ADDITIONAL #1: BIVARIATE ANALYSIS

RECAP ON THE TYPE OF DATA CONTINUOUS DICHOTOMOUS Student’s t-

(DU) test
• Ordinal CONTINUOUS DICHOTOMOUS Paired t-test
• Nominal (DP)
• Continuous CONTINUOUS NOMINAL ANOVA (F-
test)
• Dichotomous
RECAP ON THE PARAMETRIC AND NON- ORDINAL & OTHER TYPE DATA (VICE VERSA)
PARAMETRIC
Choice of Appropriate Statistical Significance Test
Parametric tests of Nonparametric tests of
in Bivariate Analysis (Analysis of One Independent
means medians
1-sample sign, Variable and One Dependent Variable)
1-sample t-test
1-sample wilcoxon First Variable Second Appropriate
2-sample t-test Mann-Whitney test Variable Test/s
One-Way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis
ORDINAL ORDINAL Spearman
correlation
coefficient
PARAMETRIC (rho); Kendall
Sample size correlation
Parametric analyses requirements for coefficient (tau)
nonnormal data ORDINAL DICHOTOMOUS Mann-Whitney
(DU) U test
1-sample t-test Greater than 20
ORDINAL DICHOTOMOUS Wilcoxon
2-sample t-test Each group should have
(DP) matched-pairs
more than 15 observations
signed-ranks
One-Way ANOVA For 2-9 groups, each
test
group should have more
ORDINAL NOMINAL Kruskal-Wallis
than 15 observations
test
For 10-12 groups, each
group should have more
than 20 observations
DICHOTOMOUS, NOMINAL & OTHER TYPE
DATA (OR VICE VERSA)
CONTINUOUS & OTHER TYPE DATA (VICE
First Variable Second Appropriate
VERSA) Variable Test/s
Choice of Appropriate Statistical Significance Test DICHOTOMOU DICHOTOMOUS Spearman
(DU) correlation
in Bivariate Analysis (Analysis of One Independent coefficient
Variable and One Dependent Variable) (rho); Kendall
correlation
First Variable Second Appropriate coefficient
Variable Test/s (tau)
CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS Pearson DICHOTOMOU DICHOTOMOUS Mann-Whitney
correlation (DP) U test
coefficient (r); DICHOTOMOU NOMINAL Wilcoxon
linear matched-pairs
regression signed-ranks
CONTINUOUS ORDINAL Group the test
continuous NOMINAL NOMINAL Kruskal-Wallis
variable and test
calculate
Spearman
correlation
coefficient
(rho)†
 VARIABLE’S INTERPRETATION • Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test
• Kruskal-Wallis test
NOMINAL (CATEGORICAL) [=/≠]
• Gender
• McNemar chi-square test
• Race • Chi-square test
• Ethnicity • t-test
• Hobbies • ANOVA (F-test)
• Occupation
• Color PEARSON’S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
• Brand Name
• Preffered type of chocolate Pearson’s correlation coefficient is the test
• Cities statistics that measures the statistical relationship,
MODE AND PERCENTAGE or association, between two continuous variables.
• Pie Graph and Bar Graph
ASSUMPTIONS:

ORDINAL (=/≠) (</>) • Independent of case

• Sequence • Linear relationship
• Rankings • Homoscedasticity
• Order
• Satisfaction PROPERTIES:
• Happiness
• Awareness • Limit
• Likert Scale • Pure number
• Net Promoter Score (NPS) • Symmetric
• Bipolar Matrix Table
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, AND PERCENTAGE DEGREE OF CORRELATION:
• Bar Graph
• Perfect
INTERVAL (=/≠) (</>) (+/-) • High degree
• Temperature • Moderate degree
• Dates • Low degree
MEAN, MEDIAN, AND STANDARD DEVIATION • No correlation
• Pie Graph and Bar Graph
LINEAR REGRESSION

RATIO (=/≠) (</>) (+/-) (x/÷) Linear regression is a basic and commonly used
• Annual Income type of predictive analysis. The overall idea of
• IQ Test regression is to examine two things:
• Age
• Number of family member • Does a set of predictor variables do a good
• Length job in predicting an outcome (dependent)
• Weight variable?
MEAN, MEDIAN, AND STANDARD DEVIATION • Which variables are significant predictors of
• Line Graph and Bar Graph the outcome variable, and in what way do
they–indicated by the magnitude and sign of
APPROPRIATE TEST OR TESTS OF the beta estimates–impact the outcome
SIGNIFICANCE variable?

• Pearson correlation coefficient

• Linear regression
• Spearman correlation coefficient (rho)
• Kendall correlation coefficient (tau)
• Mann-Whitney U test
TYPE OF LINEAR REGREESION
• Simple linear regression
o 1 dependent variable (interval or ratio),
1 independent variable (interval or
ratio or dichotomous)
• Multiple linear regression
o 1 dependent variable (interval or
ratio) , 2+ independent variables
(interval or ratio or dichotomous)
• Logistic regression
o 1 dependent variable (dichotomous),
2+ independent variable(s) (interval or
ratio or dichotomous)
• Ordinal regression
o 1 dependent variable (ordinal), 1+
independent variable(s) (nominal or
dichotomous)
• Multinomial regression
o 1 dependent variable (nominal), 1+
independent variable(s) (interval or
ratio or dichotomous)
• Discriminant analysis
o 1 dependent variable (nominal), 1+
independent variable(s) (interval or
ratio)
SPEARMAN CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
(RHO)
• The Spearman rank- order correlation
coefficient (Spearman’s correlation, for short)
is a nonparametric measure of the strength
and direction of association that exists
between two variables measured on at least
an ordinal scale.
Figure Verbal Interpretation
.00 - .19 Very Weak
.20 - .39 Weak
.40 - .59 Moderate
.60 - .79 Strong
.80 - 1.0 Very Strong
• Interpretation is similar to that of Pearsons,
e.g. the closer is to the stronger the
monotonic relationship.
• Correlation is an effect size and so we can
verbally describe the strength of the
correlation using the following guide for the
absolute value of rs:
KENDALL CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
(TAU)
• Kendall's tau-b (τb) correlation coefficient
(Kendall's tau-b, for short) is a nonparametric
measure of the strength and direction of
association that exists between two variables
measured on at least an ordinal scale.
MANN- WHITNEY U TEST
• The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare
differences between two independent groups
when the dependent variable is either ordinal
or continuous, but not normally distributed.
WILCOXON MATCHED- PAIRS SIGNED-
RANKS TEST
• The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the
nonparametric test equivalent to the
dependent t-test.
• As the Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not
assume normality in the data, it can be used
when this assumption has been violated and
the use of the dependent t-test is
inappropriate.
• It is used to compare two sets of scores that
come from the same participants.
KRUSKAL- WALLIS TEST
• The Kruskal-Wallis H test (sometimes also
called the "one-way ANOVA on ranks") is a
rank-based nonparametric test that can be
used to determine if there are statistically
significant differences between two or more
groups of an independent variable on a
continuous or ordinal dependent variable.
• It is considered the nonparametric alternative
to the one-way ANOVA, and an extension of
the Mann-Whitney U test to allow the
comparison of more than two independent
groups.
MCNEMAR CHI-SQUARE TEST
• The McNemar test is used to determine if
there are differences on a dichotomous
dependent variable between two related
groups.
• It can be considered to be similar to the
paired-samples t- test, but for a dichotomous
rather than a continuous dependent variable.
However, unlike the paired-samples t-test, it
can be conceptualized to be testing two
different properties of a repeated measure
dichotomous variable, as is explained below.
CHI-SQUARE TEST

• The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for

testing relationships between categorical
variables.
• The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square test is
that no relationship exists on the categorical
variables in the population; they are
independent.
T-TEST
A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare
the means of two groups.
TYPE OF T-TEST

One-sample, two-sample, or paired t-test?

• Paired t-test.
• Two-sample t-test (a.k.a. independent t- test).
• One-sample t-test.
One-tailed or two-tailed t-test?

• Two-tailed t-test.
• One-tailed t-test.
ANOVA (F- TEST)

• The F-test is most often used when

comparing statistical models that have been
fitted to a data set, in order to identify the
model that best fits the population from which
the data were sampled.
• ANOVA is a particular form of statistical
hypothesis testing heavily used in the analysis
of experimental data.
• ANOVA is used in the analysis of comparative
experiments —those in which only the
difference in outcomes is of interest.
• The statistical significance of the experiment
is determined by a ratio of two variances.