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• Measures of dispersion
describe the spread of the
data. They include the range,
interquartile range, standard
deviation and variance. Range
and Interquartile Range. The
range is given as the smallest
and largest observations. This
is the simplest measure of
variability.
Machine 1 Machine 2
10.07 8. 01
5.85 7. 99
8. 1 7.95
9. 52 8.03
6.41 15 8.02
Z-Scores
Mean of the
population
Standard
deviation of the
population
Sample:
Raw score
Standard
deviation of the sample
EXAMPLE 1
Compare z-Scores
Raul has taken two tests in his chemistry
class. He scored 72 on the first test, for which
the mean of all scores was 65 and the
standard deviation was 8. He received a 60 on
a second test, for which the mean of all scores
was 45 and the standard deviation was 12. In
comparison to the other students, did Raul do
better on the first test or the second test?
SOLUTION:
Given for the First test:
72 65 8
Formula:
60 45 12
Formula:
pth Percentile
A value x is called the pth percentile of a data
set provided p% of the data values are less
than x.
The following formula can be used to find the
percentile that corresponds to a particular data
value in a set of data
Q Q Q
1 2 3
EXAMPLE
Normal Distribution