MODULE IV

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

 INTRODUCTION

Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by

every sovereign government. For the state machinery, police are an inevitable
organ which would ensure maintenance of law and order, and the first link in
the criminal justice system. On the other hand, for common man, police force
is a symbol of brute force of authority and at the same time, the protector
from crime. Policemen get a corporate identity from the uniform they wear;
the common man identifies, distinguishes, and awes him on account of the
same uniform. The police systems across the world have developed on a socio-
cultural background, and for this reason alone huge differences exist between
these police systems.
This module will tackle about the organizational structures, ranks and
mandates of selected police models in the world.

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

1. Recognize best practices of different police organizations of selected
model countries
2. Explained the model of policing as it affects the law enforcement system
of any given country or state.
3. Compare police systems in different countries, and learn from different
types of policing models.

 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

There are three (3) lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully
then answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited
from it. Work on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your
instructor or to the ICJE office
In case you encounter difficulty, discuss this with your instructor during
the face-to-face meeting. If not contact your instructor at the ICJE office.
Good luck and happy reading!!!
Lesson 1

 US POLICE MODELS

THE U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENT

Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided into four broad categories: federal,
state, county, and municipal agencies. Each branch of law enforcement has been
created to enforce a specific set of laws within a specific geographical area. This
means that the key to understanding which law enforcement has the authority to
respond to a crime is two-fold. First, one must determine which government unit
prohibits the acts. For example, homicide is an act that is prohibited at the state
level. So, as a general rule, only law enforcement agencies with authority to enforce
state laws may investigate the crime of murder. Second, one must look at the place
(venue) where the criminal act occurred. If the murder occurred in Alabama, the
Alabama authorities will be responsible in investigating the crime.

FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

Police officers that work for the national government are generally called
federal police officers. These police officers enforce criminal federal laws that are
passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by the president. They
have the authority to arrest anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws
within the specific area they are hired to protect.
Police agencies that hire federal police officers include the White House Police,
Capital Police, Supreme Court Police, and Park Police. Each of these Police agencies
has specific responsibilities.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is probably the best known of the
federal law enforcement agencies. The FBI is under the U.S. DOJ. This agency is not
a police agency, instead it investigates matters involving violations of federal law
including civil rights violations, espionage, treason, bank robbery of federally
insured institution, serious crimes that crosses state lines, and terrorism. The FBI is
estimated to have more than 12,000 agents employed primarily in the United States.

The United States Marshals Service is the nation’s oldest federal law
enforcement agency. Marshals serve to protect federal judicial officials, maintain
security in federal courthouses, and protect the safety of the witnesses in federal
trials who are endangered by testifying. The U.S. Marshals also track down fugitives
from justice from across the world, transport federal prisoners who needs to be
moved across jurisdictions and maintain detention facilities for unsentenced
prisoners.

Other Federal Agencies

1. Secret Service
Two primary missions:
a. Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their
families
b. Controlling counterfeiting
2. Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives
• Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal
firearms, and explosives.
3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.
- Agents of the DEA primarily carry out their responsibilities by assisting
local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use and drug
trafficking. They also work with foreign governments to reduce the
number of illegal drugs entering the United States, as well as operate
independent investigations into drug crime.

State Law Enforcement Agencies

All 50 states have state police agencies. Generally, there are two models of
state police agencies. Some states like New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan
have a single State Police Department that is responsible for both traffic and
criminal investigative responsibilities. One unit is responsible for patrolling state
turnpikes and highways. The second unit is responsible for investigating criminal
offenses.

The second model of policing used by state agencies has been adopted by
state such as California, Florida, Georgia, and Kansas. These states have two
separate state police agencies. One agency is called the Highway Patrol. The
Highway Patrol monitors state turnpikes and highways. The second state level
policing agency is assigned the responsibility for state level criminal
investigations. The names of these agencies are varied and include the Florida
Department of Law Enforcement, Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and Kansas
Bureau of Investigation.

In addition, state law enforcement may be responsible for running state law
enforcement training academies, providing emergency medical services,
maintaining a crime lab, and providing other services that are needed to support
local level law enforcement efforts.

County Law Enforcement Agencies

The third level of policing occurs at the county level and typically involves an
elected sheriff and appointed deputies. A few states may forego the title of the
sheriff and maintain a county police department.

The duty of the sheriff’s department varies according to the size and
population of the county. Nearly all sheriffs’ office provides basic law
enforcement services to areas outside incorporated municipalities. These duties
include routine patrol, responding to citizen calls for service and investigating
crimes. They are authorities to enforce laws within their county as well as
enforcing county level laws including traffic enforcement and, in many counties,
animal control.

In addition, sheriffs’ departments are usually responsible for county jail or

detention facility. Although some states still maintain separate local detention
facilities in every city and town, most have consolidated this function into a
single county are facility utilized by all municipalities within the county.
 Detention duties may be rotated among all appointed deputies, or deputies may
be hired for the single purpose of staffing and monitoring the detention facility.

Finally, the sheriff’s department is typically assigned duties associated with

court services. These duties include serving civil court summons, providing court
security, providing courthouse security, and dealing with criminal warrants.

Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies

Municipal law enforcement agencies are those police departments created to
serve an incorporated city, town, village, or borough. The primary reason
municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order.

The American Bar Association (ABA) outlines the function of the municipal
police officer to include a broad range of activities. Municipal police officers are
expected to:
✓ Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and where appropriate,
apprehend offenders and participate in subsequent court proceedings.
✓ Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some crimes through
preventive patrol and other measures.
✓ Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm.
✓ Protect constitutional guarantees.
✓ Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles.
✓ Assist those who cannot care for themselves.
✓ Resolve conflict.
✓ Identify problems that are potentially serious law enforcement and
governmental problems.
✓ Create and maintain a feeling of security in the community.
✓ Promote and preserve civil order.
✓ Provide other services on an emergency basis.

Police Activities
Study of police activities indicate that most police work involves activity that is
non-criminal in nature. Primary police activities involve:
• Handling domestic issues
• Working traffic accidents
• Finding missing persons
• Directing traffic
• Filling out paper works

However, one of the key tasks assigned the police is to respond to calls regarding
criminal conduct.

RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING

General Requirements
Specific requirements for being accepted to a law enforcement training
academy vary from department. The general requirements are the applicant:
• Is a U.S. citizen
• Is at least 21 years of age
 • Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; (or 20/20 corrected by glasses)
• Can distinguish colors
• Is physically and mentally healthy.
• Applicants who have served in the military must have been honorably
discharged.
• May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated and must hold a
valid license for at least three years prior to application and have a driving
record.
• Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although some misdemeanor
crimes may bar applicants from a law enforcement position.
• All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of good moral
character, and have personal integrity.
• No applicant should have any history of criminal or improper conduct, have a
poor employment record, or have an irresponsible financial history.
• Generally, applicants should at least have a GED equivalency or a high school
diploma, however, some departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are
requiring 60 or more hours of completed college coursework.

PROBATION PERIOD
When a candidate receives an appointment to the police department, the
candidate must then successfully complete recruit training, which can last from
several months to more than a year, depending on the training requirements of the
police department. Once the recruit has successfully completed the training
academy, the recruit then usually receives field training under the supervision of
seasoned officers. Upon the successful completion of the field training, the officer
is considered eligible to be on their own.

Police recruits are on probation during the entire period of training and usually
are on probation for a period after they have completed their training. The length
of time that a recruit serves on probation varies from department to department. It
should be noted that officers will not generally be eligible for a promotion until the
probationary period is successfully completed.

It is important that police officer candidates understand that the goal of

probationary period is to evaluate their ability to perform on the job and to fit into
the department. Probies may be dismissed during the probationary period without
cause and no reason needs to be provided. Damaging a police vehicle, a single
incident of excessive use of force, violating the chain of command, or making
negative comments about superior officers may all demonstrate that the probie is
not the right fit for a department’s needs.

Once a police recruit successfully completes the probationary period, more

workplace protections are acquired. Generally, following the probationary period,
law enforcement officers are given civil status. The actual rights and protections
associated with this status differ from municipality to municipality and from state
to state, but they will always provide at least a few rights that are missing during
the probationary period.
Opportunities for Promotion
Opportunities for promotion vary from police department to police department.
The size of the Department plays an important role in opportunities. Larger
departments are likely to have greater opportunities for advancement and a wider
variety of areas of specialization available to officers.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN AND MINORITIES

Since the 1970s the opportunities for women and minorities in policing have
increased substantially as law enforcement agencies have begun to recognize
importance of ensuring that police force, they hire resembles the public it polices.
Today, police departments do not have enough women and minorities applying for
policing to meet that goal. For this reason, many police departments are actively
recruiting women and minorities because they would like the opportunity to hire
them.

In today’s policing environment, both women and racial minorities who meet
the criteria and qualifications to be police officers have unlimited opportunities.

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/EEOC
Affirmative Action is a part of the civil rights laws that has been implemented
through the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s attempt to implement
programs established by the congress. EEOC is an independent federal agency that
oversees federal civil rights laws. EEOC is the agency that investigates cases of
discrimination and takes action to eliminate discrimination when they locate it.
Affirmative Action policies and federal law make it a crime to discriminate against
any person because of race, national origin, religion, gender, age, or sexual
orientation. This means that a person cannot be discriminated against in hiring
process, promotional process, or in wage determination.

SCREENING PROCESS
The screening process differs in relation to the needs and size of the specific
department being applied to. However, screening processes tend to be similar
between departments of the same size. The following list provides an overview of
the typical screening process.
• Individuals must apply for a police officer position by completing the required
application for the police department.
• A written examination is required for all police departments in medium-to-
large cities.
• A police candidate who successfully passes the written examination is then
required to take a physical abilities/agility test.
• A police candidate who successfully passes the physical abilities/agility test
is then given a date to take a pre-employment polygraph examination.
• A candidate who successfully passes the pre-employment polygraph
examination must then undergo a background investigation.
• A candidate who successfully passes the background examination is then given
an oral interview.
• A candidate who successfully passes the oral examination is then scheduled
for a psychological examination.
 • A candidate who passes the psychological examination is then scheduled to
take a medical examination.
• A candidate who passes all the previous examinations may be asked to
participate in a final oral interview with the police chief, the head of the
training academy, or police command staff to determine whether the candidate
should be offered a police position in the department.

ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE OFFICERS

• Automobile patrol
• Foot patrol
• Traffic officer
• Bicycle patrol
• Motorcycle patrol
• Horse patrol
• Marine Patrol
• Aircraft patrol
• Juvenile officer
• Canine officer
• Crime scene investigator
• Crime prevention officer
• Community policing officer
• Hostage negotiation teams
• Bomb squad officers
• Warrant officers
• Airport police
• Housing police
• Port authority police
• Transit police

TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police
departments, sheriff departments.
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil
function such as service of eviction notices and other court orders
and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has
jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on
statewide law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates
all violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was
given to other specific federal agency
 2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned
with investigation of counterfeiting, forging, or altering of any of the
money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charge of the protection
of the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigated all
violations of federal law relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) =
investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol
boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens.

b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of
violations of income tax laws.
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of
internal revenue laws.
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates
smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn
officers through contract when they are not officially on duty
Two Basic Forms of Private Police
a. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he
hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security= services of an independent security company

U.S. Police Agencies

• New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in
the United States
• New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States
• Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
• Boston Police Department= first local modern police department
established in the United States
• Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
• Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female
police officer named, Alice Stebbins Wells

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure.

Although the large and varied number of federal, state, and local police
departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a general model, from
highest to lowest rank, would be:
➢ Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
➢ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
➢ Inspector/Commander/Colonel
➢ Major/Deputy Inspector
➢ Captain
➢ Lieutenant
 ➢ Sergeant
➢ Detective/Inspector/Investigator
➢ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

THINK!
Research for the uniforms of US Police
Lesson 2

 EUROPEAN POLICE MODELS

1. GERMAN POLICE MODEL

POLICING in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states. Each of the
sixteen states (laender) of Germany has its own police organization. Police forces
for each laender are controlled by the INTERIOR MINISTRY. Within each laender
are several kinds of police such as:
• Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to municipal police. They are the
first to arrive at the crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law
enforcement and simple investigation.
• Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) who are plainclothes police who handle serious
crime investigations and situations that require developing a case against a
suspect.
• Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo) who are officers-in-training living in barracks,
but they serve as civil order police when the situation arises.
The German federal gov’t also has some police agencies as its disposal. There
are two federal police forces, namely:
1. Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt)
- which might be termed a German FBI
- Acts as a clearing house for criminal records and provides support to the
Laender relative to criminal investigations, forensics, and research. It also
serves as the National Central Bureau for the Interpol.
2. Federal Border Police (Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS)
- which is in charge for border control, sea patrol, airport, and railroad
security.
- Included in the BGS is a special task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9),
that handles terrorist incidents.
Note: Both are under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior. However,
the basic policing structure rests on the sixteen state or province police
agencies (Landespolizei), which are similarly structured.

RECRUITMENT

An individual who aspires to a career of policing usually joins the German police
at the young age of sixteen or seventeen (16-17).
First 2 ½ -3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training.
A large part of this training focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional
school subjects, the law, and the law enforcement.
 After years of basic training and civil disorder control work, the Bepo officers
spend about six months in general law enforcement training prior to beginning street
patrol work.
2. SWEDEN POLICE MODEL
Like the Irish Republic, Sweden has only one national police force (Rikspolis),
which answers to the Ministry of Justice. Within this police force, twenty-one police
authorities are responsible for policing the counties of the country. The counties are
further subdivided into police districts, of which there are several hundreds. The
National Security Service is integrated into the national police. There is also a
national crime investigation department and a special unit for crowd control.

3. FRANCE POLICE MODEL

France has two national police agencies:
✓ Police nationale- is under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior
(Home Secretary); operates in cities
✓ Gendarmerie nationale- answers to the Ministry of Defense; operates in
rural areas and small towns.

National Police
There is a third force—the Compagnies republicaines de securite—that is
part of the national police, but is organized like a military unit, with its members
living in barracks. This unit specializes in crowd control and riot policing.

Police judi-caire- national criminal investigation department

There is an intelligence service that is part of the national police (there are
several other security and intelligence services). In some cities, mayors have set
up municipal policing agencies (polices municipales).

4. ITALY POLICE MODEL

The Italian structure of policing is similar to that of the French. Italy has three
national police agencies, which are the:
o State Police (Polizia di Stato)
o Corps of Carabineers (Corpo Carabi-nieri)
o Treasury Guard (Guardia di Finanze).

All three are under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior and they are
organized like military forces. Among other functions, the Carabinieri are
responsible for criminal investigation, the repression of organized crime, and
counterterrorism.

• Vigili Urbani (municipal force)- All cities and larger towns that enforce
municipal regulations and police traffic.

5. SPAIN POLICE MODEL

Spain’s police forces are organized very much like those of the two previous
countries. It has two national police agencies, the:
o National Police (Policia Nacional)- which is responsible for most police
duties
 o Civil Guard (Guardia Civil)- which is a militarized force that patrols
rural areas and is also specialized in the protection of national security
(counterterrorism) and crowd control.
o (Policia Municipal)- municipal police forces that enforce local bylaws
and traffic regulations.

6. NETHERLANDS POLICE MODEL

The Dutch structure is similar to the German. There is a National Police
Agency (Rijkpo-litie) that is under the authority of the central government
(Ministry of the Interior) and twenty-five regional police forces that provide the
backbone of the policing system. There is also a military police force, the Royal
Dutch Constabulary (Koninklijke Marechaussee), that operates in rural areas
and polices the Dutch borders.

7. BELGIUM POLICE MODEL

The Belgian police underwent a complete reform in 2001 that moved it closer
to an Anglo-American decentralized model. It is comprised of a federal police
force that brought together the former Gendarmerie and the national criminal
investigation unit and of 196 local police forces answering to a mayor.

This sample of continental police forces was selected because it displays the
various types of police structure found in Europe: (1) complete centralization in one
police force (Sweden); (2) high centralization, with no more than four police forces
(France, Italy, and Spain); (3) regional centralization (Germany and the
Netherlands); and (4) an experiment into decentralized local policing, with a strong
national agency (Belgium). Most police systems in Europe fall under these categories.
Except in Belgium, the municipal police forces enforce various local bylaws, regulate
traffic, and are unarmed. They are closer to a private security agency accountable
to the local mayor than to a private police force.

HISTORY
The first policing system was founded in 1667, in France, with the creation
of the office of the general lieutenant of police. The French system migrated
throughout Continental Europe, particularly in Austria and the German states. The
crucial feature of this system was that policing originally meant governance, the
police mandate encompassing nearly all public services (for example, garbage
collection) and all matters of interest to the state. This was particularly true of the
German states, where Policeywissenschaft—the first German concept of policing—
coincided with what would be called today the welfare state. The redefinition of
policing as criminal law enforcement occurred only in the late 1800s, under the
influence of the British reform of policing.

Common Structural Aspects

The most prominent feature of the police systems just described is their high
level of centralization, Belgium being in part an exception. Centralization means
that there is a single source of command that flows from the top and that there is a
drastically limited number of police organizations. It entails several other
characteristics of Continental European policing:
➢ Policing for the state
According to Max Weber, the state is defined by its monopoly over the use of
force. This reflects the reality of Continental Europe, where the state is “the
monopoly” and the military and police are the force. The police forces of
Continental Europe were originally created by the state on its behalf, and
consequently all of them harbor a security intelligence service, which performs
work similar to that of independent national security agencies. There is now a
growing debate in Europe on what the police should be doing: either preserving
the state’s sovereignty against threats (for example, political dissidence) or
providing security to the community, the latter alternative being increasingly
favored.
➢ Militarization
Military forces are prototypes of centralized organizations. Expectedly,
centralized police forces also have a military structure. In Continental Europe,
many police agencies are effectively under the authority of the Ministry of
Defense. The police are even more militaristic in Eastern bloc countries.
➢ Specialization
The larger the organization is, the more it can afford to have specialized
units. This is the case in Continental Europe, where police forces have a wealth
of specialized units (for example, gambling police). The crucial specialization is
crowd control, because of Continental Europe’s strong historical tradition of mass
demonstrations that could threaten the state.
➢ Friction
In Continental Europe, large agencies take the form of a pyramid, where
hierarchy plays an overwhelming role. This hierarchy not only ranks individual
members of organizations, but it also scales the prestige of the constituent parts
of these agencies. For instance, criminal investigation units staffed with
plainclothes inspectors have a higher status than other units staffed with
personnel in uniform. These marked differences in status generate friction
between the different components of the police apparatus. Hence, high
centralization may maximize conflict rather than unity of purpose.
➢ Accountability
In the mind of their Anglo-American critics, the police of Continental Europe
have a bad reputation with respect to accountability. This reputation is largely
undeserved but reflects the symbiosis between the state and its police.
Scandinavian countries, which have invented the concept of an ombudsman—a
government authority receiving citizens’ complaints—are not lacking in
accountability. France cuts an exemplary figure in this respect. The police are
subject to several accountability mechanisms: their own hierarchy, two kinds of
inspectors (police and administration), the courts, three national commissions
(on data banks, electronic surveillance, and police ethics), and parliament. The
French National Commission on the Ethics of Security (Commission nationale de
deontologie de la securite) provides an insight into the system. It receives
complaints against all main government agencies involved in security (the police,
customs, the national railroad police, and the prison system). However, a citizen
cannot complain directly to the commission but must instead typically go through
an elected official, such as a member of parliament or senator. Despite this
limitation, complaints have risen from 19 in 2001 when the commission was
established to 107 in 2004, an increase of five times. The situation in France
 reflects the mixed nature of police accountability in other Continental European
countries.
➢ Prosecution
Another feature of police accountability is found in countries such as France,
Italy, and Spain. The criminal investigation of serious offenses—notably murder,
organized crime, or terrorism—is supervised by a judge. Some of these
magistrates have achieved celebrity in their fight against organized crime,
particularly in Italy (judges Falcone and Borselllino).

(http://what-when-how.com/police-science/continental-europe-policing-in/)

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

THINK!

In the above-mentioned countries, which do you think has the

best policing system? Defend your answer.
Lesson 3

 ASIAN POLICE MODELS

HONGKONG POLICE MODEL

Hong Kong Police Force- is the largest disciplined service under the Security
Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to
operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.

In 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police
Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots-renaming them: the Royal
Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once
again named the Hong Kong Police Force

Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted
by two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner-Operations supervises all operational matters
including crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner Management is responsible for the direction
and coordination of force management including personnel,
training, and management services.

Motto- We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:

• Hong Kong Island
• Kowloon East
• Kowloon West
• New Territories North
• New Territories South
• Marine Region

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

• Operations & Support
• Crime & Security
• Personnel & Training
• Management Services
• Finance, Administration and Planning

Hong Kong Police Colleges

Responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided
by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime
investigation training, police driver training and weapon tactics training. The
information technology training, command training, local and overseas
management training, some specialist courses, and periodic courses on firearms
and first aid are also provided by the Police College.

Service Quality Wing

It is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to
force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches:
(1) Performance Review, (2) Research and Inspections; and (3) Complaints and
Internal Investigations (C&II)

Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) - includes the Complaints

Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful
resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against
members of the force.

Entry Requirements to HKPF

Nationality- Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region and have lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years.

For Inspector
Academic Requirements
- Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
- An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution / A
Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic university, or a
Diploma from a registered post-secondary college awarded after the date of
its registration, or equivalent; or
- A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level
Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or above in the HKCEE
(30), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary
Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New Senior Secondary (NSS)
subjects, "Attained with Distinction" in Applied Learning (ApL) subjects
(subject to a maximum of two Apl subjects) and Grade C in Other Language
subjects, or equivalent.

For Police Constable

Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English
Language, in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five Hong Kong Diploma
of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New Senior Secondary
(NSS) subjects, "Attained" in Applied Learning (APL) subjects (subject to a
maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E in Other Language subjects, or
equivalent.

Selection Processes for Inspector

• Written Examination
• Extended Interview
• Psychometric Test
• Final Interview Board
• Physical Fitness Test
• Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
 • Appointment

Selection Processes for Police Constable

• Physical Fitness Test
• Group Interview
• Psychometric Test
• Final Interview Board
• Basic Law Test
• Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
• Appointment

RANKS OF HKPF
• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
• Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
• Inspector of Police (IP)
• Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Sergeant (SGT)
• Senior Constable (SPC)
• Police Constable (PC)

TAIWAN POLICE MODEL

TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

- It is the unified police force of Taiwan.
- Under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under
the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
- Under effective civilian control

FUNCTIONS
1. to maintain public order,
2. to protect social security,
3. to prevent all dangers, and
4. to promote the welfare of all people.

TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN

1. Administration Police- are generally referred to those who are required
to wear uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid,
guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
 2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic
order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth
traffic flow.
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central
Government, establishing contingent plans, and assisting local and
specialized police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal
investigation police are to prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and
public facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank
of Taiwan.

RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE

• Police Supervisor General
• Police Supervisor Rank
• Police Supervisor Rank Two
• Police Supervisor Rank Three
• Police Supervisor Rank Four
• Police Officer Rank One
• Police Officer Rank Two
• Police Officer Rank Three
• Police Officer Rank Four
• Police Rank One
• Police Rank Two
• Police Rank Three
• Police Rank Four

JAPAN POLICING MODEL

➢ Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
➢ Japanese Colonial Government- the one which organized the first formal
policing in China.
➢ Japanese Yakuza- considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

ORGANIZATION OF NPA

1. National Public Safety Commission- a government body responsible for the

administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime
Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA)- a totally gunless police force except
for its special attack team.
Organizations Attached to the NPA
a. National Police Agency- provides training to police officers and conduct
academic research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science- conducts research in
police science c. Imperial Guards provides escort to the Emperor, Empress,
Crown Prince, and other Imperial family. = responsible for the security of
Imperial Palace
3. Regional Police Bureau- exercise control and supervision over regional police
offices and provides support with the prefectural police.
Director General- heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from
the Commission General of the NPA.
- the local organizations to carry out part of the NPA's functions. There are
about 7 Bureaus in the major cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in
Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department (headed by Superintendent General)
has long been established and shares the same location with the NPA.
Prefectural Police has the whole of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.

The Regional Police Bureaus

➢ Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima
Prefectures
➢ Kinki/kansai - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama
Prefectures
➢ Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures
➢ Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata,
Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka Prefectures
➢ Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures
➢ Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki,
Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures
➢ Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi
Prefectures
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)- administrative commission
functioning under the representative system which supervise the prefectural
police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to
give order to the Commission.
5. Koban- a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major
transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts which
forms the first line of police response to the public.
- Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police
boxes (Chuzaisho- staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of police is
assigned to Koban.
Duties of a Koban Officers
a. Administrative Service
✓ Giving directions to visitors
✓ Handling lost and found articles
✓ Taking charge of unaccompanied children
✓ Provide counseling services for residents
b. Initial Response to Incidents and Accidents
✓ Arresting suspect
✓ Locating eyewitnesses
✓ Caring for victim
✓ Securing the scene
c. Preventions pf Crimes and Accidents
✓ Routinely visits houses and workplaces
✓ Meet with residents and workers to know their concerns
✓ And lead community relations meeting to discuss the community
problem
 ➢ Chuzaisho- is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban. Rural police officers
are known as chuzaishan who lives with his family in a small house provided
by the government that also serves as an office for conducting police
business. The chuzaishan ranks with the school principal and the village
headman as the prestigious officials in the local communities. Chuzaishan
spend most of his time in patrolling his district, usually in motorcycle, visiting
the residents
➢ Imperial Guard- It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince
and other members of the Imperial Family of Japan, as well as protection of
imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto Imperial
Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto),
Shosoin Imperial Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama,
Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
➢ Kidotai (Special Riot Police)- These units were formed after riots at the
Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and effectively to large public
disturbances. They are used in crowd control during festival periods, times
of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. The
overwhelming majority of officers are bachelors who live in dormitories
within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses on physical
conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems.

Special Assault Team (SAT)- It is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit

under the Japanese National Police Agency.

BUREAUS
1. Police Administration Bureau
The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education,
welfare, training, and unit inspections.
2. Criminal Investigation Bureau
It is in-charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally
important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is
responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution
control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates, and
recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The
Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.

3. Traffic Bureau
It is concerned of the license’s drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and
regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run
at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division
addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.
4. Security Bureau
It formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts
research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and
coordinates activities of the riot police. The Security Bureau is also responsible
for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including
investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of
the Entry and Exit Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies
during national emergencies and natural disasters.
 RANKS OF JAPANESE POLICE
Police officers are divided into nine ranks, namely:
➢ Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police
Department)
➢ Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor)
➢ Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent)
➢ Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent)
➢ Keishi (Superintendent)
➢ Keibu (Police Inspector)
➢ Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector)
➢ Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant) and
➢ Junsa (Policeman)
The Commissioner-General of the NPA also has the status of a police officer and
functionally holds the highest position in the Japanese police forces but he does
not have a police rank.

CHINA POLICE MODEL

➢ Ministry of National Defense- is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and
public security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of
State Security.
➢ Ministry of Public Security- is the principal police authority of the mainland
of the People's Republic of China which oversee the day-to-day law
enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).
➢ Ministry of State Security- the Chinese government's largest and most active
foreign intelligence agency. though it is also involved in domestic security
matters.

Kinds of Police
1. People's Armed Police (PAP)- 1980's deals with domestic disturbances, acts
as riot police and guard's government compounds and foreign embassies.
Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes to back up local
police.
2. State Security Police- (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign
espionage, sabotage, and conspiracies Under the Ministry of State Security
and directly accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police- a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system
stationed in prisons and correction units. This is under the leadership of the
Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police- responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts
and serving instruments and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice ("Cheng guan")- operate in many places and hired by
officials to help carry out some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and
fines and ousting peasants from seized land.

➢ Special Police College- conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.

➢ Central Military Commission- appoints police in China
➢ People's Liberation Army- Chinese Armed forces.
➢ Civil Service Promotion Examinations- basis for regulation of the Rank
promotion Examination for police officer.
Rank System in China
• Commissioner General- equivalent of Director General in the PNP
• Constable 2nd Class- equivalent of Police Officer 1/Patrolman or
Patrolwoman in the PNP

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

THINK!
1. Research for the uniforms of the selected Asian police models
listed above.
 Lesson 4

 OTHER POLICE MODELS

MYANMAR POLICE MODELS

Myanmar Police Force

- formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
- established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home
Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
- There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional
State/Division Police Forces

Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components

• Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
• Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
• Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
• Police Stations

TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police
Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12
Weeks, and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for
Constables, which normally takes around 6 months to complete.

INDONESIA POLICING MODEL

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia)
- It is the official police force of Indonesia
- organized in 1946
- also known as Polri
- Markasbesar/Mabes= name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police
located in Kebayoran Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda - provincial police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil - regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres - city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek - sub-district police

Special Branches
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB)
- the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
- paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and
providing security for VIP and vital facilities.
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot
training
 3. Sea and Air Police- responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit- assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police- responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit- trained in counterterrorism
7. Forensics- in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS

• At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive
examination.
• After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter
training to become NCO.

Ranking System oF POLRI

✓ Police General - equivalent of Director General of PNP
✓ Second Bhayangkara - equivalent of police officer 1 of the PNP

MALAYSIAN POLICE MODEL

Royal Malaysian Police (RMO: Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM)
▪ police force of Malaysia
▪ headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
▪ The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline,
duties, and powers of the police force is specified and governed by the
Police Act 1967

Motto – “TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH” (Firm, Fair And Prudent)

RMP Organizations
1. Management Department
- the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and
administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve centre
of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department
- has the role to provide several equipment’s needed in RMP
3. Criminal Investigation Division
- deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes (murder,
robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc).
- This department also specializes in gambling, vice, and secret societies
(triads)

Branches of Criminal Investigation Division

D1- Administrative Division
D2- Criminal Record Registration
D3- Internal Affairs
D4-Statistics
D5- Prosecution and Law Divisions
D6- Technical Assistance Division
D7-Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
D8-Investigation Division / Planning
D9-Special Investigation Division
 D10- Forensic Laboratory Division
D11-Sexual Investigation Division
D12 - National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division
4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division
- this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by enforcing
the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department
- responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue (SAR) operations
6. The Police Field Force (PFF)
- organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia
Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad; established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit
- an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations.
8. UNGERIN
- Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006
and it was fully operational by the end of 2007
- first name was Unit Selam Tempur due to the pressing need to suppress the
pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area
of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time to time
despite various efforts done to overcome the problem
- members received training from U.S
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU)
- (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan)
- its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as
special operations assistance
- organized in 1955
10. C4-i Implementations System
- (Abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-
Integrated)
- based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
- this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.
11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin)
- tasked with maintaining law and order and coordinating search and rescue
operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas
12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP)
- is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining
national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air.
13. Special Branch
- This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national
security
14. Traffic Unit
- responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department
- this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and prosecute
offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust,
cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.
16. Mounted Police
- police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue
to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day
 function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed in
crowd control because of their mobile mass and height advantage.

Ranks of RMP
Inspector-General of Police - equivalent of director general (Philippines)
Police Constable - equivalent of police officer 1/patrolman (Philippines)

SINGAPORE POLICE MODELS

- Francis James Bernard- formed the skeleton force as the heritage of
Singapore Police Force in 1819.

Singapore Police Force (SPF)

- It is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-
state. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police Organized with
split staff (15) and line functions (13) roughly modeled after the military.
Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena. The highest rank is
Commissioner of Police and the lowest is Police Constable
- Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857= constitution of the SPF

Recruitment/training
1. High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a
career can be recruited and those who are selected for officers had to
be approved by the Public Service Commission.
2. Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior
officers are required to travel oversees for training such as in Police Staff
College in Britain, FBI Nat'l Academy in US, and Police Academy in Japan.
3. Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a
one-year probation period.

Ranks Of SPF
• Commissioner of Police- equivalent of director general in the Philippines.
• Constable- equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP

THAILAND POLICE MODEL

➢ Royal Thai Police

- formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
- In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be
directly under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai
Police. The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the
Director General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai
Police

➢ Royal Thai Police Headquarters- based in Bangkok

➢ Police-General- highest rank of the Royal Thai Police
➢ Policeman / Constable- lowest rank
BRUNEI POLICE MODEL

➢ Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei - PDRB) - created in 1921
which is responsible for keeping law and order and providing law
enforcement services throughout Brunei
➢ Inspector-General of Police highest rank
➢ Lance Corporal = lowest rank

PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM

During the Spanish Regime
Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense
of the colony; Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is
a direct adjunct of the colonial military establishments: (policemen in
appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense.
Police functions consisted mainly of:
1. Suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas
2. Detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements
of the people and:
3. The enforcement of tax collection including church revenues

❖ Cuardilleros - a body of rural police organized in each town established by

Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that 5% of the able-bodied male
inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this police organization
for 3 years. There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some
privileges although in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging
from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection.
❖ Carabineros De Seguridad Publica- Organized in 1712 for the purpose of
carrying the regulations of the Department of State. This was armed and
considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port,
harbor, and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree
of December 20, 1842, and it was called - Cuerco De Seguridad Publica (Corps
of Crabbiness for Public Security)
❖ Gurdia Civil- Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially
relieve the Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It is
consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the
provincial capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor)
❖ Philippine Commission Act No. of 175- (July 18, 1901) an act providing for
the organization and government of an Insular Constabulary.
❖ Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901- renamed the Insular Constabulary to
Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing the law)
❖ Henry Allen- the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
❖ Rafael Crame- the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
❖ Act No 70- (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was
organized
❖ EO. 389- Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated
December 23, 1940.
❖ P.D. 765- Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the
Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the
Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry of National
Defense
❖ E.O. 1012- transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over the INP units assigned within their locality
❖ R.A. 4864- It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency
to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police under the
Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization act
of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National Police.
Commission (NAPOLCOM)
❖ EO 1040- Transferred the Admin Control and Supervision of the INP from the
ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission
❖ R.A. 6975- It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP,
BFP BJMP and the PPSC
❖ R.A. 8551- Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,
enacted 1998, amending the provision of RA 6975
❖ Act No. 181- created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of
Justice dated November 1938
❖ R.A. 157- created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19,
1947, and later reorganized by R.A. 2678
❖ Line and Staff - the organizational structure of the PN.P. which is also adopted
by many police organization in the world
❖ P.N.P- headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2) Deputy
Director General (1) for Administration and (2) for Operation Although there
are three (3) Deputy Director General ranks
❖ SOP No. 7- prescribed PNP guidelines in the conduct of operations against
terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.

AUSTRALIA POLICE MODEL

Australian Police
- a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong
lead in the fight against 21st century crime.
Commissioner- highest rank
Constable- lowest rank

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE

Australia is a federal state; it has only one police force for each of its six
states as well as for the Northern territory. There is also a commonwealth agency
known as the Australian federal Police (AFP) which provides police services for
the Australian Capital Territory. Consequently, there are eight separate police
forces namely:
- New South Wales
- Victoria
- Queensland
- Western Australia
- South Australia
- Tasmania
 - Northern Territory
- Federal Police

The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and investigating

crimes against the commonwealth. It was eestablished by the Federal Police Act
of 1979 and is under the Home Affairs Ministry, a responsibility of the minister
for Home Affairs.

Duties and Functions of the AFP

• Investigate crimes against the Commonwealth law which occurs throughout
the nation.
• Responsible for a community policing role in Commonwealth territories.
• Provide liaison officers to various overseas post
• Australia’s international law enforcement and policing representative. (AOCC-
Interpol NCB)

Western Australia Police Force

• Operations jurisdiction- State of Western Australia, Australia
• The Western Australia Police services an area of 2.5 million square kilometers,
the world's largest non-federated area of jurisdiction.
• In 2008, its 7,526 employees included 5,647 police officers.
• The Police Headquarters is located in East Perth overlooking the Causeway,
near the WACA Ground.
• Recruits are trained at the Western Australian Police Academy at Joondalup.
• All police recruits begin their service as uniformed constables and are required
to serve time in a country district.
• The command structure has the state divided into three regions and sub-
divided into fourteen districts. The highest-ranking police officer in the Western
Australia Police holds the title of Commissioner of Police.

Specialist Units
• Tactical Response Group (TRG),
• Gang Crime Squad,
• Crime Investigation and Intelligence Services,
• Water Police,
• Traffic Enforcement Group,
• Specialist Police Motorcycle Unit,
• Regional Operations Group, Police Airwing and the Gold Stealing
Detection Unit.

South Australia Police Force

• Operations jurisdiction - State of South Australia, Australia
• It is an agency of the Government of South Australia within the South
Australian Department of Justice.
• the force is the oldest in Australasia and it is the third oldest organized
Police Service in the World.
• Unlike other Australian police forces, which originally employed soldiers
or former convicts, the South Australia Police enlisted only volunteers.
 • This occurred because South Australia was the only free province on the
continent.
• Recruit training is conducted at Fort Largs Police Academy located in the
western Adelaide suburb of Taperoo.

CANADA POLICE MODEL

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
- colloquially known as Mounties and internally as "The Force"
* The force - is the national police force of Canada and one of the most
recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal, provincial, and
municipal policing body.
- It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873)
with the Dominion Police (1868).
- headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety
Canada.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Police Constable 4th Class - lowest rank

The national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind
in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal, provincial, and
municipal policing body. The RCMP provides federal policing service to all of Canada
and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight of Canada's
provinces. The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest
Mounted Police (RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868).
The former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) and was
given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day
organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including
the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier
force. The RCMP/GRC wording is specifically protected under the Trade-marks Act.
As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is
primarily responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada, while general
law and order including the enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable
provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and
territories. This responsibility is sometimes further delegated to municipalities
which can form their own municipal police departments. This is common in the
largest cities.
ORGANIZATION
• International
The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer (LO)
Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is
a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and
International Operations Directorate. Thirty-five Liaison Officers are placed in 25
other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other
countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence,
especially national security with other countries, to provide assistance in
investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on
foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings.
• National
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized under the authority of the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by the
Commissioner, who, under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety, has the
control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith.
The Commissioner is assisted by a Senior Deputy Commissioner who is second in
command of the force. SDC primarily functions to review, consult, or advice agency
matters before they are considered by the Commissioner.
Under the Commissioner and Senior Deputy Commissioner, operational direction
is provided by Deputy Commissioners in charge of
➢ Federal and International Policing
➢ Police Support Services
➢ Contract and Aboriginal Policing
➢ Human Resources

• Regional
In 1996, the RCMP began moving towards a more regional management system
under the direction of deputy commissioners. These are: Pacific, Northwestern,
Central and Atlantic. This was done to allow greater grass-roots involvement in
decision-making and allows the RCMP to invest more resources into frontline
services.
The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general,
each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The
province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and
O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division – Depot Division,
which is the RCMP Academy at Regina, Saskatchewan, and the Police Dog Service
Training Centre at Bowden, Alberta. The RCMP headquarters are in Ottawa, Ontario.
The RCMP employs three categories of employees to handle the wide scope of
its responsibilities: Regular Members (Police Officers), Civilian Members and Public
Service Employees.
Regular Member (Police Officers)
Regular Members are responsible for preserving the peace, upholding the law
and providing quality service in partnership with our communities. Working in the
RCMP offers a variety of dynamic and meaningful challenges, opportunities to be
posted across Canada and a competitive salary and benefits package. A Career
Nowhere Near Ordinary is waiting for you to discover.
Civilian Members
Hired for their specialized scientific, technical, or analytical skills, in areas
such as human resources, forensics, computer programming and project
management, Civilian Members provide support to front-line policing operations.
Public Service Employees
Public Service employees in areas such as administration, communications
and internet technology provide the additional support to the business management
of the RCMP.
Police Ranks in the RCMP
✓ Commissioner
✓ Senior Deputy Commissioner
✓ Deputy Commissioner
✓ Assistant Commissioner
✓ Chief Superintendent
✓ Superintendent
✓ Inspector
✓ Corps Sergeant Major
✓ Sergeants Major
✓ Staff Sergeants Major
✓ Staff Sergeants
✓ Sergeants
✓ Corporals
✓ Constables

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

THINK!
Direction: Complete the table about the Matrix of Asean or other Countries Police
Forces.
Country Police Agency Department Highest Rank Lowest Rank
Afghanistan 1. 1. North Atlantic 2. 2. sergeant
treaty
organization
(NATO)
Argentina 3. Police Federal 3. 4. Superintendent 4.
of Argentine general/commis
sioner general
Colombia National Police 5. 6. 7.
of Colombia
Chile Carabineros de 8. Director 9.
Chile General
France National police 10. 11. Gardien de la
of France paix/keeper of
peace
Indonesia Kepolisian 12. Police general 13.
Negara
 Republika
Indonesia
Malaysia 10. Ministry of Inspector Constable
Home Affairs General of
Police
Laos Laos National 11. 12. 13.
Police
New Zealand 14. New Zealand 15. Constable
Government
Ministry of
Police
Pakistan Inspector general Constable

Philippines 16. 17. 18. Patrolman

Singapore 18. 19. Commissioner Police
of Police Constable
Sri Lanka 20. 21. Inspector Police
General of Constable
Police Class 4
Sudan Sudan police 22. 23. Inspector
force general
Taiwan National Police 24. 25 . 26 .
Agency
Turkey Turkish Police Ministry of 27 . 28 .
Internal Affairs
Uruguay 29. Ministry of Minister of Republican/met
Interior of interior ropolitan guard
Uruguay

United 30. Ministry of National Police

Kingdom defense commissioner supervisor rank
1/police general

Congratulations! You have just studied Module IV and you are now ready to evaluate how
much you have benefited from your reading by answering the summative test. Good Luck!!!

 SUMMATIVE TEST
Performance Task: Among the different police models/system chose one
country and make a report or discussion in not more the 3minutes.