MODULE 2: ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE determinate” otherwise they are “indeterminate structures”.

The degree of
STRUCTURES indeterminacy is equal to the number of unknown variables.

2.1 Idealized Structure

2.2 Principle of Superposition
2.3 Equations of Equilibrium
2.1. IDEALIZED STRUCTURE
2.4 Determinacy and Stability An exact analysis of a structure can never be carried out, since estimates
2.5 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium always have to be made of the loadings and the strength of the materials composing
Module Exercises the structure. It is important that the structural engineer develop the ability to model
Module Review or idealize a structure so that he or she can perform a practical force analysis of the
members.
Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on the
MODULE 2 intent of the designer. The three types of joints most often specified are the pin
connection, the roller support, and the fixed support. A pin-connected joint and a
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES roller support allow some freedom for slight rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows
OBJECTIVE: no relative rotation between the connected members and is consequently more
expensive to fabricate.
Other types of connections most commonly encountered on coplanar
structures are given in Table 2-1. It is important to be able to recognize the symbols
for these connections and the kinds of reactions they exert on their attached
members. In particular, the support will develop a force on the member if it prevents
translation of the member, and it will develop a moment if it prevents rotation of
the member.
Beams and girders are often used to support building floors. In particular,
INTRODUCTION: a girder is the main load-carrying element of the floor, whereas the smaller elements
having a shorter span and connected to the girders are called beams. Often the loads
The design of structures of which analysis is an integral part, is frequently
that are applied to a beam or girder are transmitted to it by the floor that is supported
undertaken using computer software. This can be done safely and effectively if
by the beam or girder.
those undertaking the design fully understand the concepts, principles and
assumptions on which the computer software is based. 1.1.1. Tributary Loadings
Structures in which all the member forces and external support reactions When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs are supported by a
can be determined using only the equations of equilibrium are “statically structural frame, it is necessary to determine how the load on these surfaces is
transmitted to the various structural elements used for their support.
One-Way System
A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action, is often referred to as a one-way slab. To
illustrate the method of load transmission, consider the framing system shown.

The tributary is shown dark shaded on the structural framing plan. If the ratio of
𝐿
long span over short span is greater than 2 ( 𝐿𝐿 > 2), the slab is a one-way slab.
𝑠

Two-Way System
 If the ratio of the long span over the 2.2. The flat roof of the
𝐿 steel-frame building
short span is lesser or equal to 2 ( 𝐿𝐿 ≤ 2), the
𝑠 shown in the photo is
load is assumed to be delivered to the intended to support a total
supporting beams and girders in two load of 2 kN/m2 over its
directions referred as two-way slab. Due to surface. Determine the
two-way slab action, the assumed tributary roof load within region
area of this system is shown. This area is ABCD that its transmitted
determined by constructing diagonal 45° to beam BC.
lines as shown.
SOLUTION:
MODULE EXERCISES:
2.1. The floor of a classroom is to be supported by the bar joists. Each joist is 5 m
long and they are spaced 2 m on centers. The floor itself is to be made from
reinforced concrete that is 110 mm thick. Neglect the weight of the joists
and the corrugated metal deck, and determine the load that acts each joist.
SOLUTION:
From NSCP-2015 Table 205-1, the live load for classroom is 1.9 kPa and
the unit weight of reinforced concrete is 23.6 kN/m3. The deadload of the floor is
𝐷𝐿 = 23.6(0.11) = 2.596 kPa. Using the load combination for dead load and live
load we have the uniform factored load
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2(2.596) + 1.6(1.9)
𝑊𝑢 = 6.155 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝐿 5
𝐿 5
Since ( 𝐿𝐿 = 2 = 2.5 > 2), the system is a one-way slab. The uniform load along its In this case, 𝐿𝐿 = 5 𝑚 and 𝐿𝑆 = 4 𝑚. Since = = 1.11 < 2, we have
𝐿𝑠 4.5
𝑠
length is two-way slab action. The uniform factored load is
𝑊𝑢 𝐿𝑠 3−𝑚2
𝑤 = 6.155𝑘𝑃𝑎(2.5𝑚) 𝑤= 3
[ 2 ]

𝒘 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 (Ans.) Where 𝑚 =

𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝑠
 (2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )(4𝑚) 3−(1.11)2 Whenever these equations are applied, it is first necessary to draw a free-
𝑤= 3
[ 2 ]
body diagram of the structure or its members. If a member is selected, it must be
𝒘 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 (Ans.) isolated from its supports and surroundings and its outlined shape drawn. All the
forces and couple moments must be shown that act on the member. If the internal
loadings at a specified point in a member are to be determined, the method of
sections must be used. This requires that a cut or section be made perpendicular to
2.2. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
the axis of the member at the point where the internal loading is to be determined.
The principle of superposition forms the basis for much of the theory of
A free-body diagram of either segment of the cut member is isolated and
structural analysis. It may be stated as follows: The total displacement or internal
the internal loads are then determined from the equations of equilibrium applied to
loadings (stress) at a point in a structure subjected to several external loadings can
the segment. In general, the internal loadings acting at the section will consist of a
be determined by adding together the displacements or internal loadings (stress)
normal force N, shear force V, and bending moment M.
caused by each of the external loads acting separately. For this statement to be valid
it is necessary that a linear relationship exist among the loads, stresses, and
displacements.
2.4. DETERMINACY AND STABILITY
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of superposition to
apply: DETERMINACY

1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, so that Hooke’s law
is valid, and therefore the load will proportional to displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change when
the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies. Large
displacements will significantly change the position and orientation of
the loads.
2.3. EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
The equation of equilibrium be satisfied along three independent axes,
namely,
The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient
conditions for equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined
strictly from these equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate.
Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are
called statically indeterminate. As a general rule, a structure can be identified as
being either statically determinate or statically indeterminate by drawing free-body
diagrams of all its members or selective parts of its members and then comparing
the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components with the total
number of available equilibrium equations.
For a coplanar structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for
each part, so that if there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction
components, we have

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 𝑟 = 3𝑛, statically determinate

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0 𝑟 > 3𝑛, statically indeterminate

 In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the additional 2.4. Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown as statically determinate
equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by relating the or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of
applied loads and reactions to the displacement or slope at different points on the degrees of indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external
structure. These equations, which are referred to as compatibility equations, must loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the
be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy of the structure. structures.
MODULE EXERCISES: SOLUTION:
2.3. Classify each of the beam shown as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the beams.
SOLUTION:

2.5. Classify each of the frames shown as statically determinate or statically

indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that
are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.
SOLUTION:
STABILITY
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its
members, it is not only necessary to satisfy the equations of
equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or
constrained by their supports. Two situations may occur where
the conditions for proper constraint have not been met.
Partial Constraints. In some cases, a structure or one
of its members may have fewer reactive forces than equations
of equilibrium that must be satisfied. The structure then
becomes only partially constrained.
Improper Constraints. In some cases, there may be as
many unknown forces as there are equations of equilibrium;
however, instability or movement of a structure or its members
can develop because of improper constraining by the supports.
This can occur if all the support reactions are concurrent at a point. Another way
in which improper constraining leads to instability occurs when the reactive forces
are all parallel.
 2.6. Classify each of the structures shown as stable or unstable. The structures are
subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.
SOLUTION:

In general, a structure will be geometrically unstable – that is, it will move

slightly or collapse – if there are fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium;
or if there are enough reactions, instability will occur if the lines of action of the
reactive forces intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another. For a
coplanar structure having n members or components with r unknown reactions.
Since three equilibrium equations are available for each member or component, we
have
𝑟 < 3𝑛 unstable
𝑟 ≥ 3𝑛 unstable if member reactions are concurrent or
parallel or some of the components form a
collapsible mechanism
If the structure is unstable, it does no matter if it is statically determinate or
indeterminate. In all cases such type of structures must be avoided in practice.
2.5. APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
MODULE EXERCISES:
 If a structure is properly supported and contains no more supports or two-force members, recall that in general three equilibrium equations can
members than a necessary to prevent collapse, the frame becomes statically be written for each member.
determinate, and so the unknown forces at the supports and connections can be 2. Many times, the solution for the unknowns will be straightforward if the
determined from the equations of equilibrium applied to each member. Also, if the moment equation is applied about a point that lies at the intersection of the
structure remains rigid (noncollapsible) when the supports are removed, all three lines of action of as many unknown forces as possible.
support reactions can be determined by applying the three equilibrium equations to 3. When applying the force equations ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 and ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, orient the 𝑥 and
the entire structure. However, if the structure appears to be nonrigid (collapsible) 𝑦 axes along lines that will provide the simplest reduction of the forces into
after removing the supports, it must be dismembered and equilibrium of the their 𝑥 and 𝑦 components.
individual member must be considered in order to obtain enough equations to 4. If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative magnitude for
determine all the support reactions. an unknown force or couple moment, it indicates that its arrowhead sense
of direction is opposite to that which was assumed on the free-body
Procedure for Analysis
diagram.
The following procedure provides a method for determining the joint
MODULE EXERCISES:
reactions for structures composed of pin-connected members.
2.7. Determine the reactions on the beam shown.
Free-Body Diagrams
1. Disassemble the structure and draw a free-body diagram of each member.
Also, it may be convenient to supplement a member free-body diagram
with a free-body diagram of the entire structure. Some or all of the support
reactions can then be determined using this diagram.
2. Recall that reactive forces common to two members act with equal
magnitudes but opposite directions on the respective free-body diagrams of SOLUTION:
the members. Free-Body Diagram:
3. All two-force members should be identified. These members, regardless of
their shape, have no external loads on them, and therefore their free-body
diagrams are represented with equal but opposite collinear forces acting on
their ends.
4. In many cases it is possible to tell by inspection the proper arrowhead sense
of direction of an unknown force or couple moment; however, if this seems
difficult, the directional sense can be assumed.
Equations of Equilibrium To determine the reaction at B, take a summation of moment at A.

1. Count the total number of unknowns to make sure that an equivalent ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +

number of equilibrium equations can be written for solution. Except for
60 sin 60° (10) − 𝐵𝑦 (14) − 60 cos 60° (1) + 50 = 0
 𝐵𝑦 (14) = 60 sin 60° (10) − 60 cos 60° (1) + 50

14𝐵𝑦 = 539.615

𝑩𝒚 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒌 (Ans.)

To determine the horizontal reaction at A, take ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 +

𝐴𝑥 − 60 cos 60° = 0 To determine the moment at A, by taking ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

𝐴𝑥 = 60 cos 60° ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌 (Ans.) −𝑀𝐴 + 60(6) + 60(4) = 0

To determine the vertical reaction at A, take ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 (Ans.)

∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 + To determine the horizontal reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 − 60 sin 60° = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 +

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 (Ans.)
𝐴𝑦 = 60 sin 60° − 𝐵𝑦
To determine the vertical reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝒌 (Ans.)
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 +

𝐴𝑦 = 60 + 60
2.8. Determine the reactions on the beam shown.
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (Ans.)

2.9. Determine the reactions on the beam

shown. Assume A is a pin and the
support at B is a roller (smooth
SOLUTION: surface).
Free-Body Diagram:
SOLUTION:
Free-Body Diagram: 2.10. The compound beam shown is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A, B, and
C. Assume that the condition at B is a pin and C is a roller.

SOLUTION:
To determine the reaction at B, by taking ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
Free-Body Diagram:
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +
3 4
3500(3.5) − (5) 𝑁𝐵 (10) − (5) 𝑁𝐵 (4) = 0

3 4
(5) 𝑁𝐵 (10) + (5) 𝑁𝐵 (4) = 3500(3.5)
46
5 𝐵
𝑁 = 12,250 Consider segment BC:

𝑵𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.) To determine the vertical reaction at C, by taking ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

To determine the horizontal reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 +

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 + 𝐶𝑦 (15) = 6000
4
𝐴𝑥 = (5) 𝑁𝐵 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.)

To determine the horizontal reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟓. 𝟐 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.)
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 +
To determine the vertical reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑩𝒙 = 𝟎 (Ans.)
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 +
3 To determine the vertical reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + (5) 𝑁𝐵 = 3500
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 +
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟏 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.)
𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.)

Consider segment AB:

To determine the moment at A, by taking ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 2. The floor system used in a school classroom consists of a 110 mm reinforced
stone concrete slab. Sketch the loading that acts along the joist BF and side
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 +
girder ABCDE. Set a = 3 m, and b = 5 m.
𝑀𝐴 + 400(20) = 8000(10)
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 (Ans.)
To determine the horizontal reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 +

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 (Ans.)
To determine the vertical reaction at A, by taking ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 +
3. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate,
𝐴𝑦 + 400 = 8000
or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. The supports
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟕, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (Ans.) or connections are to be assumed as stated.

MODULE REVIEW:
1. The steel framework is used to support the reinforced stone concrete slab that is
used for an office. The slab is 200 mm thick. Determine the uniform factored
load along member BE and FED. Take a = 2 m, b = 5 m.

4. Classify each of the frames as statically determinate or indeterminate. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. All internal joints are fixed
connected.
5. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate,
stable or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. The
supports or connections are to be assumed as stated.
6. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate,
stable or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy.
7. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,
and C.
8. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,
and C.
9. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,
and D of the three-member frame. The joint at C is fixed connected.
 13. The cantilever footing is used to support a wall near its edge A so that it causes
a uniform soil pressure under the footing. Determine the uniform distribution
loads, 𝑤𝐴 and 𝑤𝐵 , measured in lb/ft at pads A and B, necessary to support the
wall forces of 8,000 lb and 20,000 lb.
14. Determine the reactions at the supports A and B.

10. Determine the reactions on the beam.

COMPUTATION EXERCISES:
EXERCISE 2:
11. The compound beam is pin supported at C and supported by a roller at A and B.
There is a hinge (pin) at D. Determine the reactions at the supports. Neglect the Submit a load computation of your three-story building.
thickness of the beam.

12. Determine the reactions at the truss supports A and B. The distributed loading is
caused by wind.