What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium.

Explain thermodynamic system, property, and process. Classify each of them

Explain briefly about specific heat and latent heat. List out two modes in which energy
crosses the boundary of a system. Mention the similarities between them.
In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of a system? Explain with examples.
1. What do you understand by path function and point function?
2. Distinguish between open and closed systems.
3. A mass of 1.2 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12 C is contained in a gas tight , frictionless
piston-cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa by
keeping the temperature inside the cylinder constant. Calculate the work done during
the process.
4. Derive a general expression for the work done during polytropic process, pv n =
constant.
5. 1 kg of a gas is contained in a cylinder at an initial pressure of 20 bar. The gas is
allowed to expand behind a piston according to a law pV 1.2 = Constant until the
volume is doubled. The gas is then cooled at constant pressure until the volume
reduced to its initial value and the piston regains its original position. Then at
constant volume heat is added till the pressure rises to the original value of 20 bar.
Calculate the network done by the gas. The initial volume of gas is 0.05 m3.
6. 0.112 m3 of gas has a pressure of 138 kPa. It is compressed to 690 kPa according to
the law pV1.4 = Constant. Determine final volume of the gas and work done on the
gas.
7. 1 m3 of gas has a pressure of 100 kPa. It is compressed to 600 kPa according
to the law pV1.4 = Constant. Determine final volume of the gas and work done on the
gas.
8. 0.014 m3 gas at a pressure of 2000 kPa expands to a pressure of 200 kPa according to
the law pV1.3 = Constant. Determine the work done by the gas during the expansion.
9. A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa. During this process
pv = constant. The initial density of the air is 1.16 kg/m3. Find out the work done by
the piston to compress the air.
10. 0.02 m3 gas at a pressure of 2 MPa expands to a pressure of 200 kPa according to the
law pV1.25 = Constant. Determine the work done by the gas during the expansion.
1. Indicate the following processes with air with the given initial condition on p-V
graph.
a) Isothermal expansion,
b) Polytropic expansion, with 1.3 > n >1.
c) Adiabatic expansion.
Assume final volume is same for all cases.

An ideal gas goes through an expansion process whereby the volume doubles. Which of th
following processes will lead to the larger work output?
 a) an isothermal process
b) a polytropic process with n = 1.3. Assume initial condition of the gas as
3
0.05 m .
c) 20 kJ of heat energy is added to 1 kg liquid water at 20C and 100kPa. If the
process takes place at constant pressure what is the final temperature of the
water? Use steam tables.
Helium gas expands from 125 kPa, 350 K and 0.25 m 3 to 100kPa in a polytropic process with
the index of 1.66. Is the work positive, negative or zero?

Define Heat and Work. Mention any two similarities between them.

Mention two extensive properties of a system.

One gram of Nitrogen undergoes the following sequence of processes in a piston cylinder
arrangement.
i. Adiabatic expansion in which volume doubles.
ii. Constant pressure in which volume reduced to its initial value.
iii. Constant volume process back to initial state.
Nitrogen is initially at 150C and 5 bar pressure. Calculate the network on the gas in this
cycle. Take the following values for N2.
R = 0.297; Cv = 0.741 kJ/kgK; Cp = 1.038 kJ/kgK.

1. Why do we write ΔE or (E2-E1) whereas we write 1Q2 and 1W2?

A container with rigid non-conducting walls holds air and air is heated by means of an
electrical heater powered by a battery. For the following cases identify the type of system and
state whether the heat and work transfer is positive or negative or zero.
a) Air alone as the system.
b) Air and heating element as the system.
c) Air, heater with the battery as the system.