11/3/23, 7:36 PM Lesson1

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND

FRAMES

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson:

1. Students should develop a clear understanding of what statically indeterminate structures

are and how they differ from statically determinate ones in terms of internal forces and
reactions.
2. Students should be able to identify and apply simplifying assumptions to reduce complex
structures to more manageable models, such as assuming idealized support conditions or
neglecting certain loadings.
3. Students should be able to analyze frames and similar structures using approximate
methods, considering the effects of axial, shear, and moment forces.
4. Students should be able to use the slope-deflection method to analyze statically
indeterminate frames.
5. Students should be able to use structural analysis software or tools to analyze complex
statically indeterminate structures, gaining practical skills for engineering applications.

Continuity

Continuity in indeterminate structures refers to the presence of connections or supports that

allow for the sharing of moments and shears between adjacent structural members. These
connections are typically more complex than simple pins or hinges. The effects of continuity in
indeterminate structures can have significant implications for their behavior and analysis. Here
are some of the key effects:

1. Redistribution of Forces: Continuity allows forces, moments, and deformations to

redistribute throughout the structure. This means that when loads are applied, the structure
can adjust itself to distribute the internal forces more evenly, potentially reducing localized
stress concentrations.
2. Reduced Member Forces: In statically indeterminate structures, continuity often results in
reduced internal forces (axial, shear, and moment) in certain members compared to what
would occur in a statically determinate structure. This can lead to more efficient use of
materials.
3. Increased Stability: Continuity can enhance the overall stability of a structure by
preventing buckling and improving its ability to withstand lateral loads, such as wind or
seismic forces. This is especially important in tall buildings and long-span structures.

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4. Deflection Control: Continuity can help control and limit deflections, preventing excessive
deformations that might adversely affect the functionality or aesthetics of a structure.
5. Complex Analysis: The presence of continuity makes the analysis of indeterminate
structures more complex than that of determinate structures. Engineers must use advanced
methods such as the slope-deflection method, moment distribution method, or matrix
analysis to analyze these structures accurately.
6. Increased Redundancy: Continuity introduces redundancy into the structure, meaning that
there are more equations of equilibrium than unknown reactions. While this complicates
the analysis, it also provides greater load-carrying capacity and robustness.
7. Stress Concentrations: While continuity can reduce stress concentrations in some areas, it
may introduce stress concentrations in others, particularly at the points of continuity or
where forces are transferred between members.
8. Design Challenges: The presence of continuity may require additional design
considerations, such as the selection of appropriate connection types, reinforcement
details, and the need for special structural elements like expansion joints.
9. Compatibility Constraints: Continuity conditions impose compatibility constraints on the
structure, meaning that deformations at the points of continuity must be compatible with
each other. This introduces additional equations and variables into the analysis.
10. Realistic Representation: Continuity allows for a more realistic representation of how
actual structures behave under loading conditions, as it considers the true behavior of
connections and supports.
11. Redistribution of Moment: Continuity often leads to the redistribution of moments along
the structure. This can affect the design of elements like beams and columns, as well as the
overall structural behavior.

Loading

The arrangement of live load on a structure that will cause critical reactions is not always readily
apparent. The engineer is expected to establish the most demanding sets of design forces by
investigating the effects of live load placed in various patterns. In the case of beams and one-
way slabs, it is permitted by the Code to assume that the arrangement of live load is limited to
the following combinations:

1. for maximum factored positive bending moments near midspan, factored dead load on all
spans with full factored live load on the span and on alternate spans.
2. for maximum factored negative moments at supports, factored dead load on all spans with
full factored live load on alternate spans only.

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This patten produces the maximum negative gravity moment at support A or D and the
maximum positive gravity moment in span AB or CD.

In this pattern, live load is applied on adjacent spans. This produces the maximum negative
gravity moment at support B (or at support C if spans BC and CD are loaded with the live load.

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Live load is applied to the interior span only. This pattern produces the maximum positive
gravity moment in span BC.

Simplifications in Frame Analysis

When calculating the bending moments and shear forces caused by gravity loads in members of
a frame (columns, beams, and slabs), the Code permits the use of a model that is limited to the
horizontal and vertical framing members at the level of interest where the far ends of the
columns are assumed to be fixed.

Figure (a) is an example frame and figure (b) is the simplified assumptions for modeling the
frame.

Simplified Method of Analysis

The simplified analysis method can be utilized when all of the following conditions are met:

1. Members are prismatic; that is, they have a uniform cross-section throughout the span.
2. Loads are uniformly distributed.
3. The unfactored (service) live load L does not exceed 3 times the unfactored (service) dead
load D.
4. The structure has two or more spans.
5. The spans are approximately equal, with the larger of the two adjancent spans not greater
than the shorter one by more than 20%.

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Note 1: Applicable to slabs with spans equal to or less than 3 m and beams where the ratio of the
sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness is greater than 8 at each end of the span.

A: Interior face of exterior support

B: Exterior face of first interior support

C: Other faces of interior supports

Example 1 (CE Board May 2003)

From the figure shown, the beam carries a service dead load of 1 kN/m and a service live load of
2.5 kN/m.

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a. Determine the factored uniform load.

b. Determine the factored moment at C.

c. Determine the factored moment at H.

Uniform Load

wu = 1.2wDL + 1.6wLL

wD = 1

wL = 2.500

wU = 1.2 ⋅ wD + 1.6 ⋅ wL

= 1.2 ⋅ 1 + 1.6 ⋅ 2.500

= 5.200

Factored Moment at C

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ln1 = 7 − 0.25 = 6.750

ln2 = 8 − 0.5 = 7.500

ln1 + ln2
ln =
2

6.750 + 7.500
=
2

= 7.125

2
wU ⋅ (ln )
MC =
10
2
5.200 ⋅ (7.125)
=
10

= 26.398

Factored Moment at H

ln3 = 7 − 0.5 = 6.500 (m)

2
wU ⋅ (ln3 )
MH =
14
2
5.200 ⋅ (6.500)
=
14

= 15.693

Methods for Elastic Analysis

Elastic analysis is a fundamental method used in structural engineering to assess the response
of structures to applied loads while assuming linear elastic behavior. It involves determining
deformations, stresses, and reactions within a structure, ensuring that they remain within
acceptable limits. Here are some common methods of elastic analysis for structures:

1. Method of Consistent Deformations (Compatibility Method): This method is suitable

for analyzing indeterminate structures by considering the compatibility of deformations. It
uses virtual displacements and compatibility equations to determine unknown forces.
2. Moment Distribution Method: This method is employed for analyzing indeterminate
structures, particularly frame structures. It iteratively distributes moments at joints to
analyze the effects of lateral loads, such as wind or seismic forces.

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3. Slope-Deflection Method: The slope-deflection method is used to analyze continuous

beam and frame structures. It considers both the rotations and displacements at beam ends
and employs slope-deflection equations to solve for unknown forces.
4. Matrix Structural Analysis: Utilizing matrices and the principles of structural stiffness, this
method is well-suited for analyzing complex structures with multiple degrees of freedom.
It's commonly used for frame and finite element analysis.

Slope Deflection Equation

The resultant moment at the ends are:

I Δ
MAB = 2E ( ) (2θA + θB − 3 ) + (F EM )AB (1)
L L

I Δ
MBA = 2E ( ) (2θB + θA − 3 ) + (F EM )BA (2)
L L

where

MN = internal moment in the near end of the span

E = modulus of elasticity of material

I
= span stiffness
L

θA , θB = near- and far-end slopes of the span at the supports

Δ
= span rotation of its cord due to linear displacement
L

(F EM ) = fix-end moment at the near-end support

For Pin-Supported End Span:

I Δ F EMBA
MA B = 3E (θA − ) + (F EMAB − ) (3)
L L 2

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Fixed End Moments

Example 1
Analyze the continuous beam shown.

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Member AB

2
wL
F EMAB =
12

w = 25

L = 6

2
(L)
FEMAB = w ⋅
12
2
(6)
= 25 ⋅
12

= 75.000

2
wL
F EMBA = −
12

2 2
(L) (6)
FEMBA = (−w) ⋅ = (−25) ⋅ = −75.000
12 12

Member BC

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PL
F EMBC =
8

PL
F EMCB = −
8

P = 150

L = 6

L
FEMBC = P ⋅
8

6
= 150 ⋅
8

= 112.500

FEMCB = −112.500

Member CD

FEMCD = 0

FEMDC = 0

Slope Deflection Equations

I Δ
MAB = 2E (2θA + θB − 3 ) + F EMAB
L L

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Δ = 0

L = 6

θA = 0

I Δ
MAB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θA + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMAB
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + 75.000
6 6

EI θB
= + 75.0
3

I Δ
MBA = 2E (2θB + θA − 3 ) + F EMBA
L L

I Δ
MBA = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θA − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMBA
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + 0 − 3 ⋅ ) + −75.000
6 6

2EI θB
= − 75.0
3

I Δ
MBC = 2E (2θB + θC − 3 ) + F EMBC
L L

θC = θC

I Δ
MBC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMBC
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + 112.500
6 6

EI (2θB + θC )
= + 112.5
3

I Δ
MCB = 2E (2θC + θB − 3 ) + F EMCB
L L

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θC = θC

I Δ
MCB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMCB
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + −112.500
6 6

EI (θB + 2θC )
= − 112.5
3

I Δ
MCD = 2E (2θC + θD − 3 ) + F EMCD
L L

L = 4.500

θD = 0

I Δ
MCD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θD − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMCD
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + 0 − 3 ⋅ ) + 0
4.500 4.500

= 0.889EI θC

I Δ
MDC = 2E (2θD + θC − 3 ) + F EMDC
L L

I Δ
MDC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMDC
L L

I 0
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + 0
4.500 4.500

= 0.444EI θC

Equilibrium Equations:

MBA + MBC = 0

Out[19]: 2EI θB EI (2θB + θC )

+ + 37.5
3 3

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MCB + MCD = 0

Out[20]: EI (θB + 2θC )

0.888888888888889EI θC + − 112.5
3

Out[21]: 48.8207547169811 82.7830188679246

{(− , )}
EI EI

9
(10)
E = 200 ⋅ = 200000000.000
3
(10)

6
1
I = 210 ⋅ (10) ⋅ ( ) = 0.000
4
(1000)

(−48.8207)
θB =
E ⋅ I

(−48.8207)
=
200000000.000 ⋅ 0.000

= −0.001

82.783
θC =
E ⋅ I

82.783
=
200000000.000 ⋅ 0.000

= 0.002

Member End Moments

I Δ
MAB = 2E (2θA + θB − 3 ) + F EMAB
L L

L = 6

I Δ
MAB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θA + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMAB
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + −0.001 − 3 ⋅ ) + 75.000
6 6

= 58.726

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I Δ
MBA = 2E (2θB + θA − 3 ) + F EMBA
L L

I Δ
MBA = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θA − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMBA
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.001 + 0 − 3 ⋅ ) + −75.000
6 6

= −107.547

I Δ
MBC = 2E (2θB + θC − 3 ) + F EMBC
L L

I Δ
MBC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMBC
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.001 + 0.002 − 3 ⋅ ) + 112.500
6 6

= 107.547

I Δ
MCB = 2E (2θC + θB − 3 ) + F EMCB
L L

I Δ
MCB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θB − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMCB
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0.002 + −0.001 − 3 ⋅ ) + −112.500
6 6

= −73.585

I Δ
MCD = 2E (2θC + θD − 3 ) + F EMCD
L L

L = 4.500

I Δ
MCD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θD − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMCD
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0.002 + 0 − 3 ⋅ ) + 0
4.500 4.500

= 73.585

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I Δ
MDC = 2E (2θD + θC − 3 ) + F EMDC
L L

I Δ
MDC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θC − 3 ⋅ ) + FEMDC
L L

0.000 0
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + 0.002 − 3 ⋅ ) + 0
4.500 4.500

= 36.792

Example 3
Determine the member end moments for the frame shown.

Lc = 4 (m)

Lg = 6 (m)

P = 200 (kN)

w = 50 (kN/m)

Fixed-End Moments

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P ⋅ Lc
FEMAC =
8

200 ⋅ 4
=
8

= 100.000

FEMCA = −100.000

2
w ⋅ (Lg )
FEMCD =
12
2
50 ⋅ (6)
=
12

= 150.000

FEMDC = −150.000

FEMBD = 0

FEMDB = 0

2
2
w ⋅ (Lg ) 50 ⋅ (6)
FEMDE = = = 150.000
12 12

FEMED = −150.000

Ig = 2 ⋅ Ic = 2 ⋅ Ic = 2Ic

θA = 0

θB = 0

Slope Deflection Equtions

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Ic
MAC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θA + θC ) + FEMAC
Lc

Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + θC ) + 100.000
4

EIc θC
= + 100.0 (kN-m)
2

Ic
MCA = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θA ) + FEMCA
Lc

Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + 0) + −100.000
4

= EIc θC − 100.0

Ic
MBD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θD ) + FEMBD
Lc

Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + θD ) + 0
4

EIc θD
=
2

Ic
MDB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θB ) + FEMDB
Lc

Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + 0) + 0
4

= EIc θD

Ig
MCD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θD ) + FEMCD
Lg

2 ∗ Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θD ) + 150.000
6

2EIc (2θC + θD )
= + 150.0
3

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Ig
MDC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θC ) + FEMDC
Lg

2 ∗ Ic
= 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θC ) + −150.000
6

2EIc (θC + 2θD )

= − 150.0
3

Ig FEMED
MDE = 3 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ θD + (FEMDE − )
Lg 2

2 ∗ Ic −150.000
= 3 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ θD + (150.000 − )
6 2

= EIc θD + 225.0

MED = 0

Equilibrium Conditions

Out[45]: 2EIc (2θC + θD )

EIc θC + + 50.0 = 0
3

Out[46]: 2EIc (θC + 2θD )

2EIc θD + + 75.0 = 0
3

Out[47]: 15.9090909090909 19.3181818181818

{(− , − )}
EIc EIc

9
(10)
E = 200 ⋅ = 200000000.000
3
(10)

6
1
Ic = 300 ⋅ (10) ⋅ ( ) = 0.000
4
(1000)

(−15.91)
θC =
E ⋅ Ic

(−15.91)
=
200000000.000 ⋅ 0.000

= −0.000

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(−19.318)
θD =
E ⋅ Ic

(−19.318)
=
200000000.000 ⋅ 0.000

= −0.000

θD = −0.000

Ic
MAC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θA + θC ) + FEMAC
Lc

0.000
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + −0.000) + 100.000
4

= 92.045

Ic
MCA = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θA ) + FEMCA
Lc

0.000
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.000 + 0) + −100.000
4

= −115.910

Ic
MBD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θB + θD ) + FEMBD
Lc

0.000
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ 0 + −0.000) + 0
4

= −9.659 (kN-m)

Ic
MDB = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θB ) + FEMDB
Lc

0.000
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.000 + 0) + 0
4

= −19.318 (kN-m)

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6
1
Ig = 600 ⋅ (10) ⋅ ( ) = 0.001
4
(1000)

Ig
MCD = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θC + θD ) + FEMCD
Lg

0.001
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.000 + −0.000) + 150.000
6

= 115.908 (kN-m)

Ig
MDC = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ θD + θC ) + FEMDC
Lg

0.001
= 2 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ (2 ⋅ −0.000 + −0.000) + −150.000
6

= −186.364 (kN-m)

Ig FEMED
MDE = 3 ⋅ E ⋅ ⋅ θD + (FEMDE − )
Lg 2

0.001 −150.000
= 3 ⋅ 200000000.000 ⋅ ⋅ −0.000 + (150.000 − )
6 2

= 205.682 (kN-m)

MED = 0

Check

MCA + MCD = −115.91 + 115.91

= 0

MDC + MDB + MDE = −186.36 − 19.32 + .205.68

= 0

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