Question 1 a) For the bit stream 00110011, sketch the waveforms for differential Manchester and MLT-3 encodings

Differential Manchester 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

MLT-3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

b) Consider the following continuous signal at the sender S(t) = 5 Sin (20t) + Sin(40t) + 20 Sin(80t) If the medium introduces the following impairments: an attenuation factor of 0.5, a phase delay of /4 to all components, and a bandwidth limitation of 25Hz, what will be the final signal at receiver? Draw also the frequency spectrum.

c) Given the following stream 1100 0011 1010, and assume that during the transmission, the first and the last bit are corrupted. Show how these errors can be detected by 1. The 1st complements check summing detection with 4 bits per block 2. The polynomial generator of value 1010.

Question 2 a) Explain with a diagram how the message digest, with public key algorithm, can prevent an intruder from amending the content of a message b) Consider the network shown in figure 2, and assume that each node initially knows the costs to each of its neighbours, after pinging. Work out, in an appropriate routing table, the shortest paths from the router C to all other nodes in the network, using

1. The link state algorithm 2. The distance vector algorithms for 2 iterations, only. 3
A

6 C F 2 E 1 7 4
H

10 8 D 2 B

6 I

Question 3 Two stations A and B are attached to a hub with 100Base-TX cable. The propagation delay measured in bits, between stations A and B is 220 bits. The hub also introduces and extra delay of 10-bit. Stations exchange, on average, frames of 10000bits long (including all headers and preambles). Assume that both nodes A and B attempt to transmit at time t-0. After the first collision, the nodes A and B draw K=0 and K=0 respectively from the back off protocol whose interval is multiple of 512 bits. After the second collision the nodes A and B draw K=0 and K=1, respectively. In this scenario ignore the jamming signal and any other overhead. a) At what time (in seconds) is As packet completely delivered to B, from t=0? Use a diagram to support your answer, and show your calculations b) Suppose now that a switch replaces the hub. The switch has zero processing time. At what time, in seconds, is As packet delivered to B, from t=0, if the switch uses Storeand-Forward scheme? Use a diagram to support your calculations. c) Discuss why the delay in (a) and (b) are different. Elaborate on your answer Question 4 a) Two distant buildings in an airport centre are connected by a 10km silica fiber. The source of light is a laser with spectral width of 3nm that operates in the spectrum range of 1000nm. Evaluate the following I. The carrier transmitting frequencies, and the bandwidth of the transmission. II. The total dispersion on the fiber, if the modal dispersion rate is 5ps/km, the rate of the material dispersion is 10ps/nm/km, and the rate of polarization-mode dispersion is 0.4ps/Km

In order to obtain the total dispersion on the fiber, the modal dispersion rate, material dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion needs to be converted to nanoseconds Modal dispersion is 5ps/km Tm = 5ps/km * 10km = 50ps convert to nanoseconds 50/1000 = 0.05 ns The material dispersion is 10ps/nm/km Tc = 10ps*10km*3nm = 300ps convert to nanoseconds 300/1000 = 0.3 ns Nm * km Polarization-mode dispersion is 0.4ps/Km Tp = 0.4ps* 10km = 0.4ps convert to nanoseconds 0.4/1000 = 0.0004ns 10km Total dispersion T = 0.05+ 0.3+ 0.0004 = 0.3041 ns I. The maximum transmission rate that can be achieved with this fiber F= 1

2*0.3041 * 10-9 b) OC-18c carriers data from the same source by concatenation. The concatenation process interleaves rows from each OC-1 at the time. Draw a diagram for the OC-18 concatenated frame, and deduced its transmission rate. What is the rate of the SPE?

Oc-1 Oc-1

Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1 Oc-1

Oct-18

Sonnet frame has 90 columns and 9 rows Total sonet frame = 810 byte Sonet samples/sec = 8000psec Oct-18 has 90 * 18 = 1620columns

Size of the frame = 1620 *9 = 14580*8 = 1166640 bits

Data rate = 1166640 bits = 9333.120mbps 125psec Oc-1 spe = 87 columns For OC-18 this is 87 *18 = 1566 columns SPE = 1566 columns * 9 rows * 8 bit = 112752 bits Data rate = 112752 = 902.016 bits 125 c) Show with a diagram how VT1.5 can be overlaid into a SONET frame and deduce the rate of the group, ignoring any overhead VT1.5 = 8000 frames/s 3 columns 9 rows 8 bits = 1.728 Mbps VT1.5 = 3 columns and 24 useable cells T1 = 24/8 = 3

2 3 columns 3`

T1 T1 T1