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Microbiology
3rd Professional Written Questions
(November 2022 to January 2018)

General Bacteriology
1. Antibiotic Sensitivity Test - names, d/b minimum inhibitory concentration & minimum
bactericidal concentration
2. Antimicrobials - classify according to mechanism of action
3. Autoclave - principle, uses in hospital setting & medical lab, clinical use
4. Bacteria - classification, d/l bacteria, d/b gram (+ve) & (-ve) cell wall, d/b bacteria & human
cell, why bacteria called prokaryotic, bacteria structure, name non-essential components of
bacterial cell, d/l essential structure of bacterial cell, name special structures for bacterial
adhesion, name/classify spore forming bacteria of medical importance, classify anaerobic
bacteria, name obligate intracellular bacteria, why can't anaerobic bacteria grow in the
presence of O2, bacterial spore killing methods, mechanism of action of intracellular survival
of bacteria, name STD causing bacteria, name zoonotic diseases by bacteria, name bacteria
responsible for surgical site infection, name bacterial diseases by respiratory route
5. Bacterial Infection - type
6. Bacterial Pathogenesis - stages
7. Bacterial Spore - definition, d/l endospore, sterilization methods employed for killing spores,
name sporicidal chemical agents
8. Bacterial Vaccine - type, examples
9. Blood Culture - indication, media used
10. Culture Media - definition, classify on the basis of consistency ē example
11. Drug Resistance - definition, mechanism of action, non-genetic basis of resistance, origin of
plasmid mediated drug resistance
12. Enriched Media - definition, examples
13. Exotoxin - mechanism of action, d/b exotoxin & endotoxin
14. Gram Staining - principle, steps, microscopic finding
15. Hospital Acquired Infection/Nosocomial Infection - definition, protocol to prevent,
important organisms responsible

Shahriar Hossain Rudro (JRRMC/26th)

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16. Hot Air Oven - use

17. Invasive Diarrhea - bacterial cause
18. Isolation & Identification - definition
19. Koch postulates
20. Metachromatic Granule - definition
21. Normal flora - definition, beneficial & harmful role, medically important member in oral cavity
+ colon + vagina, how normal flora prevent colonization of pathogenic bacteria, how normal
flora become pathogenic
22. Opportunistic Infection - definition
23. Pasteurization - definition, organism killed by pasteurization
24. Pathogenicity - definition
25. Penicillin - mechanism of action
26. Prokaryotic Cell - properties, d/b prokaryotic & eukaryotic cell
27. Selective Media - definition, examples, materials
28. Selective Toxicity - definition
29. Staining - name routine staining methods used in micro lab
30. Stationary Phase - importance
31. Sterilization - principle, use, d/b sterilization & disinfection, best method of sterilization
32. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - causative bacterial organism, lab diagnosis, name 2 test

Systemic Bacteriology
1. Bacillary Dysentery /Shiga Toxin - mechanism of action
2. Chlamydia - name, disease
3. Cholera Toxin - pathogenesis, short note
4. Clostridium - pathogenesis of tetanus, prevention of tetanus, role of tetanospasmin
5. Corynebacterium - lab diagnosis, toxigenicity test: how can you perform it in lab
6. Enteric Fever - pathogenesis, lab diagnosis
7. Enterobacteriaceae - definition
8. Escherichia coli - clinical aspect/properties, strains with diarrhea
9. Food Poisoning - causative bacterial organisms
10. Gas gangrene/Myonecrosis - bacterial cause, pathogenesis, prevention
11. H. pylori - disease, lab diagnosis
12. Invasive Diarrhea - cause
13. MDR TB & XDR TB - definition, description

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14. Meningitis - cause according to age, lab diagnosis

15. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - definition, significance
16. Mycobacteria - name atypical mycobacteria & diseases caused by it, why mycobacteria is
called Acid Fast, virulence factor of M. tuberculosis, pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of
pulmonary TB, what sample to send to a modern micro lab to diagnose a case of pulmonary
TB, role of BCG vaccine in prevention of TB
17. Neisseria - complication of N. gonorrhoeae, lab diagnosis of gonorrhea
18. Obligate Intracellular Bacteria - name
19. Rheumatic Fever - pathogenesis, immunologic basis.
20. Rickettsia - disease, classify of medical importance
21. Salmonella - name medically important species
22. Staphylococci - classify with their type of pathogenesis, name clinically important
staphylococci & d/b them, pathogenesis of staphylococcal food poisoning, specialties of
staphylococcal enterotoxin, d/b S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, virulence
factor/enzymes & toxins of S. aureus
23. Streptococci - classify according to hemolytic property, disease/lesion by S. pyogenes, clinical
(infection) & microscopic d/b S. aureus & S. pyogenes
24. Syphilis - mode of transmission, lab diagnosis of primary + secondary syphilis
25. Travelers Diarrhea - causative organism
26. Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination (TPHA) - advantages, disadvantages
27. Tuberculin Test -
28. Typhoid Fever - lab diagnosis
29. Typhus Fever - short note
30. Urethritis - bacterial cause
31. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - lab diagnosis, name 2 test
32. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test (VDRL) - advantages, disadvantages, cause of
false findings
33. Vibrio cholerae - pathogenesis of watery diarrhea
34. Virulence Factors - name, toxins, enzyme
35. Watery Diarrhea - pathogenesis
36. Widal Test - role of widal test in the diagnosis of enteric fever

Shahriar Hossain Rudro (JRRMC/26th)

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Immunology
1. Adjuvant - definition
2. Agglutination Test - principle, classify
3. Allograft - definition
4. Anaphylatoxin - definition, how can you differ it from anaphylactic reaction
5. Anaphylaxis - definition
6. Antibody/Immunoglobulin - definition, general function, mechanism, isotypes of Ig, d/l IgG &
IgM, function of IgM, justify if IgM is better than IgG in complement activation
7. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) - name, definition
8. Antigen/Immunogen - definition, classify, criteria of a good antigen, d/b immunogen &
antigen, why protein are most potent immunogen,
9. Antigen-Antibody Reaction - type, examples, name in-vitro test
10. Atopy - definition
11. Autograft - definition
12. Autoimmunity - definition, mechanism, name 4 microbial infection associated with
autoimmune disorder, name 4 primary immunodeficiency disorder.
13. Complement System - definition, biological functions of complement activation, which is
central complement, define C3b convertase & how it is produced, name 3 complement
deficiency disorder
14. Coombs Test - short note
15. Cytokine - name 3 important cytokine, source, functions
16. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) - principle
17. Epitope - definition
18. Graft - type ē examples, why grafts are rejected
19. Hapten - definition, why not immunogenic
20. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing - clinical importance
21. Hybridoma - short note
22. Hyperacute Rejection - mechanism of action
23. Hypersensitivity - definition, type ē example, mechanism of action of type I hypersensitivity,
why IgE appears in type I hypersensitivity, describe type IV hypersensitivity reaction ē
example, 2 examples of cytotoxic hypersensitivity
24. Immune Response - d/b primary & Secondary immune response, d/b T-cell dependent &
independent immune response of antigen

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25. Immunity - definition, classify with examples, components of each type of immunity, d/b
active & passive immunity, cell responsible for killing virus infected cell ē process
26. Immunocompetent Cells - enumerate
27. Macrophages - function/role in immunity
28. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) - definition
29. Monoclonal Antibody - application
30. Natural Killer Cells - function
31. Paratope - definition
32. Serological Test - definition, major use
33. T cell - types with function, name 2 Proteins that restore the activated T cell to a quiescent
state
34. Tolerance - describe, short note
35. Xenograft - definition

Parasitology
1. A. duodenale - d/l egg, pathogenic lesion due to adult worm
2. A. lumbricoides - d/l egg (of roundworm), pathogenic lesion due to adult worm, complications
3. Bothriocephalus Anemia - describe
4. Cestode - general properties, d/b cestode, nematode, trematodes, medically important
cestode with infective form
5. Cyst & Ova - found in stool
6. E. histolytica - morphologic form, infective form, lesions, description of intestinal lesion, d/l
ulcer, pathogenesis of liver abscess/hepatic amebiasis, lab diagnosis by stool examination of
intestinal amoebiasis
7. E. vermicularis/Pin Worm - d/l egg, pathogenic lesion due to adult worm, lab diagnosis, lab
diagnosis in a school going child
8. Elephantiasis - pathogenesis
9. Filariasis - pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, D/b occult & classic filariasis, causes of lymphangitis
10. Free Living Amoeba - short note
11. Giardia - morphologic form, infective form, d/l trophozoite
12. Flagellates - classify, name/classify hemoflagellates & why so called, name blood & tissue
flagellates
13. Hookworm - cause of anemia
14. Host - definition, type ē examples

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15. Host Parasite Relationship - types

16. Hydatid Cyst - lab diagnosis, short note
17. Hydatid Disease - lab diagnosis
18. Hypoglycemia - causes
19. Intermediate Host - definition, 2 examples in man
20. Larva Migrans - definition, type, short note, mechanism of action of cutaneous larva migrans
21. Leishmaniasis - classification, lab diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis/kala-azar
22. Nematode - classify nematode according to habitat, name tissue/somatic nematodes, name
nematode transmitted by ingestion of eggs
23. Parasite - definition, name parasite causing infection by skin penetration, name mosquito
borne parasitic disease, name 4 hemoparasite, list parasitic disease diagnosed by stool
examination with their findings, parasite causing anemia with cause with mechanism of
action, parasitic disease diagnosis by PBF, name parasite responsible for febrile illness, disease
transmitted by cat & dog feces, name 2 parasitic disease in lymphatic system
24. Periodicity of Microfilaria - mention
25. Plasmodium - name species, infective form, transmission of malaria, human cycles, d/b
relapse & recrudescence, d/b P. vivax & p. falciparum, prophylaxis of malaria, lab diagnosis of
malaria, complication of P. falciparum
26. Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) - definition, clinical features, lab diagnosis
27. Protozoa - name protozoa causing diarrhea, d/b protozoa & metazoa, name some flagellated
protozoa, protozoal febrile illness
28. Relapse & Recrudescence - definition, d/b relapse & recrudescence
29. Secondary Host - definition
30. T. solium - d/b T. solium & T. saginata, why is T. solium more dangerous?
31. Trematodes - classify according to habitat, mechanism of action, name liver & lung flukes,
state different developing stage of larvae of trematodes
32. Trichomonas - morphologic form, infective form, lab diagnosis of trichomoniasis

Virology
1. Antigenic Shift & Drift - definition
2. Congenital Rubella Syndrome - short note
3. Corona Virus - transmission, epidemiology, lab diagnosis
4. Cytopathic Effect (CPE) - definition
5. Defective Virus - mention viruses ē example

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6. Dengue Virus - properties, serotype, pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever

7. Eclipse Period & Latent Period - definition, d/b eclipse period & latency
8. Hepatitis Virus - names ē mode of transmission, d/b HBV & HCV, outcome + lab diagnosis +
seromarker + interpretation of HBV, importance of HbsAg & HBeAg
9. Hepatotropic Virus - name
10. Herpes - name, common properties, name with mode of transmission, d/b HSV-1 & HSV-2
11. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - transmission, lab diagnosis, how CD4+ count
decreases, genes & proteins encoded, opportunistic infections in AIDS
12. Latent Infection - definition, examples, list latent viruses with their site of latency
13. Polio - d/b salk & sabin polio vaccine
14. Prion - short note
15. Rabies - pathogenesis, management/treatment, name of rabies vaccine & which one is
preferable & why
16. Viral Replication - steps, d/l
17. Viral Symmetry - definition, type
18. Viral Trophism - definition
19. Virus - definition, d/b virus & bacteria, d/l complete/enveloped virus, name atypical virus like
agent & their role in human infection, how virus evade our host defense, vertically transmitted
viral disease, name medically important zoonotic virus, effect of virus infection on cell &
patient, virus transmitted by mosquito, name oncogenic viruses, common viral vaccine,
properties of 3 childhood virus, mosquito borne viral disease
20. Window Period - definition, importance

Mycology
1. Aflatoxin - short note
2. Antifungal Drugs - names, mechanism of action
3. Candida albicans - mention six diseases
4. Dermatophytes - definition, classify, lab diagnosis
5. Dimorphic Fungi - definition, examples
6. Fungi - morphological type ē example, name fungal toxin, d/b fungus & bacteria, d/b yeast &
molds, lab diagnosis of fungal disease, how will you collect specimen for ringworm, fungal
causes of meningitis

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Others
1. Meningitis - lab diagnosis
2. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) - definition, short note, diagnosis
3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - bacterial causes, parasitic causes
4. Wound Infection - lab diagnosis
5. Emerging/Re-Emerging Infection - definition, examples, pattern, cause, diseases

Miscellaneous
1. 5 days ago, a 50y/o male with lower UTI began taking ampicillin. He now has a fever & severe
diarrhea. Name bacteria most likely to the cause of diarrhea. Name three other bacteria those
are responsible for diarrhoeal disease
2. A 14y/o, boy develops hypopigmented patchy lesion in the skin of chest & upper back,
microscopic examination of skin scrapping reveals clusters of spherical cells with short
unbranched hyphae. What is your diagnosis based on microscopic feature? Type of fungus it
is? Does it grow on SDA media? Justify
3. A 21y/o, old young male from Rajshahi is suffering from irregular fever for last few months &
gradually loses weight. Clinical evaluation reveals hepatosplenomegaly & anemia. What will
you suspect? Outline the lab diagnosis test
4. A 22y/o newly married lady with painful micturition & fever for 2 days. Name the bacteria
most likely to be the cause of her problem. Name 2 lab test you will suggest
5. A 30y/o, I/V drug abusers had been a carrier of HBV for 10y. Suddenly he developed acute
fulminant hepatitis & died within 10 days. Which hepatitis virus was responsible for his death
& why?
6. A 42y/o man, HIV positive, has a low grade fever for past 2 weeks. His spinal fluid microscopy
shows budding yeast with a wide capsule in Indian ink preparation. What is your probable
diagnosis? Name most probable fungus for this. Mention its morphologic type
7. Patient poisoned by snake & treated with serum Ig. This causes an antibody mediated
systemic inflammation & itchy rash. Which type of immune response is evoked after
administration of Ig & why? Which complement pathway is activated after snake bite?

Shahriar Hossain Rudro (JRRMC/26th)