The Implementation Of Principle Equality Before The Law In The Aspect Of Domestic

Violence : Police Department, Indonesia

Masnila Dahniati
Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA

Abstract
The principle of equality before the law in cases of domestic violence (KDRT) is an
implementation that needs attention, given the common misconception that reporting
domestic violence is unnecessary because it is considered an internal matter. The aim of this
research is to understand how the principle of equality before the law is implemented in
cases of KDRT in Indonesia and how the criminal law reforms in the Domestic Violence Law
(UU PKDRT) contribute to achieving access to justice and legal equality for individuals
reporting domestic violence as victims. This research uses a juridical normative method and
normative descriptive analysis. The research findings indicate that many victims of domestic
violence still cannot access justice or receive maximum protection. Local justice systems
have the potential to serve as forums accessible to victims seeking justice.

Introduction

The principle of equality before the law comes from the concept of the legal state rule of
law in the anglo Saxon legal system, which emphasizes three benchmarks :
1). Supremacy of law,
2). Equality before the Law
3). The constitution is based on the individual's rights.

Indonesia as a country that makes constitution as source of law requires rules must be used
as a basic framework to regulate and solve various problems that run the wheels of life of
the nation and state society to realize a safe, orderly,prosperous,and national life system. 1
The theory and concept of equality before the law as adopted by Article 27 paragraph (1) of
the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution provides the basis for the protection of citizens to
be treated equally before the law and government. This is meant that all people are treated

1
Purwadi, Wira., Djafar, Mohamad Ali Akbar, Densi, Gilang Fatirah “Application Of The Principle Of Equality
Before The Law to Law Enfor pcement For The Realization of Justice In Society”, 15 (1), 1979-5955, Jurnal
Legalitas<https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/JL/article>accesed on 10 December 2022
equally before the law. Equality before the law in the simplest sense is that all people are
equal before the law. Equality before the law is one of the most important principles in
modern law. This principle becomes one of the pillars of the Rule of Law doctrine, which
also spreads to developing countries like Indonesia. If it can be said the principle of equality
before the law is one of the manifestations of the state law (rechtstaat) with the result that
there must be equal treatment for everyone before the law (gelijkheid van ieder voor de
wet). In the sense that equality before the law is a firm principle that indiscriminately
applies for perpetrators of crime whether or net they are former officials, officials, public
figures or law enforcement officials, regardless of ethnicity, religion.2
Other than in the 1945 constitution as a supreme law in Indonesia, the principle is also
stated in this following regulations :
1. Criminal Code (KUHP) Letter a “Republic of Indonesia is a legal state based on
Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution that upholds human rights and that guarantees
all nationalities along with their position in law and government and is obliged to
uphold that law and government with no exceptions”.
2. Article 4 Paragraph (1) Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 48 Year 2009
Regarding Judicial Power : “Courts adjudicate according to law by not discriminating
against people”
3. Article 3 Paragraph (2) Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 39 Year 1999
Regarding The Human Rights : “Everyone has the right to recognition, guarantees,
protection and fair legal treatment as well as legal certainty and equal treatment
before the law”, and “Everyone is recognized as a personal human being who has the
right to demand and obtain equal treatment and protection in accordance with the
dignity of his humanity before the law” (Article 5 Paragraph (1) ).

Simply, the meaning of the principle of equality before the law is that all human beings are
same and equal before the law. 3 The rules that apply in positive law in Indonesia also apply
to people who are even unfamiliar with the law itself. Such as the principle of Legal Fiction
or Presumptio iures de iure where everyone is considered to know the law, including
farmers who did not graduate from elementary school, or residents living in the interior.
There’s should be no discrimination and so as the specialized person infornt of The Law. If
the principle of equality before the law is enacted, then the logical consequence is that the
ruler and law enforcer must implement and realize this principle in state life.4

In analysing the implementation of principle equality before the law, Police department in
Mataram (Resort Police of Mataram) West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia is choosen to see how
they handle the case such as Domestic Violence. Since that the police are the frontline in

2
L. Mulyadi, “Penal Code Procedural”, Citra Aditya Bakti, (2007) at p 66
3
Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, “The Meaning of Principle Equality Before The Law and it’s Applications” (2022),
<https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/makna-asas-iequality-before-the-law-i-dan-contohnya-lt6233304b6bfba/>
accessed on 1 December 2022
4
Mys, “Prof. Ramly Hutabarat and Equality Before The Law”, 11 June 2022,
<http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt4fd56cf069398/prof-ramly-dan-iequality-before-the-law-i.> accessed
on 1 December 2022
criminal law enforcement, it is not an exaggeration if the police are said to be a living
criminal law, law in the book becomes law in action.5

As a police department that carries out the main duties of the National Police in the
jurisdiction of the district or city, The Resort Police of Mataram handles many criminal cases
in general. However, this research will focus on implementing the principle of equality
before the law through handling domestic violence criminal cases. The principle that apply
not only based on the no differences in the background of society, wether they are woman
or man, rich or poor but also the size of cases that they brought to realm of law. Including
criminal cases that are too private to complain about, such as child abuse, rape crime and
Domestic Violence. However, the term violence is used to describe behavior, whether overt,
or covert, either offensive or defensive, which is accompanied by the use of force to others. 6
But unlike other forms of violence, domestic violence is particularly special because of its
private and sensitive nature.7

Methodology
This study adopting a qualitative method. Qualitative method also known as ethnographic
or interpretative, is often utilized to seek the information related to condition, experience,
significance, and perspective, that is usually from the viewponit of the participant. The
techniques that can be used under qualitative method includes, among others, open ended
interviews, data collection through evaluation of texts and documents, field research,
personal observations, and case studies. Library research are also adopted. Among the
materials that were viewed include, statutes, regulations, national policy, and bylaws. Such
as Law of Republic Indonesia Number 23 Year 2002 Concerning Elimination of Domestic
Violence, Law of Republic Indonesia Number 39 Year 1999 Concerning The Human Rights,
Criminal Code, Regulation of The Chief of The Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2019.
Secondary sources including textbooks, scholarly articles in the various journals, magazines,
and newspaper reports were also utilized to give better understanding and provide
perspective on the current position and situation in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Equality Before The Law Through The Reporting Of Domestic Violence Cases At The Police
Stage.
Througout 2021, National Commission On Violence against Women (Komnas Perempuan)
received 338,496 complaints in 338 cases. 2,363 cases of violence against women and 771
cases of violence against wives.8 There have been many views on domestic violence, the
5
Satjipto Raharadjo, “Civil Police in Social Change in Indonesia”, Kompas, (2002), p 279
6
Official Portal Ministry of Law and Human Rights, “Domestic Violence : Private issues that become public
issues”,<https://ditjenpp.kemenkumham.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=647:kekerasan-
dalam-rumah-tangga-kdrt-persoalan-privat-yang-jadi-persoalan-publik&catid=101&Itemid=181> accessed on 7
December 2022
7
Ratih Lestarini, Herdis Herdiansyah, Tirtawening, Dianwidhi Michelle Pranoto, “The Co-Oxistence Of Laws
Regarding Domestic Violence Case Settlement : Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia” (2019) 20 (2),
Journal of International Women’s Studies <https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss7/11/> accessed on 7 December
2022
8
Official Portal National Commision On Violence Against Women, <https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-
detail/peringatan-hari-perempuan-internasional-2022-dan peluncuran-catatan-tahunan-tentang-kekerasan-
berbasis-gender-terhadap-perempuan> accesed on 8 December 2022
most common of which is domestic violence as a family problem that must be resolved
internally by the family. Admittedly, the Domestic Violence Elimination Act is a progressive
breakthrough because it changes people's mindset about domestic violence as a private
matter into state affairs as public law. The state is of the view that any form of violence,
especially domestic violence, is a crime with a fairly high threat of criminal sanctions.

In many cases, domestic violence, in addition to being considered a private family matter, is
also said to be a complaint. Law number 23 Year 2004 Regarding the Elimination of
Domestic Violence, Articles 51, 52 and 53 state that complaints are only domestic violence
as referred to in Article 44 Paragraph 4 “Physical violence committed by husbands against
wives or vice versa that does not cause illness or obstruction to carry out office work or
livelihood or daily activities”. Article 45 : “Psychic violence committed by the husband against
the wife or vice versa that does not cause illness or obstruction to carry out the work of the
position or livelihood or daily activities” and article 46, which is sexual violence.9

In practice, domestic violence cases are always directed to reconciliation that ends with the
retraction of the report. Even in some cases the Police still use the provisions of Article 351
of the Criminal Code even though as a law-domestic violence it applies as a lex specialis. In
addition, often law enforcement officials only see one form of domestic violence, but in fact
domestic violence occurs in various forms simultaneously, physical violence that occurs is
caused by previous psychic violence and economic violence and even sexual violence. This
is rarely expressed by law enforcement officials, and often even domestic violence opinions
occur because of women's mistakes (crime by victim) so that there is victimization of
victims, through verbal violence by the police.

No matter how fair the legal decision is, if the parties such as the police officer doesnt act as
in legal procedures, then the result of the law itself will have a bad impact on the image of
the law in Indonesia. Adhering to the principle of equality before the law no one should
receive special treatment from one another in terms of reporting a criminal act. However,
from several cases that have occurred in many police department in Indonesia, there are
indications that the principle of Equality Before The Law is ignored, especially in reports of
domestic violence criminal cases.

In the aspect of Domestic Violence, like the case in February 2022, Priyanka Pragas, a female
victim of domestic violence (KDRT) in Medan, Indonesia, reported her husband Romi to the
Resort Police Of Medan. The mother, who has a child, complained of being molested and
handcuffed and then humiliated in front of the residents of the complex accusing her of
cheating. Not only that, Romi also recorded it. While making a report to the police, Priyanka
admitted that her report could not be processed because it was considered a split type of
report.10 Police then ask the victim return to Deli Tua Police Station because the victim

9
Hamidah Abdurrachman, “Domestic Violence Is Not An Ordinary Crime”, Kompas, (Jakarta, 30 September
2022) <https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/09/30/16111871/kdrt-bukan-kejahatan-biasa> accessed on 8
December 2022
10
Metro Editor, “Report rejected, Domestic Violence Victims Report Individuals of PPA Unit of Medan Police to
North Sumatra Police Propam”, Harian Metro, (9 Februari 2022) <https://www.harianmetro.id/news/laporan-
had made a report on the same case and the same perpetrator 2 years ago. However,
the Resort Police of Medan Tuntungan forgot that this time the scene of the crime was
in the jurisdiction of the Medan Tuntungan Police. As a result, the victim, who came
with his younger brother and his children, one of whom was a toddler, could only
surrender, when the officer directed her to report back to the Deli Tua Police Station.

In February 2018, a 35-year-old woman Jamiah from Banjarmasin, Indonesia got domestic
violence which resulted in her suffering from burns to the back. According to the woman's
confession as reported by the media, she was often beaten by her husband even to the
point of breaking her right hand. Jamiah had to be hospitalized after her body was washed
away by gasoline and set on fire by her own husband because their youngest child spilled
rice. When reporting the case to Sectoral Police Force Of Banjarmasin, the report was
rejected on the grounds that the victim should not be represented by other parties. In
another sense, a woman's domestic violence report can only be processed if she personally
reports the case.11

In January 2022, a domestic violence case was also reported by a woman with the initials
SW, 36 years from south Sulawesi, Indonesia. SW is said to have experienced domestic
violence for a long time and has been undergoing visum at Bhayangkara Hospital.
Unfortunately, she could not be processed because the perpetrator, who was SW's
husband, had a brother who was a police officer. The Women Empowerment and Child
Protection Service has even accompanied the victim to report but it cannot be processed, in
fact they are intimidated. The only reason is because the perpetrator is a family of police
officer. One of his brothers served at the Police Headquarters. The other is a police officer
on duty at Bhayangkara Hospital.12 These are several domestic violence cases that the
principle of equality before the law in Indonesia especially at the police stage does not work
as the law mandates.

Legal Protection for Domestic Violence in Indonesia

Prevention of violence against women should focus on the community in which it occurs. 13
Though, it should be noted, such efforts cannot be done in a short period of time and should
ditolak-korban-kdrt-laporkan-oknum-polisi-unit-ppa-polrestabes-medan-ke-propam-polda-sumut/>accessed on 10
December 2022
11
Eddy Andriyanto, “Wife Burned, Family of Domestic Violence Victim Disappointed Police Reject Report”,
Kumparan, (Banjarmasin, 17 Februari 2018) <https://kumparan.com/banjarhits/heboh-istri-dibakar-keluarga-
korban-kdrt-kecewa-polisi-tolak-laporan/full>accessed on 10 December 2022
12
Dian Mega Safitri, “Ironic to Have Police Relatives, Domestic Violence Perpetrators in Makassar Are Immune
from the Law”, Sonora, (Makassar, 24 February 2022) <https://www.sonora.id/read/423158119/ironis-punya-
kerabat-polisi-pelaku-kdrt-di-makassar-kebal-hukum> accessed on 10 December 2022
13
Harkrisnowo, H. (2000). Tindakan Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan dalam Perspektif SosioYuridis (Violence
against Women in Socio-Juridical Perspective). Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 7(14), 157-170.
be done gradually. Some efforts related to the community include: providing education to
the community on the rights of women, the types of violence, and the availability of support
services or institutions that can help the victims. In that regard, Indonesia has a specific law
pertaining to the Elimination of Domestic Violence, which is Law Number 23 Year 2004. This
law was created in the spirit of the CEDAW, which was ratified by Indonesia in 1984, and out
of the realization that the former Indonesian legal system did not provide justice for victims
of domestic violence.

According to Law Number 23 Year 2004, domestic violence is any action towards a person,
especially a woman, that causes affliction or suffering physically, sexually, psychologically
and/or the neglect of a household or family including threats to do something or forced to
do something or the expropriation of one’s liberty in a way that is against the law in the
scope of the family (Article 1 Number 1). The definition of the elimination of domestic
violence was also normatively defined by the law with the guarantee that is given by the
State to prevent domestic violence, to menindak, or, directly translated, to crack down on
the perpetrators of domestic violence and to protect the victims of domestic violence
(Article 1 Number 2).

The scope of the household or family, or rumah tangga in Indonesian, in this law is specified
to be comprised of the husband, the wife, children, anyone staying at home who has familial
relations to the previous three due to blood ties, marriage, rearing, and fostering, and/or
anyone who works as a helper to the household and lives there (Article 2 Number 1). The
subjects of domestic violence are not limited to the husband and wife but also extend to the
children, housemaids, and anyone living in the household with familial relations. The
extension of subjects to include housemaids is advancement in the jurisprudence and
should be appreciated for it gives certainty to housemaids who are treated violently by their
employer.

Domestic violence, according to the Elimination of Domestic Violence Law, has been
formulated into four forms, and each is specified to hold terminal sanctions. Most of the
forms fall into the category of standard offence, except for light offences that can only be
handled if they were reported. Terminal sanctions for domestic violence offences are in the
form of prison or amercement.14

Legal Anlysis of Criminal Law in the Form of Domestic Violence

The first juridical review accommodated in the Domestic Violence Act encompasses various
forms of domestic violence, including physical violence, psychological violence, sexual
violence, and economic violence or family neglect. As it is well known, prior to the existence
of the Domestic Violence Act (UU PKDRT), the recognized form of violence in Indonesian
law was limited to physical violence, referred to as assault. With the introduction of this
14
Ibid,
legal breakthrough, victims of domestic violence who were previously discriminated against
by the law can seek justice for various forms of violence that have indeed occurred and
affected them.

Psychological violence, which is a breakthrough in the Domestic Violence Act 's legal
process, allows for the use of a Visum et Psikiatrikum as evidence. However, this legal
innovation is not widely used by law enforcement officers or support personnel. This is due
to the limited number of psychologists/psychiatrists who have an understanding of the
context in which domestic violence occurs.15

Sexual violence, including sexual violence against a spouse (marital rape), is also a legal
breakthrough in the Domestic Violence Act, although it remains a complaint-based offense.
This specific criminal act is regulated in Article 8 letter (a), which reads as follows: "coercion
of sexual relations committed against a person residing within the household." This implies
that the Domestic Violence Act no longer separates the private and public domains when
violence occurs. In other words, the division between civil law, which is traditionally used to
resolve issues in the private domain, and criminal law, which is used to address matters
related to the public domain, is no longer present. From these various forms of domestic
violence, where many legal reforms have taken place, numerous challenges and difficulties
are faced in the implementation of the criminal process, both by victims, support personnel,
and law enforcement officers themselves. For example, issues related to complaint-based
offenses, the gradation of violence (especially physical violence) experienced by victims, and
the criminal elements in family neglect and psychological violence.

The Domestic Violence Act also introduced legal reforms by broadly accommodating family
members who have various relationships within the household. This includes those related
by blood, marriage, adoption, guardianship, and those working in the household who reside
or stay in the household for a certain period.

So, in addition to using the concept of the "core" family, which consists of the mother,
father, and children, the Domestic Violence Act also employs the concept of the "extended"
family, which is commonly found in Indonesian families. This includes in-laws, sons-in-law or
daughters-in-law, in-laws, stepchildren, adopted children, uncles, aunts, and others.
However, in practice, due to the lack of clarity in the wording of the articles, especially in
Article 2 paragraph (2), terms such as "reside" and "stay" often lead to different
interpretations among law enforcement officers and support personnel. The terms "reside"
and "stay" raise questions about whether they refer to a specific period or simply living in
the household.16

This has become a point of criticism for the article, particularly in the context of domestic
workers who do not reside or live in the household but work for a specific period in that
household. Despite the article's definition of the scope, it does not explicitly mention that
15
Hamzah, Andi. 2001. Hukum Acara Pidana di Indonesia, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta
16
Haris. 1987. Pembaharuan Hukum Acara Pidana Yang Terdapat Dalam HIR,PT. Bina Cipta, Jakarta.
the locus delicti (scene of the offense) must be inside the household. Instead, it emphasizes
the familial relationships resulting from marriage, blood relations, or working relationships
within the household. Thus, it can be interpreted that incidents of domestic violence can
also occur outside the household.17

Juridical Review of Criminal Law Regarding the Societal Obligations in Cases of Domestic
Violence

The prevention of domestic violence is a shared responsibility between the government and
the community. The spirit of this shared responsibility was subsequently incorporated into
the Domestic Violence Act. This is related to the locus of domestic violence occurring in the
private domain, which means that the government cannot simply enter and monitor
households directly. Therefore, community involvement is required to monitor and prevent
domestic violence within their environment. The community's obligation is accommodated
in Articles 14 and 15 of the Domestic Violence Act.

However, this juridical perspective has not yet been fully realized to benefit domestic
violence victims. This is partly due to the rejection of reports by the community on the part
of the police, even though in some police stations, such as the West Jakarta Police, reports
of domestic violence committed by the Neighborhood Association (RT) Chairman and
support personnel were once received. Apart from the police, many members of the
community are still indifferent to domestic violence in their surroundings.

For example, their unwillingness to act as witnesses in cases of domestic violence that occur
in front of them, citing reasons such as fear of becoming a witness, fear of threats from the
perpetrator, fear of interfering in someone else's family affairs, or other reasons related to
the person's position, status, economy, and safety. However, a person's willingness to act as
a witness is crucial for victims in seeking justice, whether through legal or non-legal means.
Furthermore, the community's concern for preventing recurrent and initial domestic
violence cases also greatly assists the victims. This is related to efforts to reform the
perpetrator, which doesn't always have to result in punishment or fines, but rather focuses
on changing the violent behavior in resolving their family issues. Therefore, in promoting the
community's obligation, there is a need for an increased understanding of domestic violence
and the dynamics of marital relationships, which is a commitment by both parties to form a
family that respects each other and is free from violence.

Additionally, there is a need for the socialization of case handling procedures and the
implementation of protection for witnesses and victims as mandated by Law No. 13 of 2006
on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. This is essential to encourage the courage of
victims and witnesses to report acts of violence within their community without fear for
their safety and well-being.

17
Kalibonso, Rita Serena. 2000. Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pelanggaran
Hak Azasi Manusi, Obor, Jakarta
Conclusion

The application of the principle of equality before the law to people who report cases to the
police has not been carried out properly as mandated by the law. Several cases that appear
in the mass media as mentioned above have a serious impact on people's sense of justice.
There is a culture of favoritism in law enforcement who handle cases from a report. As with
reports of domestic violence cases, most of which are women, police as law enforcement
tend to underestimate these reports and consider them only as family problems that can
still be corrected familially, or even for some other reason they will literally rejected it. This
is one of the factors why victims of domestic violence are reluctant to report their cases.
This kind of practice seems to have become a tradition and an open secret. It shows the
unprofessional performance of law enforcement officers. In line with that, it shows that the
legal culture that lives and develops in the community is experiencing abuse power, thus
causing a crisis of public confidence in the performance of law enforcement officers.

Wether it's a big or small case, the institutional police should not deny reports of alleged
criminal acts from people that reporting. Based on the rules contained in perkapolri No. 6 of
2019, the police are required to conduct a preliminary study to assess whether or not a case
is appropriate for a police report to be made. Even Regulation of The Chief of The
Indonesian National Police Number 14 of 2011 article 15 also states that every member of
the national police is prohibited from rejecting or ignoring requests for help, assistance or
reports and complaints from the community which is the scope of their duties, functions,
and authorities.18 Even if the police refuse, it must be for clear legal reasons and can educate
the people. Reflecting on some of the cases mentioned by the author above, there is a gap
between what is mandated in the 1945 Constitution and the regulations below it related to
equal rights before the law and practices that occur in life, especially in reporting criminal
case as Domestic Violence which the victim as reporter generally are womens. Law
enforcement should uphold moral, professional in carrying out duties and integrity pacts, to
bring about equality before the law as mandated by the Law.

The existence of the Domestic Violence Law Act and its juridical perspective is expected to
lead to a reduction in domestic violence rates and provide justice for the victims. However,
the implementation of this law is not easy because the legal innovations it contains require
extensive socialization to law enforcement officers responsible for enforcing the law, as well
as government officials, the community, and service providers. This is so that they become
more sensitive to domestic violence, understand the context in which it occurs, and have
great empathy for the victims of domestic violence. If these three elements are possessed
by everyone, then re-victimizing the victim (victimization of the victim) will not occur, and
the resolution of cases through legal and non-legal means can provide justice to the victims
and contribute to addressing the hidden iceberg of domestic violence cases.

18
Susani Fadhila, Hendra Setiawan, “Framing Analysis Of The News “Aceh Police Rejects The Victim of Alleged
Rape Because There is no Vaccine” On Vice Media And CNN Indonesia”, (2022) 6 (1), Jurnal Pendidikan
Tambusai 2614-3097
Many women who are victims of domestic violence still cannot access justice and receive
maximum protection. Therefore, joint efforts are needed, especially from the government
itself, to improve the situation. In addition, women who are victims of violence also need
access to non-legal aspects of justice. Local justice systems have the potential to serve as
forums that can be accessed by women seeking justice. However, there are still numerous
obstacles that need to be overcome in handling cases within the customary context.

References

Bernadetha Aurelia Oktavira, “The Meaning of Principle Equality Before The Law and it’s
Applications” (2022), <https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/makna-asas-
iequality-before-the-law-i-dan-contohnya-lt6233304b6bfba/> accessed on 1
December 2022
Haris. 1987. Pembaharuan Hukum Acara Pidana Yang Terdapat Dalam HIR,PT. Bina Cipta,
Jakarta.
Harkrisnowo, H. (2000). Tindakan Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan dalam Perspektif
SosioYuridis (Violence against Women in Socio-Juridical Perspective). Jurnal
Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 7(14), 157-170
Kalibonso, Rita Serena. 2000. Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Rumah Tangga
Sebagai Pelanggaran Hak Azasi Manusi, Obor, Jakarta
L. Mulyadi, “Penal Code Procedural”, Citra Aditya Bakti, (2007)
Purwadi, Wira., Djafar, Mohamad Ali Akbar, Densi, Gilang Fatirah “Application Of The Principle Of
Equality Before The Law to Law Enfor pcement For The Realization of Justice In
Society”, 15 (1), 1979-5955, Jurnal
Legalitas<https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/JL/article>accesed on 10 December
2022
Ratih Lestarini, Herdis Herdiansyah, Tirtawening, Dianwidhi Michelle Pranoto, “The Co-
Oxistence Of Laws Regarding Domestic Violence Case Settlement : Rote Island,
East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia” (2019) 20 (2), Journal of International Women’s
Studies <https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss7/11/> accessed on 7 December
2022
Satjipto Raharadjo, “Civil Police in Social Change in Indonesia”, Kompas, (2002)