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0120123, 10:46 PM
‘Summary of tigonometic identities
DAVES SHORT
TRIG COURSE
CLARK 6)
UNIVERSITY
Summary of trigonometric identities
You have seen quite a few trigonometric identities in the past few pages. It is convenient to have a summary of
them for reference, These identities mostly refer to one angle denoted 4, but there are some that involve two
angles, and for those, the two angles are denoted a and f.
‘The more important identities.
‘You don’t have to know all the identities off the top of your head. But these you should.
ese = see(
=)
tan@ = sid cot@ = cos 6
cos 6 tan# sin
secO = — wee= oa
sin? @ + cos?@ = 1
cos = sin(% — 0) sin = cos(¥ — 0)
cot @ = tan(5 — 4) tan @ = cot(Z — 0)
see = ese(
sin(@+2n) = sind
cos(9-+2r) = cos
tan(@+7) = tand
sin(—0) sin
cos(—0) = cosé
tan(—6) —tan#
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Defining relations for tangent,
cotangent, secant, and cosecant in terms
of sine and cosine.
The Pythagorean formula for sines
and cosines. This is probably the most
important trig identity.
Identities expressing trig functions in
terms of their complements. There's
not much to these. Each of the six trig,
functions is equal to its co-function
evaluated at the complementary angle.
Periodicity of trig functions. Sine,
cosine, secant, and cosecant have period
2n while tangent and cotangent have
period z.
Identities for negative angles. Sine,
tangent, cotangent, and cosecant are odd
functions while cosine and secant are
even funetions.
wa 0120123, 10:46 PM
cos(a + 8) =
in(a — 8)
sin(a + 8) = sina cos 8 + cosa sin 8
‘osa cos 3 — sina sin 3
ina cos 8 — cosa sin 8
cos(a — 8) = cosa cos 8 +sina sin 8
08
cos20 = cos’ @—sin?@
= 2cos?9-1
1—2sin?@
The less important identities.
‘Summary of tigonometic identities
Ptolemy’s identities, the sum and
difference formulas for sine and
cosine,
Double angle formulas for sine and
cosine. Note that there are three forms
for the double angle formula for cosine.
You only need to know one, but be able
to derive the other two from the
Pythagorean formula.
‘You should know that there are these identities, but they are not as important as those mentioned above. They
can all be derived from those above, but sometimes it takes a bit of work to do so.
2tané
tan2¢ = ———,_
1—tan?@
tana + tan 8
tan(a+3) =
1—tanetan 3
tana — tan J
enjoy) f. and the difference a—f. Average
those two cosines. You get the product
xy! Three table look-ups, and
computing a sum, a difference, and an
average rather than one multiplication.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), among
others, used this algorithm known as
prosthaphaeresis.
3a 10120128, 1046 PM
sin3@ = 3sin@—4sin®9
cos 36 cos" 9 — 3008
3tan@ —tan'd
tan30 =
3 tan? 6
2tan 9/2
sind = Ty tan? 9/2
1— tan? 9/2
cos8 = Ty tan? 9/2
2tan 0/2
tan? = TT tan? 0/2
Select topic
‘Summary of tigonometic identities
Triple angle formulas. You can easily
reconstruct these from the addition and
double angle formulas.
More half-angle formulas. These
describe the basic trig functions in
terms of the tangent of half the angle.
These are used in calculus for a
particular kind of substitution in
integrals sometimes called the
Weierstrass f-substitution.
%5 SF
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Dave’ Short Trig Course is located
at htp/wwy:clarku.edu/~djayeeitrig
htps:lwww2.clrku edulfacultylojoycerighsenttes.himl
djoyce@clarkuedu
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
(Clark University
Worcester, MA01610
aa
