© Atoms, Molecules and lons Element 1. Element is a substance consisting of one type of atom only. 2. Itis a simple substance which cannot be broken down any further. Examples of elements: H, Mg, Ca, Ar, Fe 3. Atoms of different elements are different in size. Structure of an atom 1. Anatom consists of three sub-atomic particles: Protons, electrons and neutrons. a OF ~ electron nucleus 2. The properties of protons, neutrons and electrons are shown in the following table: Particles in an atom Mass Charge Proton 1 Positive (+1) Electron Visio Negative (-1) Neutron 1 Neutral (0) 3. Atoms are electrically neutral because the numbers of protons and electrons are equal. - Proton number (or atomic number) is the number of protons in an atom. — Nucleon number (or mass number) is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. — Nucleon number = Number of protons + number of neutrons 4. A full symbol of an atom of an element: nucleon - number proton chemical symbol number of element Molecules 1. Amolecule is a substance which contains two or more atoms chemically joined together. 2. Amolecule of an element is a substance which contains two or more atoms of the same type. Examples of molecules of elements: & CO} & hydrogen gas oxygen gas phosporus Hy o Pp, ©GLM Pte Lid 7 0 VTS he Mae Unit 9 Atoms, Molecules and lons a3. Amolecule of a compound is a substance which contains two or more atoms of different types. Examples of molecules of compounds: hydrogen chloride water methane HCI HO cH, tons 1. _lons are atoms which have electrical charges. 2. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion. X > X* + 2e 3. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion. Y+3e> Y* 4, The value of charges depends on the number of electrons loss/gained. LATS O UWS MS Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions 1 Which statement is correct about the mass number of an atom? A__ Itis the total number of protons and electrons in an atom B tis the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. C __ Itis the total number of electrons and neutrons in an atom. D itis the total number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom. 2 Anion of an element has an atomic number of 16. It contains 18 electrons. Which statement is correct about the atom of this element? A The atom of this element has 18 protons. B_ The atom has lost two protons to become a positively charged ion. C The atom of the element has 16 electrons. D_ The atom has a mass number of 34. 3 Study the symbol of an element shown below. uNa Which of the following is not correct about this symbol? A The chemical name of the element is sodium. B__Ithas 23 electrons orbiting around the nucleus of the atom. C It has 12 neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. D_ The sum of the protons and electrons in the atom is 22. ©GiM Pelé4 Which statement is correct about an aluminium ion with a positive charge of 3? A The atom of the aluminium has lost electrons, B The atom of the aluminium has gained electrons. € The atom of the aluminium has lost protons. D The atom of the aluminium has gained protons. 5 Anunidentified element is discovered. The atoms of this unknown element contain 6 electrons less than that of a magnesium atom. If the atoms of the unknown element are electrically neutral, which of the following chemical names is correct for this element? A Carbon B_ Nitrogen © Oxygen D Argon Questions 6 and 7 refer to the following table. The table below shows the particles found in an atom of an element. Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons 20 20 18 6 — Whatis the nucleon number of the atom? A 20 B 40 c 38 D 58 7 Which statement is correct about this atom of the element? A The atom is not electrically neutral. B_ The atom has gained 3 protons to form a positive ion. The atom has an atomic number of 18. D The atom has lost 2 electrons to form a negative ion. 8 — Which of the following contains the least number of elements? A CH,COOH B Mgco, Cc KMno, D- NaBr 9 Which of the following is responsible for the change of an atom to an ion? A Proton B_ Neutron Cc Electron D Nucleus ©GLM Pre Lid fol TAN TSTE SAAD Unit 9 Atoms, Molecules and ons 310 Which of the following is correct about a compound with a chemical formula of CacO,? Total type of elements Total number of atoms A 2 5 B 5 3 c 3 3 D 3 5 11* Which of the following has the same number of electrons as O*? A Ca® BS c N dK 12 Which element contains 12 neutrons in the nucleus of its atoms? Element Proton number Nucleon number A 3 6 B 6 12 c z 14 D 12 24 13 Which statement about ions is not correct? A _ Ions can give colour to compounds. B The ions are formed through the gaining or losing of electrons. C Ions and atoms of an element have different nucleon number. D__ Ions are atoms which have electrical charges. 14 The diagram below shows the change of an atom to an ion. X+2e>? Which of the following is correct? A The ion formed has a formula of X?. It shows that atom X has lost 2 electrons, The nucleon number of atom X decreases by 2 when it becomes an ion. B c D_ The proton number remains unchanged when atom X becomes an ion. ©GLM Pe Lid15 Which element in the table below has 24 electrons in its atoms? oom > Proton number Nucleon number 12 24 21 45 24 52 26 56 16 An atom which is electrically neutral is shown below. electron ‘nucleus: Which statement is not correct about this atom? A B c D Ithas a proton number 13. The number of neutrons in the nucleus must be 13, It forms a positive ion when it loses 3 electrons. Ithas a nucleon number 27 if it has 14 neutrons. 17 Which statement is correct for all atoms of elements? A B c D Number of electrons = nucleon number — proton number Number of protons = nucleon number — number of electrons Number of neutrons = number of electrons + nucleon number Number of protons = Nucleon number — number of neutrons 18* Which of the following atoms does not contain any neutrons? 1 aed a GH 2He 12 40 c D 6c ieAr ©GLM Pe Lid 8. (ote SPE. a ae Unit 9 Atoms, Molecules and lons 219 > Four atoms, P, Q, R and S are given below. [key:@ represents electrons] P Q R Ss Which pair of atoms has the same atomic number but different mass number? A PandQ B Qands Cc QandR D PandR 20» Study two atoms of an element as shown below. 12 14 6X oY Which statement is always correct for these two atoms? A They are the same element with different number of neutrons. B_ They are the same element with different number of protons. C They are the same element with different number of electrons. D_ They are different elements with the same number of protons. Section B: Short Answer Questions 1 Anatom of an element has the following symbol. 85 vZ (a) State the atomic number for this atom. (b) State the mass number for this atom. (c)__ Using your results in (a) and (b), determine the following in an atom of this element. (i) Number of protons (ii) Number of electrons (iii), Number of neutrons 32 oi Pelt2 (a) How do chemists assign the chemical name to an unknown element? (e) Using the Periodic Table, identify the chemical name of Z. ‘Two atoms are shown below. atom A atom B 37 35 Cl | ,Cl (a) Whatis the number of neutrons in () AtomA Atom B (b) State one similarity between chlorine atoms A and B. (c) State one difference between chlorine atoms A and B. (a) Explain why both atoms have the same chemical name. ‘The diagrams below show a few substances | to V. G «© BO o& (a) Which substances are (i) elements, compounds? (b) (i) Describe the similarity between substances Il and IV. Explain why substance II is a molecule but substance IV is not a molecule. ©GLM Pre Lid ota TESA a ae Unit 9 Atoms, Molecules and fons 84 5 (a) Draw the diagrams of the atoms to represent the following chemical formulas. [Use @asC, @asH, OasO] @ co Gi) H,0 ii) °, (b) Write the chemical formulas for the following diagrams. » @ in VP i @ (i) (iii) The diagram below shows a compound made from atoms Y and Z. The proton numbers of Y and Z are 11 and 17 respectively. Y z (2) () _ Using the Periodic Table, identify the chemical name for atoms Y and Z. . rt (ii) Hence, write the chemical formula for this compound. (b) What is the number of electrons in an atom of Y? (©) When Z becomes an ion, it has a charge of -1. (d) (i) Explain why an ion is said to be an atom which is not electrically neutral. (ii) Describe how an atom Z forms an ion with a charge of -1. ©GLM Pre Lid6 — Study the table shown below, Atom/ion Electrons Protons Mass number P 12 12 24 Q 10 8 16 R 18 16 32 s 10 10 20 i 10 13 27 (2) (Which two atoms are neutral? (ii) Explain your answer. (b) State the number of neutrons in @ R @y s (c)_ Name a positive ion from the table above. Explain how you derive your answer. (d) The numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom are always equal. Is the statement correct? Explain your answer by using the information provided in the table above, 7 _ The ion of element Q contains eleven protons, twelve neutrons and ten electrons. (a) Which particles in this ion carry (i) apositive charge (ii) neutral (b) What is the mass number of the ion? (©) (i) Use the Periodic Table to identify element Q. (ii) Hence, write the chemical symbol for this ion including its charge. ©GLM Pte Lid CHEMISTRY [TQGEZIS UC OCSUICLs &8* The diagram below shows the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom which is electrically neutral. It loses 3 electrons to form X. lose electron (0) 3 electrons nucleus atom x (a) Whatis the proton number of this atom? (b) (i) _ Using the Periodic Table, identify the chemical name of this atom. Hence, complete the following table. Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons (c) The atom loses 3 electrons to form X. What could X be? () Fill in the blank to represent the change of the atom to X. Kec 9 Without using the Periodic Table, complete the following table. Element Mee er protons ae electrons Ga 31 70 cd 12 48 Ar 22 = Ag 47 61 Hg 201 121 ocimPte LidSection C: Free Response Questions 1 (a) (i) Whatis an atom? (ii) Describe the subatomic particles in an atom in terms of their charges and relative masses, (b) Explain the main difference, by giving appropriate examples of each, between ()anatom and a molecule (i) an element and a compound (©) (i) Whatis proton number? (ii) Explain the importance of proton number in an atom: (ili) An unknown element is discovered in a planet. Its atoms contain 78 electrons and 125 neutrons. The atoms are electrically neutral. Using the Periodic Table, explain how you deduce the chemical name of this unknown element. Cote TST Eid Mae Unit 9 Atoms, Molecules and fons ©GLM Pe Lid 8 g2* (a) The diagram below shows a simplified structure of an atom. nucleus () Acarries a charge but B is neutral. Name the particles A and B. (ii) State the proton number and mass number of the atom. (iii) Region X contains electrons surrounding the nucleus. If the atom is electrically neutral, what is the maximum number of electrons which can be found in the region? Explain your answer. (b) Study the diagram below. keys ® proton © neutron * electron (i) The diagram shows a negative ion. Explain why. (ii) Using the Periodic Table, ‘Suggest the chemical symbol for the atom and its ion. Hence, express how the atom changes into its ion in an equation. ©GLMPteLid |