Module 6: Database Language and Interfaces

DBMS Language
➔ are used to read, update and store data in the database.

Types of DBMS languages are as follows:

Data Definition Language (DDL)

➔ used to define and change the conceptual schema of the database.
➔ DDL permits the DBA or customer to represent and name the entities,
attributes and relationships needed for the function.

Commands: (CADTCR)

● CREATE - to create a database and its objects like (table,

index, views, store procedure, function, and triggers)
● ALTER - alters the structure of the existing database
● DROP - delete objects from the database
● TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed
● COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
● RENAME - rename an object

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

➔ is the language used at the conceptual and view level to retrieve, insert,
delete and modify information stored in the database.

Commands: (SIUDM)

● SELECT - retrieve data from a database

● INSERT - insert data into a table
● UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
● DELETE - Delete all records from a database table
● MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
Data Control Language (DCL)
➔ This command is used to grant and revoke authorization on database
access, auditing the database user, and handling transaction.
➔ used to access the stored data. Mostly concerned with rights, permissions
and other controls of the database system.

Commands: (GR)

● GRANT - allow users access privileges to the database

● REVOKE - withdraw users access privileges given by using
the GRANT command

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

➔ used to run the modification made through the DML statement. TCL can be
arranged into a logical transaction.
➔ Deals with a transaction within a database.

Commands: (CR)

● COMMIT - commits a Transaction

● ROLLBACK - rollback a transaction in case of any error occurs

Module 7: The Database System Environment

DATABASE SYSTEM UTILITIES

● Loading – A loading utility is used to load existing data files — such as

text files or sequential files — into the database.
● Backup – A backup utility creates a backup copy of the database, usually
by dumping the entire database onto tape or other mass storage medium.

Three types of backup

 ● The most basic and complete type of backup operation is a
full backup .
● An incremental backup is a backup type that only copies
data that has been changed or created since the previous
backup activity was conducted
● A differential backup operation is similar to an incremental
the first time it is performed, in that it will copy all data
changed from the previous backup.

● Database storage reorganization – This utility can be used to reorganize

a set of database files into different file organizations and create new
access paths to improve performance.
● Performance monitoring
- provides statistics to the DBA .
- is the act of measuring the performance of a given database in real
time in order to determine problems and other factors that may
cause problems in the future.

TOOLS, ENVIRONMENTS AND COMMUNICATION FACILITIES

CASE Tool (Computer - Aided Software Engineering)

- packages are software packages that include many tools that can be
helpful to database design.
- The main goal of these packages is to give designers a way of
representing systems that are too complex to understand in their source
code or schema.
- They help automate software development and maintenance tasks and
usually contain tools for system analysis, project management, and design.
- used in the design phase to help speed up the development process.

Three different types of CASE tools

● Upper CASE tools focus on concept - level products and tend to ignore
design.

● Lower CASE tools concentrate on details of design such as physical

design and testing.
 ● integrated CASE tools combine the two to support the entire development .
The most useful type in database design is integrated CASE tools.

● Data dictionary system

- stores catalog information about schemas and constraints, as well
as design decisions, usage standards, application program
descriptions, user information.
- Also called an information repository.

● Application development environment (ADE)

- is the hardware, software and/or the computing resources required for

building software applications.
- ADE is the composite set of computing resources that provides an
interface or application development, testing, deployment, integration,
troubleshooting and maintenance services

● Mobile application
- commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software
designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet.

● Communication software
- allows users at remote locations to access the database through
computer terminals, workstations or personal computers.

Module 8: DATABASE SYSTEM

CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURE

Centralized database
- is stored at a single location such as a mainframe computer. It is
maintained and modified from that location only and usually accessed
using an internet connection such as a LAN or WAN.
 - used by organizations such as colleges, companies, banks etc.
- All the information for the organization is stored in a single database

Advantage:
- Easier to access and coordinate data
- Very minimal data redundancy
- It is cheaper in comparison to all other databases available.
Disadvantages :
- The more data traffic
- If any kind of system failure occurs at the centralized system then the
entire data will be destroyed.

Client - server architecture

- is also called the “ Client/Server Network ” or “ Network computing Model “,
because in this architecture all services and requests are spread over the
network.
- delivers a user - friendly interface that helps users to fire request services
of server computers and finally to show your output on the client system.

Types of Client Server Architecture

1 - Tier Architecture
- In the 1 - tier architecture, all client/server configuration settings, user
interface environment, data logic, and marketing logic system exist on the
same system.
2 - Tier Architecture
- 2 - tier architecture provides the best client/server environment that helps
to store user interface on the client system and all database is saved on
the server machine.
3 - Tier Architecture
- middleware is needed because if the client machine sends the request to
the server machine then firstly this request is received by the middle layer,
and finally this request is obtained to the server.
Divided into 3 layers:
- presentation layer (Client Tier)
- Application layer (Business Tier)
- Database layer (Data Tier)
N - Tier Architecture
- This architecture is also known as the “Multitier Architecture”, so it is a
scaled form of 3 - tier architecture.
- In this architecture, entire presentations, application processing, and data
management functions are isolated from each other.

Examples of Client Server Architecture

Web Servers
- Web server likes as high performance computer system that can host
multiples websites
Mail Servers
- Email servers help to send and receive all emails.
File Servers
- File server is a dedicated system that allows users to access all files. It
works as a centralized file storage location, and it can be accessed by
several terminal systems.
DNS
- DNS stands for “Domain Name Server“, and it has huge database of
different types of public IP addresses, and they link with their hostnames

Components of Client Server Architecture

Workstation
- Workstation is also known as “Client Computer“
Server
- Server is a ultra performer computer system that contains the fastest
memory, more hard drive space, and faster speed processors
Network Devices
- With the help of network devices, workstations and servers are connected
with each other.
 Module 9: Other Classification of Database Management Systems

Based on Number of Users

single user
- the database system that can be used by a single user at a time is referred

multiple users
- the database system that can be used by multiple users at a time

Based on Database Distribution

Centralized DBMS
- the entire database is stored in a single computer site . Though the
centralized database supports multiple users still the DBMS software and
the data both are stores on a single computer site.

Distributed DBMS
- In the distributed DBMS (DDBMS) the database and the DBMS software
are distributed over many computer sites . These computer sites are
connected via a computer network.

Classification :

Homogeneous DDBMS
- They use same software but from the multiple sites . Data exchange
between the sites can be handled easily.

Heterogeneous DDBMS
- They use different DBMS software for different sites but there is a
additional software that helps the exchange of the data between the sites.

Based on Usage

Special - purpose DBMS

 - is the one that is designed for a specific application and it can not be used
for another application without performing any major changes.

The general - purpose DBMS

- is the one that is designed to meet the need of as many applications as
possible

Online transaction processing(OLTP) DBMS

- They manage the operational data. Database server must be able to
process lots of simple transactions per unit of time.

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)

- is a data processing category that deals with numerous transactions
performed by many users.

Big data and analytics DBMS

- To cope with big data new database technologies have been introduced.
One such is NoSQL (not only SQL) which abandons the well known
relational database scheme.

XML DBMS ( extensible markup language )

- is a data persistence software system that allows data to be specified, and
sometimes stored, in XML format

Multimedia DBMS
- Stores data such as text, images, audio, video and 3D games which are
usually stored in binary large object.

GIS DBMS
- Stores and queries the spatial data.

Sensor DBMS
- Allows to manage sensor data, bio - metric and telematics data.

Mobile DBMS
- Runs on smartphones, tablets. It Handles the local queries. Supports self
management( no DBA).
Open source DBMS
- Code is publicly available and can be extended by anyone, popular for
small business applications.

Based on the cost

Low cost DBMS

- The cost of these systems vary from $100 to $3000
Medium cost DBMS
- Cost varies from $10000 to $100000
High cost DBMS
- Cost of these systems are usually more than $100000.