OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson, the students must Example: A= {a,b,c,d,e}

be able to:

1. Define sets
 Null Set
2. Enumerate and define the different kinds of
A set that contains no element.
sets;
3. Perform operations on sets; Example: { } or ∅
4. Find the cardinality of a set;
5. Solve problems involving set.
 Equal Sets
Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct
Sets with the same elements.
objects. The objects are called members or elements of
a set. Example: A= {1,2,3}

Notation: ∈ means “is an element of a set” B= {3,1,2}

∉ means “is not element of a set” A= B

TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SET

1. Tabular or Roster Form  Equivalent Sets

A method where the elements are separated by Sets with the same number of
commas and enclosed by braces. elements.
Example: A= {1,2,3}
Examples:
A= {1,2,3} B= {b,c,a}
1∈A 5∉A A is equivalent to B

B= {a,b,c,d,e}
d∈B h∉B
 Joint Sets
Sets with common element(s).

2. Rule Form A={4,6,7} B= {3,6,10,11}

This is a method which makes use of the
description “x such that…” {x⃓ x..}
 Venn Diagrams
Examples: A sets can be visualized using Venn
A= {x⃓ x is a natural number less than 4} Diagrams.

B= {x⃓ x is an even integer between 0 and 8}

KINDS OF SETS

 Universal Set
A set that contains the totality of
elements under consideration. V= {A,B,C}

Example: ∪= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
SUBSET
Definition: A set A is said to be a subset of B if and
 Finite Set
only every element of A is also an element of B. We
A set that contains a countable
use A ⊂ B to indicate A is a subset of B.
number of elements.
 Example:
REMARKS:
A= {1,2,3,6} B= {2,4,6,9}
1. If there is at least one element in B but not in
A, then A is a proper subset of B. A∩B= {2,6}
2. There are two improper subsets if a given set.
(i) Every set is a subset of itself. A⊆ A
(ii) An empty set is always a subset of every SET DIFFERENCE
set. ∅ ⊆A
3. The number of subsets of a given set is 2ⁿ, Definition: Let A and B sets. The difference of A and B
where n is the number of elements of the set. denoted by A – B, is the set containing those elements
that are in A but not in B. The difference of A and B is
Example: Find the subsets of A= {a,b,c} also called the compliment of B with respect to A.
Number of subsets = 2³=8 A – B= {x ⃓ x ∈ A ∧ x ∉ B}
Subsets; One element: {a}, {b}, {c}
Two elements: {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}
Three elements or the set itself: {a,b,c}
Null set: ∅

Example:
SET OPERATIONS
A= {1,2,3,5,7} B= {1,5,6,8}
Definition: Let A and B be sets. The union of A and B,
denoted by A∪B, is the set that contains those A – B= {2,3,7}
elements that are either in A or in B, or in both.
B – A= {6,8}
A∪B= {x⃓ x ∈ A V x ∈ B}

SET COMPLIMENT
Definition: The compliment of a set A is symbolized
by A’ and it is the set of all elements in the universal
set that are not in A.
Alternate: A’= {x⃓ x ∈ ∪ ∧ x ∉ A}
Example:
Example:
A= {1,2,3,6} B= {2,4,6,9}
U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A∪B= {1,2,3,4,6,9}
A= {1,4,6,9}
Definition: Let A and B be sets. The intersection of A
and B, denoted by A∩B, is the set that contains those A’= {2,3,5,7,8,10}
elements that are in both A and B.
A∩B= {x⃓ x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B}
OTHER EXAMPLES CARDINALITY
Let U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} Definition: Let S be a set. If there are exactly distinct
n elements in S, where n is a nonnegative integer, we
A= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
say S is a finite set and that is the cardinality of S. The
B= {1,2,3,5,7} cardinality of S is denoted by n(S).

C= {2,4,6,8,10} Examples:

Find: V= {1,2,3,4,5}

A∪B’ n(V)= 5

{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∪ {1,2,3,5,7} A= {1,2,3,4…., 20}

{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∪ {4,6,8,9,10} n(A)= 20

{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} n (∅} = 0

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} CARDINALITY OF THE SET UNION

A= {1,2,3,4,5,6} If A and B are joint sets, then

B = {1,2,3,5,7} n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)

C = {2,4,6,8,10}
Find: If A, B and C are joint sets, then

A’ ∩ B’ n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) –

{1,2,3,4,5,6}’ ∩ {1,2,3,5,7} n (A ∩ C) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C).

{7,8,9,10} ∩ {4,6,8,9,10}
{8,9,10} If A and B are disjoint sets, then
n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A= {1,2,3,4,5,6} Example: In a survey involving 150 different
factories, it was found that:
B= {1,2,3,5,7}
70 purchased brand A
C= {2,4,6,8,10}
75 purchased brand B
Find:
95 purchased brand C
(A ∩ B) – C
30 purchased brands A and B
({{1,2,3,4,5,6} ∩ {1,2,3,5,7}) – {2,4,6,8,10}
45 purchased brands A and C
{1,2,3,5} – {2,4,6,8,10}
40 purchased brands B and C
{1,3,5}
10 purchased brands A, B, and C
How many did not purchase any of three brands?
equations are functions and which are not functions.
First, find the number of factories that purchased any
of the three brands.
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (A
∩ C) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
= 70 + 75 + 95 – 30 – 45 – 40 + 10
= 135
Therefore, the number of factories that did not
purchase any of the three brand is:
Total number of factories – n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 150 – 135
= 15
How many purchases brands A or C?
n (A ∪ C) = n (A) + n (C) – n (A ∩ C)
= 70 + 95 – 45
= 120
How many purchases brands A and B but not C?
n (A ∩ B) – n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 30 – 10 = 20
How many purchased:
Brand A only?
n (A) – n (A ∩ B) – n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
70 – 30 – 45 + 10 = 5
Brand B only?
n (B) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
75 – 30 – 40 + 10 = 15
FUNCTIONS
Definition: A function is a relation for which each
value from the set of the first components of the
ordered pairs is associated with exactly one value
from the set of second components of the ordered
pair.
A function maybe denoted as y = f (x) which is read
as “f of x”. A function may also be written as f : x ⇾ y,
where x is an element of the domain while y is an
element of the range.
Examples: Determine which of the following
1. y = 5x + 1
It must be shown that no matter what the value
of x we plug into the equation and solve, we will
get a single value of y. For instance.
When x = 1 : y = 5 (-1) + 1 = -4 resulting to an
ordered pair (-1,4)
When x = 0: y = 5 (0) + 1 = 1 resulting to an
ordered pair (0,1)
When x = 2: y = 5 (2) + 1 = 11 resulting to an
ordered pair (2,11)
Thus, it is a function because every value of x
corresponds to a single value of y.
2. y = x² + 1
Plug again some values for x and solve for y.
When x = -2: y = (-2)² + 1 = 5, giving the
ordered pair (-2,5)
When x = 0: y = (0)² + 1 = 1, giving the ordered
pair (0,1)
When x = 3: y = (3)² + 1 = 10, giving the ordered
pair (3,10)
Since, we don’t have any ordered pair with the
same first coordinates, then it is a function.
3. y² = x + 1
Substitute some values for x and solve for y.
When x = 0: y² = 1
Applying the square root property, y = ± 1,
giving the ordered pairs (0,1) and (0, -1).
Since there are two values of y for value of x,
giving ordered with the same first coordinates,
then this is not a function.
4. x² + y² = 4
When x = 0: (0) ² + y² = 4
y² = 4 y=±2
Thus resulted to the ordered pairs (0,2) and (0,- y(x – 1) = 3x + 2
2). Since two values of y for a single value of x,
xy – y = 3x + 2
then this is not a function.
xy – 3x = y + 2
x(y -3) = y + 2
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Definition: The domain of function is the set of all
possible values of its first coordinates and the x = (y + 2)/ (y – 3)
range is the set of all possible values of its second
coordinates. If y – 3 = 0, then y = 3. Thus, y cannot be equal to
3, otherwise, the denominator will be 0.
In general, we determine the domain of each Therefore, Range = {y⃓ y ≠ 3}
function by looking for those values of x (usually
the independent variable) which we are allowed
to use. Usually, we have to avoid 0 on the bottom y = √ x+ 1
of a fraction, or negative values under square root
sign. Since the radicand must not be negative, we set x
+ 1 ≥ 0. This gives x ≥ -1. Therefore, Domain =
To find the range, we need to substitute different
{x⃓ x ≥ -1} [-1, ∞)
x values into the expression for y, to see what is
happening. Check if y is always positive or always The original equation implies that y is the
negative or not equal to certain values. Make sure principal square root of x + 1, so y is never
you look for minimum and maximum values of y. negative. Therefore, the range is:
Range = {y⃓ y ≥ 0}

f (x) = 1/x
Since the rational expression must not have a
y = ax² + bx + c
denominator 0, then x ≠ 0, but other real
numbers can be possible value of x. Therefore, y = x² + 3x + 2
Domain = {x⃓ x ≠ 0}
4 ac−b ²
To find the range, we need to solve first for x in k=
4a
term of y,
Since the expression is a quadratic expression
y = 1/x then it can satisfy any real number. Thus, domain
xy = 1 = {x⃓ x ∈ R} (-∞, ∞)

x = 1/y For the range, we need to solve first for k =

4 ac−b ²
The result implies that y ≠ 0, Therefore, Range = 4a
{y⃓ y ≠ 0}
From the given a = 1 (the coefficient of x²), b = 3
(the coefficient of x), c = 2 (the constant term)
y = (3x+2)/(x-1) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )−3 ² 1
k= =-
In the denominator, if x – 1 = 0, then x = 1. T this 4(1) 4
implies that cannot be equal to 1, otherwise, the
Since the coefficient of x² is positive then y ≥ k.
denominator will be 0. Therefore, Domain = {x⃓
Thus, Range = {y⃓ y ≥ -1/4} [-1/4, ∞)
x ≠ 1}
Another way to identify the domain and range of
To find the range, we solve for x in terms of y.
function is by using graphs. Because the domain
y = (3x+2)/(x-1) refers to the set of possible input values, the
domain of a graph consists of all the input values
shown on the x axis. The range is the set of
possible output values, which shown on the y
axis. Keep in mind that if the graph continues
beyond the portion of the graph we can see, the
domain and range may be greater than the visible
values.