5 Final Mem Nun Final Nun Samech ott] we [ake fan | se 1 Ayin Pay Fay = Final Fay Tsadee Final Tsadee Koof |r| 4) wo] ) @l a) a] Slo |e |o]k UI Resh Shin Chaf | -@- Sin Final Chaf 3) NF | ell | Lt Lamed 2 Mem Lerrex Oo ] I D y 5 5 1 y t ¥ fi Y a ? 7 5 Ww wv A n BNCHART OF THE HEBREW ALPHABET Hebrew Script Block Page Sounds Like Transliteration Name Letter Letter 7 silent Alef APN KM XY 1 b Bet na a a7 39° ov Vet m9 | 24g Gimel mh G 43 33° d Dalet n?7 G 4 t 10 oh Hei NI aA 1s 34 ov Vav No / 1¢ 47 Zayin Mm g 37 28 ch Chet nn n n sg 23 t re mm 6 v9 Woy Yod a , * jo ak Kat 2 2 Ix 6 ch Chaf "2 2 2° 6 ch Final Chaf mpio "2 ; | a 15 I Lamed v2? 9 30N Hebrew Script Block — | Foge Soundsike Trenaiiecetos __teme Teter tt 19m Mem DD MN Ae 19 m Final Mem mpiooa o o 18 on Nun Tl os 460 18 on Final Nun meio of 7 46s Samech 20 0 B60 20 silent Ayin Ty 6 Y¥% 22 op Pei NB Bio 2 Ff Fei NDo9 25 2 Of Final Fei mpio RD f 5 27 ts Tzadei “s 3 340 ats Fata IPDS Sf P 32k Kof HP ? P20 3 OF Reish v2 9 Teo 31 sh Shin Pw € WU 2 s sin ew ew 9 tt Tav WW 1 | f02 ot Tav ay) DdVOWEL CHART Hebrew Page Sounds Like Transliteration Name Vowel 8 ah Patach nnd — 7 = 4l 00 or u Kubutz erin — "* * 23 ee Chirik pn __ 14 eh Segol Sin0 = 2 ah Kamatz Pini? = 17 ay Tzeirei “yy = 16 oh Cholam o?in j or —_ 4 00 oru Shuruk Pra 1 5 i Sheva nw — or a stop or pause rT: : 31 ah Chataf Patach nap FON = 14 eh Chataf Segol S40 AON _ 49 aw or oh Chataf Kamatz Vini2 FON == 49 oh or aw Kamatz Katan To? Yiai? =MDW is the day that God rested on, after creating the world in the very beginning. On MW we also rest and take time to thank God for all the blessings of life that we enjoy. MW begins on Friday evening at sundown when we light the NW candles, sing the wine blessing called the Kiddush, and recite the blessing over the golden Halah bread. NAW ends on Saturday night with the Havdalah ceremony. Jews all over the world take time to make N2W a special day of peace and love with family and friends. Syllable Practiceul ' @ oy them O17% when we say goodbye. When we feel good about Jews greet éach other by saying DI2W Naw. DW7Y means "peace." We say OV7Y when we meet someone, and we also wish ourselves, we enjoy the inner peace of O17W. Jews always work for a more peaceful world based on CHW. Especially important is O17 in the home. All family members can love each other better when there is a feeling of OY between them. On Maw Syllable Practice 2H PH 2 7 9 2 Ble-ory anwnnw bw Hb ow coin of oD of ow oF ob wb ob ab nb ob ob aj ow on oi op of oF oO” cin win bin nin aw 2b oo > - oy oy - noe ov - oy of - oy Db - oy woe abe oy nde ody ofy - oie 1 TT —wey TTF "a fad “PNY fs Prati | apa Th { a The iT71M is a scroll of the first five books of the Bible. The 71P is carefully hand written on thin leather called parchment. The '171f teaches us about how God created the world, how God wants all of us to be good, and how the Jewish people began. Moses wrote the i'M on Mount Sinai. The i7iF is read at TDW services. The 13 or M3 Mitavah reads from the 7M at their service The goal of 1M is for us to build a world of OW as partners with God aon oi wo ThA a m my m2 nas min atin min aT min anin nain ntin nan onzin oom (fA Syllable Practice wn Pp a in 7 fa aon in [in -n yin -ain 77 92 09 9 7[9-77n m an mg m2 m7} - HPF m apom om m[m-ann Pattern Practice min me TIN Twin maa mi nginonpin nimi’ onnip Om 2 73 mia nin aw min mp ain Tmwie noin nain mona oO ov 1 mn ove naw 12 amv atin ann ath ain Ann nbin min nyia omin Cwm i)ds 10bl iM ‘The 117177 is a fun circle dance. Everyone enjoys the 717 at weddings, 12 and MD Mitzvah parties and any happy holiday. Often, the person being honored is lifted high on a chair and everyone dances the 717 around them. In Israel, they dance the 717 along with many other exciting Israeli dances. At Jewish summer camps, they have fun dancing the M17 on MW. Do you know how to dance the 11717? Syllable Practice phew hb 2 mh om HT )n-aT 5 ho.abrhn ha WW] aw-aH 979777? 99 F323 + T 1 er a Aammmaeama Mm m| M-TH Pattern Practice min avin main amin agin apn ain mn min min me mip ma at mon min nig mw ag ava min me mig nmin min nn mn oninw—- ninw~ a2 oon ont an onibin nivia nota oninin onitin min onitin om Of Min min ove ona 1 7]Being a 77110 ora i772 is a very important profession. A M70 is a teacher. Each 171¥3 teaches us valuable things. We can all think of a 779 that we have especially liked. A good 7710 knows how to make learning interesting. In Hebrew, a 772 is a man teacher and a 11}10 is a lady teacher. When you teach a friend something new, you are a 7710 or a 7710 Syllable Practice wnbrninnrh tb ix hinhabb>bbah a 29277 29 2n D4 m 77 my oma mn mp m2 m [AT-A7To jo - Tn jo - mT 7-0 nmaAmMnAnAaAmM MT m™ - m9 Pattern Practice aio min noin avin oain opie ata mi vd omen awin- agin agin min 7H my mb min aa min mw mia mie ob oAzin apn omnia i om on of oF on op ow bo op nb ob wT wy ba Oa ann myn atin ata min oe nae 7 aT oy oo manaA 177520 is a beautiful candle holder with seven branches. The ‘7122 was the lighting lamp used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, There is a special 778% for Hanukah with nine branches, When we light the Hanukah 733 we recall the courage of the Macabee brothers who fought for the freedom of our people. The 17}i2) of Hanukah reminds us of the miracle of the oil which lasted eight days. The 1712) is also the symbol of the country of Israel. Syllable Practice 7 > 7 nh 1 7 9 32 7 DL R-T7Tm 7 op wm bh TT bly-aIm ™ Oop mw a> np omg mp om [aq-atin nw mn nam m min a mb aw mm ma 7 2 - 77 ay) mab mw mph np AT [ata - 77] Pattern Practice anim ong nei nym mM min aya mw mba aaa min myn mM nin ongia noi mim nyt agin atin ming agin nbign nyian mai 7m nim min mT min of mn mm min min oy oie ma nao‘The word "}7X means "Lord." We say *}1X in most prayers. We also say *}7% when we read the holy name of God in the JIM. When we see the abbreviation of God's name (‘ ) in the prayer book, we still pronounce it "7X ‘The 771A tells how "JX gave us the Ten Commandments so that we will always be fair and kind to other people. Jews always show respect for God's name by acting in a good way that "7X is proud of. Syllable Practice Trae 2a2nantra2 x BpAnArpira bP G4 3 TR OX SX DN ON TX ON UR TH HD] wR Tn DB) Ww) oN) 7m Pattern Practice 7 TR OTN TTT PTR Thx IN CN CER CPN CEN CN TIN ‘Thy Tox DR cy WOR NN 2 TW RR wm ROTM; TiOnk AP Tk oR TR OR OF m7 oy TR TTR mia min maw aby Ih 1A THOM is a prayer. PEM is a way of talking to God. Actually, the word man means to judge yourself, to see if we are living by the Ten Commandments that “JIN has given us. Our M757) to "JIN can be very personal, or we can say a aban that has already been written in the prayerbook. Ata MW recite TNSEM (prayers) and chant from the TIF. You can saya THA ina temple or anywhere else. You can also say a nben 1 quietly in your heart. service, we Syllable Practice * > 9x8 9 4°79 32 on Al[m-Ten 2mpag7 7909 x8 0 np alp-man an oom oon om xn wm oan an | on -77an = inl oll mom om oy ome oma nb [a> - man] wo ab mp op 1) 2 m2 | m2 - Aen mo mT mea myn ma mE [7B - 775n] Pattern Practice Tan TaN TaD ATaA onan aan Tan moan man moon ape 7 moan Tan onan coian opivan nian oan oan WE) way me me 787 pT ah an om1 omy omdn ona one ove mm vom TA Mn nag Ten DYwe know is wrong and makes us feel bad, we need to "return" to doing the right thing by the process of 773M. When we truly wish to do T2%UM we need to apologize to the person we have wronged and promise never to do it again. Doing iT2WN allows “JX to forgive us. After we do TWH and we have returned to living by the commandments of the 17]\F, we can feel good about ourselves again. Syllable Practice 5.) 8 OUP PT 2 2 Al] A-ADwl1 Wo PY WT wD BW |W - ADwWh} 2 3) Yh 2 an BR oH TAH | wh - TAWA) 3 ™ Tm oN me oma n> ma ona [na -aown] 4 ‘70 wp mo po og 72 72 m2 [m2 - now] s 77 AD! Ta ADD Aw | Taw - now] 6 Pattern Practice Ew TawA mw ann wn aan ay ADEA AAA ADA ADA ADwA mwa nman mae a mana TDW Tm 7m Tk TAR OBA ABA nw nw 10 nindh iawn nown own awn Twn 1 min min 7 Mae RX mw TAR 12map SPY p50 FPR) is the "Hebrew" language. You are learning how to read F'72Y right now! MDD is one of the first languages to have an alphabet. In "122 the word "alphabet" is called the "Alef Bet" because the names of the first two Hebrew letters are Alef and Bet. Your 771123 or 77711) will teach you how to read TP7AY. The 171 is written in M72Y without any vowels. The prayerbook is written in English and in M722. The people in Israel speak M72 Syllable Practice 27 97732 32 8 2° 7 8 vl] y-row 32 27 WW Pn ae oop [ap - re 2 ow oup 2p ap ay ny apy [ap-mqap 2 2% 7 ow vp ow 2 mM )-mnnp "Oo oO m2 mp mx om) oma }mqa-nqay Joe a Sa oa aq mj -noap Pattern Practice muaT mq. mo) aw Pa. nay won won mn ob Pa rycen ,onmay jnsfay mtoy moa my ‘oy oop Op by mp cy “wD op pow) ooax oip> oviy ine? inp map mio 7 cope obey mw menis a "blessing." Jews say a 11)72 whenever we feel happy or thankful N. We say a >] before eating a tasty meal. We say a 1"]2 when we see a a beautiful sight, like a pretty flower, a sunset or a rainbow. We can also say a 17)72 when we smell a delightful fragrance, or when we spend time with someone we really like. There is a 1D] for hearing good news. And there is even a 71272 when we hear bad news! We can saya 7]2 in MDL or in English. When we say a 272 it makes our life better because we take the time to appreciate the things that are important to us. Syllable Practice a 2 [R-aB U % G G G UW GS wu o U u U a UW =I U i =a L eal iW Mp TPN mE my MPT] APY =I vu J ' =I iu iB) Pattern Practice TPIT AP AW mI AA ADB TN?) RMD) NERD MA AT mM on 29° 73ap -m2R7 MPA. mena DTT npeA TDWR ADA TPN AQ ADL Apa wi yy wi ma 3 wa 12 me IT TT oR ma ma ndenIn M29 the word 772 means "blessed." Every M712 begins with the word “PTA. In fact, a MDZ starts with the phrase "JON THX 772 which means "Blessed are You, My Lord." We bless *J 18 for all the good things in our life We can also bless people. When a friend comes to our house we welcome them with N3i7 775 ("Blessed is the person who comes in"), And when they leave, we say DIU. A boy's name can be 7773. A girl's name can be 1272. Syllable Practice 777222 9 8 2[2-7R 7m WR PW PW MW HN |NM- FAW 220002 72 wa ra ma mafma- qa yp pPa PW PW PT PH | M- ANa xB aM An on a fy - 73 \ Pattern Practice oe MR yy PR AW NT yA Ma yo. po. Jw. RK. yw 2 732 mg FW AAT IT AMA Ma Tw Te Te TM TT Te Te pT PR wT PFT ww yw ww M2 10 yo 7 OOK =| RX Te Na SR may AWA IB yw 7272 man 12‘NW? is the country of Israel, a homeland for the Jewish people. ONTW? is a beautiful land of white beaches, green fields and rocky deserts. The capital of Ox is ODT: (Jerusalem) which means "city of DIY." ‘The largest city in ONW? is DAN OM (Tel Aviv) which has lots of fun outdoor cafes. The symbol for the country of 9X71" is the 7712. In SN7W" people speak M2 eat 25175 and dance the 777. On Maw everybody says DY Naw. Syllable Practice Pp x OY 777 8 Do ww) Tore Pm rr mr wil h-aw)2 P7190 2272 BF 8 lR- Aw) BX oN ON UN CN ON FN ON | ON - ONT] 4 S oo Om Oy Oe Dp on Ox | Ox - Oxtt| 5 PRP TRY RD RT OND ND LOND - ONTE'] 6 Pattern Practice / ONE ONT ONE ONT ONT NTT ow mx qe ran bpp ah Ti nap 8 oly) ope ory oT ow ow oD coun oem oe mum met 10 Senin ma by ow nvip ardox yoy ew paw 7 ONTe mawh map qa ya. DW 12A 3M isa "friend." In MDD aboy isa TAM anda girl isa TTA. Being a good 21 or 12M is one of the most important things, A good 720 or T7320 is someone we can always count on. Some people like to have a large number of D727 (friends). Others prefer to have just one "best" 72 or 77130. In ote people sing a lovely song called O'I37 Diy Syllable Practice ee 0 209 0 ® 6 8 vt 4 afa-son ol. Ja ma 72 73 72 72 72 - an WOT WwW WW Wm WwW Wo - an TW Tay 720 29 Tay Wah | Wn - an ‘7h Boo nyo oan 3on wan | tan -7an Pattern Practice way wen ono Ong om om a7 can y20 487 Tee ye) BP TAN Jann 2 ™a yop moby qwo mun qa mn mm M2 mm om ome my ot am Cn) mobo onmoy otk NBD op oom om te Man Tap may NI wa AB APTIO® is the Passover holiday of freedom. In MY the word MOD means "to pass over" because *]1N passed over the Jewish houses in Egypt. On TOR we enjoy a beautiful 170 dinner. On NOB we read how TWh (Moses) led us from being slaves in Egypt to freedom. Then, “Wi brought us to Mount Sinai where “JON gave us the 77M. Finally, TWD Jed us to the Promised Land of ONO" On MOB we eat matzah for seven days. Syllable Practice 7 2 Rk D723 9 07 8 B]B-noa/1 DP2277 8 9 BY O]d-noB2 Wo 0b DO > AD AO FO MO | MO - NOB 3 mk onmp om mm mB mw my md | nO - OB) 4 mop 0B OOA TOR OR JOR | moa - 78] 5 M2 np ooB 2p mp np | mop - mop] 6 Pattern Practice ma? oma? mpy nay nop nop nop nop 7 JO) JOR TOY 722 BT OX 7 Ns min opm OTE ON ob nom one 9 Fat? TT Tee EO PN TT TBN 10 pena ozo] OA 270 722 TP mop Avan ck FR ON van my 12On the holiday of TOD (Passov: TR starts with the TD ov The 77137 is filled with dra how we crossed the Reed Sea, an matic pictures of the famous Ten Plagues in Egypt, ver) we read from a book called the 77. The er a wine. The 1737 is written in M72 and (19 led us from d when “}'T8 gave us the 771M at Mount Sinai, CT a a Syllable Practice BO ?12 BB 27200 7-7] 1 7 UT Ope yy 77723 2-7] 2 m 7 mp my omy om 7) 77 | 77 - a] 3 TT ™™ TD MP TE mR my [A= m] s EOE PR OR TE omy om [Fa TH] 6 Pattern Practice TB TH TY? Tyo Ty TR mE 7 737 020 TT MAT mm no man 8 MOB TBO OMT TaN) mp my mi 9 nigra nya nex APT AD nwa 10 Twe op iow NT i inna iawn mop TTT oR 31. ya m1) may 12—5 ~-—Js | [OES ameocr When the ]]17 sings, we feel closer to "JN. A JIM isa "cantor." The IM has a trained musical voice. It is the job of the JI to lead the 775M at a MDW service. Naturally, a ]]7 knows how to read M72 very well. The ]]1 is an expert at chanting from the 77M. At the end of the Friday night 775M the JIT sings a M7]D over J"? (wine) called Kiddush. The ]!1T is often the T7109 or 77112 for teaching students their 12 or ND Mitzvah NiY5M (prayers). Syllable Practice "T2703 3B 779 9 0 a TT NI an [i 1 yO yom Re LT Pattern Practice IN Wo TR TE we mw ww D2 Of YY WY arom 7 ow apm TMB, TBM Tw awa mA my DY PE TT WR we wa pbinn nx pt obina sooty tent ocap nme 1 apr TA 8 a2 m273 im maThe WI7P says: "Blessed are You, "J 1X Our God, - ‘of the universe, who has created the fruit of the grapevine." The ]}IT sings the U7? on NAW. We also sing the WIT? on special holidays like MOB. Often young children sing the WIP and drink grape juice instead of ]") (wine). Syllable Practice no 0 OT y RAT DP mm DD WM wp FDP wa we BA wp wap AN wT wT - WTP | TT PT MT FT pT BT wat wT - wp on gAIN wT wha owe [orp - wp] PIP BP NAP WP PAP wp - WTP Pattern Practice PI mpl TWPa PPR opo ppm wp uD [2 ovpn oY TATA TAT IPA wp Siobo Syndr Onbt Sab. abe aba mip wopo whe wp> mump wp JE Axia obivT aoa arddy oy nx yma Moen TT Tay rOB wm os ON MPTThe holiday of MiD0 is the fall festival of thanksgiving. The word MIZD means "shacks" because a i130 is a temporary shelter. The whole family has fun building the 710 out of palm branches and decorates it by hanging fruit. Everyone gets to eat inside the 730 and even sleep in it overnight. On M1D0 we first sing the U17> and then we sing the 77]3 over the 2717 (palm branch). We celebrate the beautiful holiday of M1D0 for eight days, y Syllable Practice PD DOM RP? TWO orb bP Hh pb niv’ nig mip. nia nip o> nD pia TD nid “IDO plno 7Ji20 miz90 «O1D0. 710 mnizo nin) ning ning nizn mpa Pattern Practice m2 mop niag \meq\ nian 133 nip on niaw mown nipqa bw 772) ‘pRa 772 OKA IPR Lore agape ap Mp mginp sp wp mon aw) ovipT yzndoX Moh 72 mp7a omipo TT an nop (emp AbA MND is a "commandment." Doing a TS? means doing the right thing. “7% is proud of us when we doa M)$0. Itis a 7]$0 to tell the truth, not to steal, to be kind to animals, to save the environment and to help the needy. Everyone knows about the famous Mi8M (Mitzvot) called the Ten Commandments Becoming a 2 or M2 M1¥M (“son/daughter of the commandments”) means living by the MIN ofjustice and kindness found in the 77iN. ° Syllable Practice > pt) 234 9 8 9 Oo AlO-MNA mo 00 1h 3 3 ND YR yp | Sn -TyyA JS) $2 82 8T SN SY $B YO 80 | yp - TINA m - mNA rpAMy.rgA PAPA my? TRY oTISD TYS2 TB ASM | TNR - TA]; Pattern Practice min mon m2 moa m2 Mpa AA Sar om uy TP MN TR WW Tm WS TS migy ogy omnis? oy? nig] m7 nie Ty nie mun onipa mpa onifa mya nisa mya ipiyna niga cnigna niga niga msn TPT wn) PYNOR WAP WE PTX 773 mya 7272 onizo TT A Ty emp AmaT Ty The 77087 is a special reading from the Prophets which is chanted by the 713 or M2 TSM. ‘The Prophets were wise men who reminded everyone to follow the M82 of justice and kindness given to us by *] 1X. The word 70577 means "concluding," because we chant the 7117 after we conclude the 771M section of the NOW service. The 70577 has a similar idea to the 177]iM portion for that week. During the 77571 for N2Y the 12 or 2 7)S2 says a 7272 before and after the 77U5i7. Syllable Practice mO BY BS BD BOY An AN BT | 57-7 waT} 1 bl 7 07 I xo oD NT Bo [a -mpeT] 2 22307079 8 FF B [pT BT) 3 m mg mp mom om om om) m- meal] 4 mpm pn Mm oo ml[m-Awa] s mp me mE mM Ty mp [PA pAT] 6 Pattern Practice TedaT DIT TITAN NET myET TBAT 7 mp Jw mM mam ony AD ap 8 niapb] nia nipyh? nippb. mayb 9 wivna ops Hisma cms Oia Aya 10 man nai onipbd rm mgw Aw mbm 1 Typ nig ON YT waT TPT Wo Tan 12a FOYT? The word "22M means "to wrap yourself" in the 1°72. The V2 or M2 TSI often receives the gift of a beautiful M5Y at their service. Before we begin the 75M for M2W we say the 272 for putting on the M72. The TD for the MW blesses "18 who has commanded us to perform the TS of Fyn When the 72 or M2 7)! chants from the TM they first touch the 1"t0 to the 71M and then kiss it as a sign of respect Ces veal Syllable Practice 227 $< 8 vp oo Bw 2[D-FBoNTD I 707 87 8 oom oan oe ont [on - seen] 2 me? may one one> ona nn [noo - yeenn] 3 m2 9p AB AY AQ A Aw [A - FwETTD] 4 Fe) PO yD BS AR Ay [yy - ApvNTD] 5 omy may joy prey yay ABy [Fey - AMDNT] 6 Pattern Practice Fenn? Fayng? Fenn? Foy Fee? 7 youn? omen peynnt> qeent? FB? 8 ayn) Sint? pannn> waonnd Ayn? 9 ac lDTP TR oven Tap wit>y 7 mY 772 10 pes “ODED Apir | my'g3 FeenT> 2) yond 1 nize oe TT NT? MDI MWA TT 12 fThe word 7X means "land." The Land of Israel is called 2RD YN. According to the TiN the Jewish people were given X70" 771N by *yN. In return, we promised to live by the ideas of justice and kindness that *]78 wants for all people. Sometimes, a 12 or ND M]SN travels to ONL" YN where they have their service at the Western Wall in O°2U17" (Jerusalem). The TID 72 that we say over our food blesses "} 78 for giving us bread from NT] (the "land"). Syllable Practice D7 7 > > 0 9 YP DN [N-pHK nppwo8 @t13372 1 1f9-7R Pre nnnann nee mAnmrAN NPAT OPE re pe re Me Pe Pe LORS PN PS PR OR RK NK [PIN - PAN Pattern Practice psp PPR pL PMB Poy pan op yy Th pat opt oper opsia paix ytd pel ant? peend? enT? pasnn? BENT? PONT 72 ON ested OPT FQ WN 7. TE 7] pigna opisn cHisna ocpiga nish 730 Feet? Ne TTB TN MBBT PN fLesson 19 KEY WORDS: New Vowels: Sometimes has the sound of j (2D = >) Some prayer books use a different symbol for the when it makes the ) sound ( cs or _) = always has the sound 1 The first | is silent. The second _ is avery short __ sound. Loving God JW} ‘723 is taught in the F1I7N) prayer. The word G5 means “breath” or “life.” Rabbi Akiva used to teach that loving God TWA 222 means loving God “with all your life, even if God takes your life.” Many people risk their lives for the sake of others. Firefighters and police “officers do this every day. Great leaders, like Martin Luther King and Yitzhak Rabin, faced real danger to bring freedom and peace to others. Sometimes, Srdinary people also do great deeds to help or rescue others. Such heroes show 4s what loving God WA oa teally means.READING FAVE KEY WORDS: wa) 52a On this page, every time you see | pronounce it as ( Son po D1 998 4D 1 te t oy oo MD |) 2 wp om Dy we Py 3 vp omy om ory mR 4 Ain PR PINTS 1S Ao i . cw ma ny wm) war Th 6 maa 7 TR PND "a7Lesson 18 KEYWORDS: "TT J 7 N30 9 nisna Shabbat Blessings iw Sy odin Teh TN 7” OME wa YNSAA NTP rw Pay OY 7) pb a) p77 Oy DPInT 2p TAR» TE 3 JP37 7B NT sono 2Y opivg 7270 we YAY WB PONT 79 on? wsion OY