in making
concrete.
Pozzolana - a silicate-based material that reacts with calcium hydroxide generated by hydrating
cement to form additional cementitious materials. In this study, the groundnut shells are the
pozzolanic materials that are added in making concrete.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter includes a review of related literature and studies relevant to this research
paper.
RELATED LITERATURE
Viability of Groundnut Shell as an Additive for Thermal Resistant Cement
As a natural fiber, a groundnut shell is advantageous as a reinforcing material for

thermoplastics and composites. In addition, by utilizing these raw materials that would otherwise
be dumped in landfills, using them as an additive provides an alternative disposal method. They
are also preferred over their synthetic counterparts due to their affordability, accessibility, non-
corrosiveness, durability, and lightweight.
Regarding their thermal properties, they have inherent heat conductivity and diffusivity
that can be utilized as filler concentrates for cement production (Raju, 2012). It was discovered
that these thermal properties result from their natural orientation, which affects their conductivity.
Intrinsic Characteristics of Groundnut Shell Ash Cement
In a study conducted by Mahmoud et al. (2014), groundnut shell ash was used as an additive
to cement in the concrete-making process to help it achieve a satisfactory compressive strength
with 20 percent less binder. The setting time of composite concrete increases proportionally with
the ash content of the mixture. In contrast, the amount of ash decreases the cement's compressive
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strength. To obtain adequate strength at the maximum replacement level, it is necessary to examine
the amount of ash added to the mixture. According to Nwofor (2017), the compressive strength
value of groundnut shell ash concrete (GSA) ranged from 29% to 40% replacement to
approximately 70% at a 10% replacement level compared to the control, which had no GSA on the
28th day. The use of GSA concrete for the construction of masonry walls and mass foundations
has been recognized as an improvement. In a separate study conducted by Sule (2017), a
compressive strength test was conducted to determine the GSA concrete strength, which varies
with replacement amount from 0% to 40%. In addition, the curing times of these 100 samples vary,
ranging from 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The replacement level of the groundnut shell should not
exceed 40 percent, as determined by a compressive machine test. Ash from ground nut shells was
added to the binder at concentrations of 5 percent, 10 percent, 15 percent, and 20 percent by weight
of the asphalt binder. To determine the intrinsic properties of GSA, several tests were conducted.
The properties of the modified asphalt binder were determined using rotational viscosity (RV),
dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), temperature storage stability, and bending beam rheometer
(BBR) tests. In connection with this, additional tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical
performance of the mixtures, including indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), repeated load
axial (RLA), and indirect tensile fatigue modulus (ITFM) (ITF). Tests indicate that asphalt binder
mixed with up to 10 percent GSA remained stable during storage at high temperatures. In addition,
their softening point, viscosity, and rutting resistance increase significantly, while their penetration
grade, ductility, fatigue, and low-temperature cracking resistance decrease significantly.
Additionally, GSA improved the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures, which contributed
to their viability. (Arabani, 2018).
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Better Disposability of Groundnut Byproducts
Approximately twenty percent of dried peanut pods are groundnut shells, which is a
significant amount of shell residue remaining after groundnut processing. Increased production of
groundnuts results in the accumulation of shells that are either discarded or burned. Due to the
presence of cellulose and other functional compounds, they may be utilized in a variety of ways.
These shells could also be converted into bioproducts such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and nano-
sheets, in addition to concrete. By implementing an effective management strategy, these
byproducts could be converted into bioproducts that would have otherwise been discarded.
(Velmurugan et al., 2019).
Groundnut shell is cheaper relative to Portland cement and is more accessible due to their
quantity in many northern states of Nigeria, the utilization of this product in the concrete-creation
process would reduce agricultural waste contribution to environmental pollution while also
offering a cost-effective alternative to normal concrete. (Nwofor, 2017)
Usability in the Construction Industry
According to Badur and Rao (2018), the construction industry heavily relies on cement for
its operation. It is necessary to produce concrete, mortar, and cement. However, due to its excessive
cost, the industry searches for a more cost-effective alternative. Furthermore, its process requires
high energy demand and yields significant emissions of CO2. Limestone, which is the primary
material required for its creation, is being depleted presenting a disadvantage in the cement
production industry.
About 7% of CO2 is released into the atmosphere during cement production which impacts
the environment negatively contributing to global warming. Thus, the disposal of agricultural
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materials pose an environmental issue as well constituting the need to convert them into useful
materials to minimize their adverse effects. (Habeeb and Mahmud, 2016).
Each year, the production of billions of tons of concrete in the world requires a significant quantity
of raw materials. In addition to the energy requirements, water consumption, and construction
waste generation, these factors contribute to the concrete's unfriendly appearance. Therefore,
sustainable solutions must be sought for future concrete construction. The use of eco-friendly
concrete contributes to the elimination of the negative effects of the cement industry on the
environment. Consequently, reducing the amount of concrete used in buildings necessitates
replacing as much Portland cement as possible with supplementary building materials, particularly
those that are by-products of industrial processes, such as groundnut shell ash, rice husk ash, palm
oil fuel ash, slag, metakaolin, and silica fume, and judiciously employing the concrete that remains.
(Altwair et al., 2014).
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RELATED STUDIES
Thermal Properties of Groundnut Shell
According to Feiz and Lamrani (2017), their study examines the outcomes of an
experimental investigation into the thermo-physical properties of a composite plaster made from
PS. Utilizing transient and steady-state hot-plate and flash methods, the thermal properties of
composite materials are determined. Thermophysical properties are investigated about the number
and size of ground nut shells. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal heat
capacity of composite materials decline as the mass fraction of polystyrene (PS) increases. This
suggests that the studied composite material is an effective insulator. This material contributes to
reducing our energy consumption and achieving significant annual savings on our utility bills,
which will improve our thermal comfort and reduce our environmental impact by lowering our
CO2 emissions. The thermal properties of composite materials are reported conclusively to provide
industrial designers with values that are supported by high levels of assurance. Peanut shells
significantly improve the thermal insulation quality of the plaster material used in false ceilings,
resulting in greater energy efficiency than a building with a plaster-only false ceiling. Additionally,
manufacturers can use the material as a coating for wall materials (Feiz & Lamrani, 2017).
According to Sujatha (2015), groundnut shell ash, cement, and their mixtures are utilized in
varying proportions to increase the tensile strength of construction materials. Changes in concrete's
consistency limits, compaction characteristics, undrained cohesion, and modulus of elasticity are
utilized to determine the effect of the stabilizer on the concrete's resistance. The durability
characteristics of stabilized soil were investigated based on the improvement of undrained shear
strength for various days of curing as a result of an increase in cement concentration. Stabilized
Concrete demonstrated a satisfactory increase in strength and consistent durability. Ash from
ground nut shells and cement increased the optimal level of moisture. The dry density and modulus
of elasticity of cement decreased slightly. As a bearing medium, these can be used in the
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construction of roads and for stabilizing concrete as an economically viable alternative. The use of
groundnut shell ash, an agricultural byproduct, contributes to waste management and fosters the
sustainable growth of the local construction industry (Bharathi & Dharini, 2017).
Composition of Groundnut Shell Cement
Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials. It has a greater load-bearing
capacity when it is reinforced with steel. Concrete is a heterogeneous material consisting of
aggregates bound together with a fluid cement. Cement is an adhesive material that contains lime,
silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The production of cement, however, falls short of our needs and
contributes to global warming. The use of groundnut shells will contribute to the production of
higher-quality concrete at a lower cost, while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution.
GSA possesses superior pozzolanic properties, and when it reacts with calcium hydroxide during
hydration, an additional calcium silicate hydrate gel is produced. The addition of GSA to cement
may decrease drying shrinkage and water absorption but increase setting time. Due to the sluggish
reactivity of GSA, the setting time has increased. The presence of GSA has the potential to obstruct
the porous structure of concrete, thereby increasing its strength and making it impermeable. GSA
exhibits improved workability at a lower replacement level, decreased permeability, low heat of
hydration, higher resistance to chemical attack, and a lower diffusion rate of chloride ions, resulting
in higher corrosion resistance of steel. The following is the chemical composition of peanut shells.
(Dharani, 2017).
Kreiker et al. (2014) stated that the ashes of peanut husks have a chemical composition,
according to Pozzolans type C that can be used as a supplementary addition to cement. Though, it
contains an elevated level of alkali that could give unwanted reactions. It is advised that the level
of addiction should be kept low. The morphology of ashes depends on the burnt temperature of
husks. It is recommended to control this parameter to prevent the formation of crystalline phases
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to expand the ashes’ reactivity to 500 C, the proper temperature needed for the calculations. The
ashes can be added to the cement for up to 15% without changing the mechanical properties of the
comprehensive strength of mortars, keeping the values permitted by the norm for Argentina.
Adding peanut husk ashes to local manufacture of cement can be used as a feasible alternative to
lower the environmental pollution incorporated with the production process that adds a massive
regional waste, providing important economic and environmental benefits.
Proportion Required for Maximum Replacement Level
According to Amartey et al. (2014), The suitability of groundnut shells as a constituent material in
concrete was investigated by mixing proportions by volume of fine aggregate (river sand) with
groundnut shells. The physical properties of cement, groundnut shells, and aggregates were
determined. Concrete cubes measuring 150x150x150mm were cast. Ground nut shells were used
to mix with fine aggregate at 0, 5, 15, 25, 50, and 75% replacement levels. The effects of the
groundnut shells on the workability of fresh concrete were determined by the slump and
compacting factor value tests. Compressive strengths and density values of the concrete cubes were
evaluated at 28 days at different percentage replacement levels obtaining a range of values of 34.37,
40.59, 21.33, 17.78, 12.44, 7.56N/mm2 and 2402.96, 2533.33, 2349.62, 2215.30, 2121.48, and
1854.81Kg/m3, respectively. An increase in the percentage of groundnut shells in the cubes led to
a corresponding reduction in the densities of the cubes and compressive strength values. At the
value of 25% and above, of fine aggregate with groundnut shells; lightweight concrete was
produced which could be used where low stress is required. Hence groundnut shells can be used
to produce lightweight concrete.
From the values obtained for the strength of the concrete specimens and as shown in Table
3, the strength of concrete decreases with an increase in groundnut shell percentage. It was
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observed that during soaking the concrete cubes containing more groundnut shells i.e., 50 and 75%
replacements may have absorbed more water which led to low workability of the concrete
mixtures, and this contributed to the low compressive strength at these replacement levels. Also,
the low density of the groundnut shell as compared to that of the fine aggregate it was used to
replace may have contributed to the low strength of the concrete. Although, the concrete cubes
containing groundnut shells exhibited compressive strength values for lightweight concrete
(Amartey et al., 2014).
Raheem et. Al (2014) presented a study of the use of saw dust ash as a partial replacement
for cement in concrete. They concluded that compressive strength increases with the curing period
and decreases with an increased amount of saw dust ash and only 5% saw dust ash substitution is
adequate to enjoy the maximum benefit of strength gain.
In the construction industry, concrete plays a pivotal role. In the current situation, there is a
shortage of this material, so it is necessary to find replacements for it in concrete. Numerous waste
products that are readily available, such as paper waste, red mud, rice husks, and plastic waste, can
be used to overcome this situation. Among all of these, groundnut shell ash is one of the oil
industry's beneficial waste products. It can be used extensively in place of cement. The ground net
shell is composed of CaO, SiO4, Al2O3, and Fe3O4. This experimental investigation was
conducted to evaluate the strength of concrete in which cement was replaced with ground nutshell
ash for cubes, cylinders, and prisms with varying percentages ranging from 0% to 30% with a 5
percent interval. Concrete was mixed by weight using a 1:2:4 ratio and a water-to-cement ratio of
0.6. Concrete cubes measuring 150*150*150 mm, cylinders measuring 150*300 mm, and prisms
measuring 100*150 mm are utilized. These cubes, cylinders, and prisms were tested for
compression, flexural, and split tensile strengths for 7, 14, and 28 days. A 10 percent replacement
of ground nutshell ash exhibits the highest strength values compared to other percentages, and a
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15 percent replacement of ground nutshell ash obtained the highest compressive and split tensile
strengths rather than other flexural strengths (Lakshmi & Polinati, 2017).
Compressibility of Groundnut Shell Cement
According to Tata et al. (2017), the partial replacement of sand with groundnut shell in the
production of lightweight concrete as observed from the experimental program carried out showed
positive prospects. The varying percentages of groundnut shells used in replacing sand have
indicated that lightweight concrete can be produced and can be used as non-load-bearing concrete
or insulate lightweight concrete due to the low compressive strength and density of the sample
cubes produced. The various acceptable percentages of groundnut shells that can be used to replace
sand and order to produce lightweight concrete are in the range of 30-70% as they fall within the
range of densities accepted for lightweight concrete. 30% groundnut shell replacement achieved a
compressive strength of 3.67N/mm2 and a density of 1890kg/m3 after 28days of curing. Its density
indicates that it is lightweight concrete, and its strength indicates that it can be used as a non-load
bearing lightweight concrete or insulated lightweight concrete. e. The analysis of the specific
gravity of the groundnut shell used was 0.6 and that of sand was 2.6, therefore, implying that both
materials can be used for lightweight concrete.
According to Adebara et al. (2016), it is possible to incorporate Bambara Groundnut Shell
Ash (BGSA) into the design of a concrete mix if the total percentage does not exceed 10%. At 28
days, they reported a negligible decrease in compressive strength when 40% of the cement was
replaced with ground fly ash. However, at 56 and 120 days, the compressive strength of concrete
containing up to 40 percent fly ash is identical to that of concrete containing no fly ash, and at one
year, it is even higher. In addition, they reported a negligible decrease in compressive strength up
to 40% cement replacement with ground fly ash at 28 days.
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Environmental Impact of the Concrete-Creation and Groundnut’s Role in Reducing it
Groundnut shell is a form of agro-waste resulting from groundnut milling. In 2014, the global
production of groundnuts reached approximately 42.31 million tons, and it was anticipated that
this number would continue to rise each year. China, India, and Nigeria are the top three producers
of groundnuts, contributing approximately 37.3%, 15.5%, and 8.1%, respectively, of the global
total. In terms of groundnut production, these nations remain in the lead. About 25 to 40 percent
of groundnuts are comprised of shells. And 2.5% ash is produced per ton of shells. Therefore, the
total amount of groundnut ash produced on a global scale could reach 0.42 million tons. Ashes
have little economic value; instead, when disposed of in landfills, they become an environmental
hazard by causing soil, groundwater, and air pollution. The production of lightweight concrete was
accomplished by substituting groundnut shells for fine aggregate. The shell was utilized to produce
both the insulation board and wardrobe. However, the use of groundnut shell ash as a substitute
for cement in cement-based materials has been the subject of few studies. (Usman, 2019)
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the research design, data-gathering sample, sampling technique,
research instruments, data-gathering procedure, and statistical analysis.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers used a true-experimental design. This was the chosen research design by
the researchers because of wanting to test out the compressibility strength of the concrete when the
peanut shells ash is added to it. According to Salkind (2010), the true experimental design is used
to describe studies with at least one independent variable which is controlled and manipulated, and
one dependent variable or outcome in it. This research uses a quantitative approach, in which the
researchers are going to gather quantifiable data to investigate if there is a notable change in the
compressive strength of the concrete when peanut shells are added to the mix or not. Quantitative
research uses and focuses on objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, and
numerical analysis of the data collected by polls, surveys, and manipulation of pre-existing
statistical data using computational techniques. (Babbie, 2010)
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DATA GATHERING AND SAMPLE
A. Materials and Design

The researchers gathered the needed materials and equipment for the experiment:
1. Portland Cement 8. Cylinder mold

2. Fine Aggregate 9. Measuring Tape
3. Peanut Shells (Ash) 10. Water pail
4. Potable water 11. Blender
5. Coarse Aggregate 12. Tamping rod
6. Shovel 13. Oil
7. Rubber Mallet
The peanut shells ash used as an additive for the concrete mix is collected from peanut leftovers
and bought from the store. The potable water is used for curing and mixing, and the aggregates
(coarse and fine) were gathered from Majestic Earth Core Ventures in Rodriguez, Rizal, and the
Type 1 cement was gathered from Holcim Cement.
The shovel is used to mix the concrete, the blender is used to crush the peanut shells, the water pail
is used as a water container, a 4-inch by 8-inch cylinder mold is used to mold the concrete, the
tamping rod and the rubber mallet is used to compact the concrete, the measuring tape is used to
measure the dimensions of the mold being used, and the cylinder mold to mold the concrete
samples.
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PROJECT DESIGN
Table 1: Project Design Flow
As shown in the diagram above, the materials and equipment are prepared first, next is the
preparation of peanut shells, by crushing them in the blender, then the other parts of these peanuts
that are not used are consumed or disposed of properly. The peanut shells are examined, and the
foreign materials around them are discarded. Next is the gathering of cement, coarse and fine
aggregates. We gathered the coarse and fine aggregates from Majestic Earth Core Ventures,
Rodriguez, Rizal, and we were supplied Type 1 cement from Holcim Cement. Next is the quality
test of course and fine aggregates by conducting sieve, specific gravity, and bulk density tests.
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Next is the mixing of concrete, where the sand, concrete, aggregates, peanut shell additive (varies
on the
amount per sample), and cement are mixed with potable water slowly being poured until it is
evenly mixed. After mixing, the concrete mix is dumped into the cylinder mold with the
dimensions of 4-inch diameter and 8-inch height. The concrete is then compacted by tamping it 25
times in 2 layers. The molds were oiled properly for easy demolding.
After the concrete mix is molded, it is then cured in a curing tank full of water for about 7, 14, and
28 days. After that, the concrete samples are sent to the material testing center in DPWH Quezon
City 2nd District, EDSA-Kamuning, Quezon City. The researchers placed the sample in the oven
at a temperature of 300 degrees Celsius, for 5 hours after that, it will be conducted to a compressive
strength test on the cylinder samples, and then the results from the test were gathered.
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE TEST SPECIMENS

IN THE FIELD (ASTM C31)
This practice provides standard requirements and guidelines for making and curing
concrete test specimens in the field. In this study, the specimens are made and cured in accordance
with this practice.
APPARATUS
- 4 in. x 8 in. Cylinder Mold – This is where the concrete is going to be formed. The
researchers preferred this cylinder mold size in accordance with ASTM-C31.
- Tamping rod and Rubber Mallet – This is used to compact the concrete to the mold,
ensuring less air voids in the concrete specimens.
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MATERIALS
- Coarse and fine aggregates – Obtained from Majestic Earth Core Ventures,
Rodriguez, Rizal
- Type 1 Cement – Obtained directly from Holcim Cement
- Water
- Groundnut Shells – These are used for experimental samples.
Conventional sample (g)* for 12 (g) 5% (g)* 10% (g)* 15% (g)*
Cement 667 8000 667 667 667
Sand 1667 15000 1667 1667 1667
Gravel 2167 26000 2167 2167 2167
Water 1667 5000 1667 1667 1667
GS** 33.33 66.67 100
* - Per individual specimen.

**- The amount of groundnut shells was computed based on the amount of cement per concrete
specimen (Cement (g) × GS (%)).
Table 2: Cylinder Mix Values

Design Mix: 1:2:3
Water - Cement Ratio: 1:0.618
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PROCEDURES
1. The sand, gravel, and cement are first mixed dry. If it is an experimental specimen, add the
ground nut shells depending on how much amount it should have on that mix. After being
mixed thoroughly, the water is then added slowly, and then it is all mixed thoroughly for a
specific period.
2. After the concrete mix is made, the concrete is poured in the cylinder mold, in which it is
poured in 2 layers, where each layer is tamped using a tamping rod 25 times.
3. After pouring and tamping, the mold is then tamped from the outside using a rubber mallet.
This is to make sure that the concrete mix is uniformly distributed through the whole mold,
which also ensures that the specimen will have lesser air voids.
4. Overfilled concretes from the mold should be removed, and underfilled molds should be
filled up with a similar concrete mix.
5. Make sure to flat out the surface of the specimen in a way that it is level with the height of
the mold.
6. After pouring the concrete into the mold and smoothing the surface, let the concrete dry
out for 24 hours. After 24 hours, take the concrete specimens out of the cylinder mold, and
then mark the specimens according to the amount of groundnut shells that it has, and its
curing period. After marking the specimens, put the specimens in a curing tank with water.
Let the specimens cure depending on the indicated curing days.
7. After curing the concrete specimens in accordance with its length of curing period, the
concrete specimen is ready to be placed in oven at a temperature of 300 ± 5°C.
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STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL

CONCRETE SPECIMENS (ASTM-C39)
This test method is used to determine the strength of concrete specimens. The test involves
placing the cylinder concrete specimen in a compression testing machine, in which a concrete
specimen is being pressed down by the machine until the specimen fails. The result of this test is
used as the basis for determining the effects of the groundnut shell on the compressive strength of
concrete when exposed to an elevated temperature.
APPARATUS
- Compressive Test Machine – This apparatus is used to determine the compressive
strength of the concrete.
PROCEDURE
1. The test is conducted after exposing the concrete specimen to elevated temperature in an
oven at a temperature of 300 ± 5°C for 5 hours.
2. Right away after taking out the specimen from the oven, the specimen is placed on a metal
bearing block with phenolic rubber under the block.
3. An engineer that is expert on operating the compressive test machine will start the machine
and conduct the test.
4. The maximum applied load by the machine is recorded, and the compressive strength is
calculated using the following formula:
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𝑁 𝑀𝑁
𝑃 𝑘𝑁 [1000 𝑘𝑁 ] [1 × 10𝑏 𝑁 ]
=
𝐴 2.54 2
𝜋 [𝑑 × ]
100 𝑚 2
4
Where P is the maximum applied load (kN); b = average width of the specimen (m), d = Internal
diameter of the cylinder mold, A = Area (𝑚 2).
5. Since the concrete samples are molded in a 4” x 8” cylinder mold, the formula is as follows:
𝑁 𝑀𝑁
𝑃 𝑘𝑁 [1000 𝑘𝑁 ] [1 × 106 𝑁 ] 𝑀𝑁
= 2 = 0.1235 2
𝐴 2.54 𝑚
𝜋 [4 × ]
100 𝑚 2
4
Which then can be used to simplify the formula into:
𝑀𝑁
𝑆 = 𝑃𝑘𝑁 × 0.1235 = ______
𝑚2
Where P is the maximum applied load (kN); S is the compressive strength.
6. After calculating the compressive strength (MPa), it is converted to psi by multiplying the
compressive strength by 145.038.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The data collected from the test results were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis.
Mean. The test will be used to determine the level of effectiveness of the groundnut shells on the
concrete when exposed to a constant high temperature on different amounts of groundnut shells
and different curing periods.
Two-way ANOVA. The Two-way Analysis of Variance is used to determine the significance of
the results to be interpreted. This test is used when there is a single independent variable and 2 or
more dependent variables.
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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter includes the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected from
compressive strength tests overseen by the Department of Public Works and Highways experts.
This chapter also includes presentation of the data in tabular form along with corresponding
descriptive interpretations.
Compressive Strength Values When Heated (in PSI)

Control 7th Day (PSI) 5% Additive (PSI)
Mold 1 2275.02795 2162.001695
Mold 2 2836.2165 2063.4846336
Mold 3 2760.53765 2385.9041076
Average 2623.927367 2203.7968120666
Table 1: 7th Day Compressive Strength Result of Heated Conventional and 5% Additive
The table above shows the result of compressive strength values of each concrete cylinder
that was projected by the variables on the 7th day of breaking, having three (3) cylinders each trial.
The control cylinders garnered an average compressive strength of 2623.927367 PSI, while the
cylinders containing 5% additive of powdered groundnut shell have an average of
2203.7968120666 PSI.
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Mold 1 2275.02795 850.829
Mold 2 2836.2165 773.807
Mold 3 2760.53765 687.828
Average 2623.927367 770.8214
cylinders containing 10% additive of powdered groundnut shell have an average of 770.8214 PSI.
Mold 1 2275.02795 358.244
Mold 2 2836.2165 368.991
Mold 3 2760.53765 428.101
Average 2623.927367 385.1121
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Mold 1 3150.0387 2303.51
Mold 2 3927.069 2480.8387
Mold 3 3822.2829 2482.6299
Average 3633.1302 2422.33
that was projected by the variables on the 14th day of breaking, having three (3) cylinders each
trial. The control cylinders garnered an average compressive strength of 3633.1302 PSI, while the
34 | P a g e
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Mold 1 3150.0387 1218.0291
Mold 2 3927.069 1467.0086
Mold 3 3822.2829 1508.2067
Average 3633.1302 1397.75

Mold 1 3150.0387 510.4975
Mold 2 3927.069 429.89263
Mold 3 3822.2829 485.42043
Average 3633.1302 475.27
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Control 28th Day 5% Additive (PSI)

(PSI)
Mold 1 3500.043 2224.69
Mold 2 4363.41 1723.15
Mold 3 4246.981 2754.9
Average 4036.811 2234.248
The table above shows the result of compressive strength values of each concrete cylinder that was
projected by the variables on the 28th day of breaking, having three (3) cylinders each trial. The
control cylinders garnered an average compressive strength of 4036.811 PSI, while the cylinders
containing 5% additive of powdered groundnut shell have an average of 2234.248 PSI.

(PSI)
Mold 1 3500.043 1678.37
Mold 2 4363.41 1492.09
Mold 3 4246.981 1637.17
Average 4036.811 1602.544
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(PSI)
Mold 1 3500.043 702.158
Mold 2 4363.41 725.444
Mold 3 4246.981 804.257
Average 4036.811 743.9531
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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary, conclusion, and recommendation of the study.
Summary of Findings
1. Which percentage of the added powdered groundnut shell that corresponds with the amount
of cement in concrete has the highest compressive strength?
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According to the data presented in Chapter 4, the compressive strength of the samples lessened as
more groundnut shell was added. Additionally, curing time also plays a significant role in ensuring
that the samples are at their full strength. Comparatively, the sample set which has been cured
within 28 days falls slightly lower than 5 percent but displays a higher strength at 10 and 15
percent. The sample set for 14 days has the highest strength at 5 percent while falls second for the
rest. Lastly, the sample set for 7 days has comparatively the same strength at 5 percent but dipped
a significant amount to 10 percent but has better results at 15 percent.
2. What will be the average pound per square inch (psi), of the samples of each curing day?
Based on the given data in the previous chapter the average psi of the samples of each curing days
are as follows:
7 days - 2623.927367 (Control)
2203.7968120666 (5%)
770.8214 (10%)
385.1121 (15%)
14 days - 3633.1302 (Control)
2422.33 (5%)
39 | P a g e
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1397.75 (10%)
475.27 (15%)
28 days - 4036.811 (Control)
2234.248 (5%)
1602.544 (10%)
743.9531 (15%)
Conclusion:
The researchers concluded that the powdered shell from the ground nut as an additive is not
effective based on the results coming from the data.
We also concluded that the higher the amount of groundnut shell powder mixed in the mixture the
lower the result in compressibility strength of the concrete.
Recommendation:
Try to have a different approach on how the groundnut shell will be used like making it an ash
before mixing it in the mixture of cement, sand, and concrete.
Try to have a different cement mix ratio.
Try different kinds of cement and sand.
40 | P a g e
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amartey, M. K. (2016). The use of Groundnut shell ash as a partial replacement for cement
in concrete production. International Journal of Sciences, Engineering & Environmental, Page 1-
8.
Arabani, N. E. (2018). Laboratory evaluation on the effect of groundnut shell ash on
performance parameters of asphalt binder and mixes. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 1-23.
Badur, Y. A. (2015). An investigation into the use of groundnut shell as fine aggregate
replacement. Nigerian Journal of Technology, Volume 32, pages 54-60.
Bharathi, K. D. (2016). Influence of groundnut shell ash on strength and durability
properties of clay. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, Volume 11, Pages 20-27.
Kreiker, J., (2014). Study of peanut husk ashes properties to promote its use as
supplementary material in cement mortars. Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, Volume
no. 7.
Lakshmi, N. A. (2017). Study on partial replacement of groundnut shell ash with cement.
Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 84.
Raju, V. G. (2014). Experimental study on optimizing of thermal properties of groundnut
shell particle reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Emerging
Sciences, 433-454.
Sujatha, E. R. (2014). Influence of groundnut shell ash on strength and durability
properties of clay. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 20-27.
Tata, O. O. (2015). Feasibility study of the use of ground nutshells as fine aggregates in
lightweight concrete construction. International Journal of Advance Research in Engineering. Vol.
1.
Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates. (2008). ASTM Book of
Standards, 04.02. https://doi.org/10.1520/c0136-06
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Appendix A:
Documentation
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Preparation
In the pictures above, the researchers were preparing all the materials that are needed in
performing the research such as cleaning the groundnut shell, separating the shell and the seeds,
blending, measuring all the needed material such as cement, sand, and gravel.
43 | P a g e
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Procedure
44 | P a g e
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The pictures above show how the researchers were performing the procedures in making samples
needed to conduct a test to get data needed for this research.
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Testing
46 | P a g e
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The pictures on this page display the conducting of the test for the samples and some of its
results.
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APPENDIX B:
CURRICULUM VITAE
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DIANNE GRACE M. CRUZ

Complete Address:
Del Rosario Compound. Brgy. San Juan

Taytay, Rizal
Email Address:
diannemateocruz@gmail.com
Contact no.
0992-450-1479
PROFILE:
Date of Birth: March 28, 2002
Age: 21 years old
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Polytechnic University of the Philippines 2020-Present
College
Taytay Senior High School 2019- 2020

Senior High School
Cainta Catholic College 2018- 2019
Senior High School
Juan Sumulong Memorial Junior College 2014-2018

Junior High School
Research/es Undertaken:
DISABILITIES TO CAPABILITIES: THE LEVEL OF RESILIENCY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
OF LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN TAYTAY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (2019)
PERCEPTION OF GOVERNMENT VETERINARIANS ON TAMBUCHO EUTHANASIA: A CASE STUDY

(2018)
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JOHN OLIVER C. INFANTE

Complete Address:
Block 2 lot 38, Champaca st, Novaliches,

Pasong Putik Proper, Quezon City
Email Address:
infantejohnoliver@gmail.com
Contact no.
0939-244-2560
PROFILE:
Date of Birth: June 21, 2001
Age: 21 years old
College
Our Lady of Fatima University 2018- 2020

Senior High School
St. Francis Xavier Catholic School 2014-2018

Junior High School
The Purpose and Perceived Effectiveness of Alternative Straw in Lessening Plastic Consumption of Selected
Grade 12 Students (2020)
Causal – Comparative: The Effectiveness of Solar Bottle as an Alternative Light Source to Electric Bulb (2020)
50 | P a g e
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NEIL GABRIEL T. JALIMAO

Complete Address:
80 Ramon Delfin St. Fini Homes, Marulas

Valenzuela City
Email Address: nielivanesana@gmail.com
Contact no.
0915-194-6358
PROFILE:
Date of Birth: June 14, 2001
Age: 21 years old
College
Manila Central University 2018- 2020

Senior High School
General de Jesus College 2014-2018

Junior High School
Effectivity of Groundnut Shell as an Additive for Making Thermal Resistant Cement (2020)
Apple Wine Fermentation (2019)
51 | P a g e
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FRITZ GERALD C. JIMENO

Complete Address:
14 Reynaldo St., Josefina Village,

Novaliches, Quezon City 1125
Email Address: gerardalekhine@gmail.com

Contact no.
0995-319-0097
PROFILE:
Date of Birth: January 5, 2002
Age: 21 years old
College
Novaliches High School 2018- 2020

Senior High School
Novaliches High School 2014-2018

Junior High School
Potability of Drinking Water on Selected Barangays in Novaliches, Quezon City and Its Implication to Human
Health (2020)
52 | P a g e
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JOHN GABRIEL A. MAÑOZA

Complete Address:
104 San Roque St., Brgy. Holy Spirit,

Quezon City
Email Address: gabalberga@gmail.com

Contact no.
0975-597-0949
PROFILE:
Date of Birth: May 29, 2001
Age: 21 years old
College
Technological Institute of the Philippines 2018- 2020
Senior High School
Quezon City High School 2014-2018
Junior High School
EFFECTIVENESS OF FINGER MULTIPLICATION AS A LEARNING TOOL TO THE
MATHEMATICAL PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 4 BURGOS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
(2019-2020)
A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRADE 10 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARD SELECTING STEM AS THEIR STRAND (2018-2019)
53 | P a g e

THE COMPARISON IN COMPRESSIVE Final Final Na Talaga

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Republic of the Philippines

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

THE COMPARISON IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Cruz, Dianne Grace M.

Infante, John Oliver C.

Jalimao, Neil Gabriel T.

Jimeno, Fritz Gerald C.

Mañoza, John Gabriel A.

April 15, 2022

DELOS ANGELES, ARLHETH

ENGR. FRESCIAN C. RUIZ, MSIT ENGR.RAMIR M. CRUZ, MSCM

Chairperson, Engineering Technology Academic Dean Department

Background of the Study 7

2 Related Literatures 14-17

5 Summary of Findings 38-40

Appendix A: Documentation 42-47

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. A large quantity of ground nut shells is needed to conduct this research.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the:

•To the Government

•To the Consumers

•To the Farmers

•To the Future Researchers

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Viability of Groundnut Shell as an Additive for Thermal Resistant Cement

As a natural fiber, a groundnut shell is advantageous as a reinforcing material for

Intrinsic Characteristics of Groundnut Shell Ash Cement

Better Disposability of Groundnut Byproducts

Usability in the Construction Industry

Thermal Properties of Groundnut Shell

Composition of Groundnut Shell Cement

Proportion Required for Maximum Replacement Level

Compressibility of Groundnut Shell Cement

Environmental Impact of the Concrete-Creation and Groundnut’s Role in Reducing it

DATA GATHERING AND SAMPLE

A. Materials and Design

1. Portland Cement 8. Cylinder mold

Table 1: Project Design Flow

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE TEST SPECIMENS

Cement 667 8000 667 667 667

Sand 1667 15000 1667 1667 1667

Gravel 2167 26000 2167 2167 2167

Water 1667 5000 1667 1667 1667

GS** 33.33 66.67 100

* - Per individual specimen.

Table 2: Cylinder Mix Values

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Compressive Strength Values When Heated (in PSI)

cylinders containing 5% additive of powdered groundnut shell have an average of

Control 7th Day (PSI) 10% Additive (PSI)

Mold 1 2275.02795 850.829

Mold 2 2836.2165 773.807

Mold 3 2760.53765 687.828

Average 2623.927367 770.8214

Control 7th Day (PSI) 15% Additive (PSI)

Mold 1 2275.02795 358.244

Mold 2 2836.2165 368.991