[aw —— To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three on/off switches, a fuse and a power source. | apparatus AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Three bulbs (40 W, 220 V each), three on/off switches, a socket, a plug, a fuse of 1.0 A, flexible connecting wires, main switch. | theory 1. A household circuit works on ac mains of 220 V, 50 Hz. From the mains we get two supplies of different current ratings : (i) Light line of 5 A for low power appliances like light bulbs, ceiling fans, fluorescent tubes, etc. (ii) Power line of 15 A for heavy duty appliances like room heater, air conditioner, geysers, hot plates, etc. suis 101oe - LAB MANUAL PHYSICS XI RUPP, Dy, are the powers conmumed by different appliances, then the total power consumed in the household eireuit ia) Pe Poe rye Py ‘Current drawn from the maine of V volte will be / To protect the appliances from damage due to excessive currents, a fuse of rating, 10 to 20% higher than the normally drawn current is connected in series with the live wire from the source of power, 3, Different appliances are connected in parallel between live and neutral wires, Bach appliance is provided with a separate switeh in ite live wire 4 Barth wire is a safety measure which ensures any leakage of current to the metallic body of an appliance keeps its potential equal to that of the earth wire (zero volt) and the user may Not get a severe electric shock, Circuit DIAGRAM Fig. & Cireuit diagram for household appliances, [ Proceoure 1. As shown in Fig, 8, connect the three bulbs B,, B, and B, separately in series combination with on/off switches $,, 5, and S, respectively, 2 Connect these three bulb-switch combinations in parallel across the live and neutral wires. 3. Connect a fuse F of proper rating in the live wire of the circuit, 4. Connect a three way socket at the end of live and neutral wires, Connect a wire from its earth pin. 5. Insert the plug in the socket fitted on the main electric board, 6. By pressing the switches S,, 5, and S, one by one, check that each bulb is switched on and off independently of the other, 7. Press the three switches simultaneously and note what happens, [Lconciusions 1 Each bulb functions independently of the other through a separate switch, 2 The three bulbs can function simultaneously with the installed fuse safely, PRECAUTIONS 1, The rating of the required fuse must be determined carefully b current drawn by the circuit. ly by calculating the maximum 2 Never use safety fuve of much higher rating than the current normally drawn fromv/by the 3. The safety fuse and the on/off switches must be connected in live wire, 4. Take care while working with mains,Jam aE To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say Ohm’s law circuit used to measure resistance) | apparatus AND MATERIAL REQUIRED A resistor, an ammeter (0-1.5 A), a voltmeter (0-5 V), a battery/battery eliminator, one-way key, theostat, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. | THEORY For assembling the components of any circuit, it is advisable to connect the components in the following order. 1. Source of power (battery/battery eliminator). 2. Plug key (near the battery). 3. Resistors, bulbs, inductors or any other load (to be connected end to end). 103- Oe Se. (A MANUAL PHYSICS al 4 Measuring inetraments ammeter, volimeter, metre brldge, potentioneter, et Ammotor | connected in geries and voltmeter in parallel with the load with positive enda of both towards the positive terminal of the battery, i Circuit DIAGRAM Nattery Wha hey hh fifi aon 1 eo = Kheoutat Vig. 9 Assembling the components for measurement of resistance by Ohm's law, [ Proctourt 1, Draw the elreuit diagram required for the given activity and arrange the components accordingly on the work table as shown in Tig. 9 2, Clean the ends of the connecting wites with a piece of sand paper. 3. Connect the battery, ammeter A, resistance R, rheostat Ri and plug key K all in series and voltmeter V in parallel with resistor R, See that the positive ends of ammeter and voltmeter are connected towards the positive terminal of the battery, 4, Insert the plug in the key K. See that the ammeter and voltmeter show deflections on the right hand (positive) side, Adjust the rheostat so that the deflections are within scale, 5. The deflections in ammeter and voltmeter verify the continuity of the assembled circuit, | CONCLUSION The components of the given electrical circuit have been correctly assembled, i PRECAUTIONSSection A ; ACTIVITIES ASGuT Vol TY, [am To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current. l APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED A potentiometer, a battery of three dry cells/battery eliminator, a voltmeter (0-3 V), an ammeter (0-3A), plug key, jacket, a low resistance rheostat, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. [iw EORY A potentiometer works on the principle that if a constant current flows through a wire of uniform area of cross-section and composition, then the potential drop V across any length | of the wire is directly proportional to the length I. Vel or V=kl or rot Here k is the potential drop per unit length and is called potential gradient. Larcu IT DIAGRAM mS Bap Fig. 10 Circuit to study variation in potential drop with length. | Proc EDURE 1 _ Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 10 and arrange the required apparatus accordingly on the working table. 2. Connect the positive terminal of the battery to the end A (zero length) of the potentiometer wire and negative terminal to the end. B (400 cm length), through a plug key K, ammeter A and low resistance rheostat Rh. 3. Now connect the positive terminal of voltmeter V to the end A of the potentiometer wire and its negative terminal to the jockey J which can slide along the wire AB 4. Note that the pointer of the voltmeter is at the zero mark when no current is passing through it. If it is not so, adjust its pointer with the help of zero adjustment screw provided on its front panel. 5. Insert the plug in the key K and press the jockey J at the extreme end Bof the potentiometer wire. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat so that voltmeter shows full scale deflection. 105 ALAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII 6. Now press the jockey at point A, the voltmeter will show zero deflection. 7. Now press the jockey at 40 cm (from end A) and note the corresponding reading. 8. Now make contacts of the jockey at distances 80 cm, 120 cm, 160 cm, ...... , 400 cm from the end A and note the potential drop V in each case. See that the ammeter reading remains constant throughout. Record all your observations in a tabular form. 9. Calculate potential gradient k = V/I for each observation. l OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Range of the voltmeter =0to___—V-= gx Least count of the voltmeter =__ V. Range of the ammeter =0to__ A ; Least count of the ammeter=___A Steady current in the ammeter=___—A. Table AQ : Variation in potential drop with length Mean value of k = Vom [ pLottine GRAPH Choosing suitable scales, plot a graph of V versus I, straight line graph is obtained as shown in Fig, 11. Potential gradient =Slope of V-1 graph pee h-h = Vom with V along Y-axis and / along X-axis. A - 106Section A - ACTIVITIES Fig. 11 ee ee aia [ resu LT 1. Within the limits of experimental error, the ratio V /1 is found to be constant. This shows that V = L Mean value of k=___ Van. 2. V vs. I graph is straight line which again shows that V «L Value of potential gradient from the graph, k = Vem,