CE 311 - Theory of Structures

Indeterminate Structures

Engr. Saque J. Amilbahar

Instructor

All images are CTTO.

This material is a compilation.
For educational purposes only. 1
Introduction
1. Indeterminate structures have more support reactions and/or
members than required for static statibility.
2. Equilibrium equations are not sufficient to solve for reactions.
3. Supplemental relationships based on geometry if deformation of the
structures are required (compatibility equations).
4. Design of indeterminate structure is carried out in an iterative
manner. (assumed sizes used to analyze and obtain internal forces
which in turn are used to revise the member sizes based on strength
and serviceability)
5. Besides the difficulty in designing indeterminate structures, majority
of the structures today are statically indeterminate (in reality).
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Advantages of Indeterminate Structures
1. Smaller stresses. From the next slide figures, it can be seen that the
maximum bending moment (stress) in the indeterminate beam is
much lower that in the determinate beam.

2. Greater Stiffness. Indeterminate structures generally have higher

stiffnesses ( smaller deformations) than those of comparable
determinate structrues.

3. Redundancies. If properly designed, have the capacity for redistributing

loads when certain structural portions become overstressed or collapse
in cases of over loads due to earthquakes, tornadoes, and impacts.
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Advantages of Indeterminate Structures

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Advantages of Indeterminate Structures

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 Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

1. Stresses due to support settlements. Support settlements do not

cause any stresses in deteminate structures; they may, however,
induce significant stresses in indeterminate structures.
(see next slide)

2. Stresses due to temperature changes and fabrication errors. These

effects do not cause stresses in determinate structures but may induce
significant stresses in determinate ones.
(see next slide for illustrations)

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Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

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Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

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Funadamental Relationships
1. Equilibrium equations. The equilibrium equations relate forces
acting on the structure, ensuring that the entire structure as
well as its parts remain in equilibrium.

2. Compatibility Conditions. Compatibility conditions relate the

diplacements of the structure so that its various parts fit together.

3. Member force-deformation relations. It involve the material and

cross-sectional properties (E, I and A) of the members, provide
the necessary link between the forces and the displacements
of the structure.
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Method of Analysis
1. Existed since 1800s

2. Classified into two categories namely:

a. force (flexibility) methods
a.1 Method of Consistent Deformations (Chapter 13)
a.2 Three-Moment Equation (Chapter 14)

b. displacement (stiffness) methods

b.1 Slope-Deflection Method (Chapter 16)
b.2 Moment-Distribution Method (Chapter 17)
b.3 Matrix Analysis (Optional - Chapter 18)
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 Approximate Analysis of Rectangular
Building Frames
1. Force and displacement methods can be considered as exact analysis
in the sense that the compatibility and equilibrium conditions of the
structure are exactly satisfied in the analysis.

2. Because of the intricacies/complexity of exact analysis, the preliminary

designs of indeterminate structures are often based on the results of
approximate analysis, in which the internal force are estimated by
making certain assumptions about the deformations and/or distribution
of forces between the members of the structures.

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 Approximate Analysis of Rectangular
Building Frames
3. Convenient to be used in the planning phase of the project.
4. Approximate analysis can be used to estimate sizes before conducting
an exact analysis.
5. Buildings prior to 1960, including high-rise buildings were designed
using approximate analysis.
6. In this chapter we will study two most comon approximate analysis
especifically used for rectangular frames under lateral loads
(environmental loads).
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Approximate Analysis of Rectangular
Building Frames
There are various approximate methods which can be applied to a
particular structures.

In our case we will just tackle two of the most commonly used
approximate method which can be applied to a common
rectangular frame of a structure.

These are:
1. Portal method (p. 481)
2. Cantilever method (p. 497)
Note: Approximate analysis for vertical loads (p. 475)
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THANK YOU

All images are CTTO.

This material is a compilation.
For educational purposes only. 14