Rizal’s Life, Works and Writing
Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings
What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?
- House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438.
- It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established
on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto.
- It requires the curricula of private and public
schools, colleges and universities courses to
include, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
- It was made effective on August 16, 1956.
As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law;
“Whereas, today more than other period f or
history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the
ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our
heroes lived and died.”
“Whereas, all educational institutions are under the
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the
State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and
to teach the duties of citizenship.”
- The law requires all schools, colleges, universities ,
private or public to include in their curricula courses
on the life and works of Rizal. It also states that all
schools are required to have an adequate number
of copies of the copies of the original and
unexpurgated editions of El Filibusterismo and Noli
Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies
of Rizal.
- The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame
of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino,
particularly the youth. We are forgetting what our
patriots have done and given to fight for our
freedom.
Factors in Determining of a Person
 Just
 Patient
 Courageous
 Bearer of Wisdom
 m Respectful
 Nationalist
 Central de Madrid.
Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero
 Filipino citizen
 Patriot/nationalist
 Has already been dead
 Patient
Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Emilio Jacinto
 GGraciano Lopez-Jaena
 Antonio Luna
Issues about the Proclamation of Dr.Jose Rizal as
National Hero
1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler
2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero
because of his cowardice to fight the colonizers
through revolution.
3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero.‖.
 First Philippine Commission was formed
by the United States President headed by
the American Governor-General William
Howard c. Taft.
 Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our
national hero was only their strategy to
hinder our nationalistic feelings.

Philippines: Spanish Period
 Emergence of political unrest in Spanish
Politics
1. It started during the reign of King
Ferdinand VII
2. Spanish political instability resulted
to frequent shifts of colonial policies
and unfixed terms of government
officials in the Philippines.
 Representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Deprivation of Human Rights to the
Filipino
 Corrupt Spanish Official
 Inequality
 Racial Discrimination Land ownership
and Feudalism
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
 Doctor – complete his medical course in
Spain and was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
 Jose – chosen by his mother who was a
devotee of the Christian St. Joseph.
 Protacio – form Gervacio P which come
from a Christian calendar, in consideration
of the day of his birth.
  Rizal – from the word ―Riciall‖ in Spanish
means a field where a wheat, cut while still
green, sprouts again.
 Mercado – adopted by Domingo Lamco
which Spanish term means market.
 Alonzo – old name surname of his mother.
 Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora
from the surname of her godmother based
on the culture by that time.
 - The real surname of the Rizal was
Mercado, which was adopted in 1713 by
Domingo Lamco (paternal great-great
grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full
blooded Chinese.
 - Rizal‘s family acquired a second surname
– Rizal – which was given by a Spanish
Alcalde Mayor (provincial governor) of
Laguna, who was a family friend.

-He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June

19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna.

- He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the

Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three
days after birth.

- His Godfather named Father Perdro Casanas, a

close friend of Rizal family.

- Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor

general of the Philippines when Rizal was born.

Rizal’s Father

Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

 - Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. -

Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College
of San Jose in Manila.
 - Became a tenant-farmer of the
Dominican-owned hacienda.
 - A hardly and independent-minded man,
who talked less and worked more, and was
strong in body and valiant in spirit.
 - Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age
of 80.
 - Rizal affectionately called him ―a model
father‖.
The Siblings of Jose Rizal (BSE II)
Rizal’s Mother
Saturnina (1850-1913)
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
 Oldest of the Rizal children
 - Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.  Nicknamed Neneng
 - Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a  Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan,
well known college for girls in the city. Batangas.
 - A remarkable woman, possessing refined
culture, literary talent, business ability, Paciano
and the fortitude of Spartan.
 Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.
 - Is a woman of more than ordinary culture;
 He was the second father to Rizal.
she known literature and speaks Spanish
 Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli
(according to Rizal).
Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopong Tasio.
 - Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age
 Rizal regarded him as the ―most noble of
of 85.
Filipinos‖.
Information about his parents  He became a combat general in the
Philippine Revolution.
 - Rizal always called her sisters Doña or
 Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor at
Señora (married) and Señorita (single).
age of 79, he had two children by his
 - Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a
Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after girl.
which they settled down in Calamba.
Narcisa (1852-1939)
  Petname Sisa
 She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew
of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher
of Morong.
Olympia (1855-1887)
 Petname Ypia
 She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator in Manila.
 his happy days in the family garden when
Lucia (1857-1979)
 she was married to Mariano Herbosa of
Calamba, who was a nephew of Father
Casanas.
Maria (1859-1945)
 Biang was her petname
 She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.
Concepcion (1862-1865)
 Concha was her pet-name
 She died at age of three because of
sickness.
 Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life.
Josefa (1865-1945)
 Panggoy was her pet-name
 An old maid, died at age of 80.
Trinidad (1868-1951)
 Trining was her pet-name
 An old maid, died at age of 83.
Soledad (1870-1929)
 Choleng was her pet-name
 She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of
Calamba.
Rizal’s Home (Physical)
 It is one of the distinguished stone houses
in Calamba during the Spanish times.
 It was a two-storey building, rectangular in
shape, built of adobe stones and hard-
woods and roofed with red tiles.
 During the day, it hummed with the noises
of children at play and the songs of the
birds in the garden; by night, it echoed with
the dulcet notes of family prayers.
 The Rizal family belonged to the principalia,
town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
 The Rizal family had a simple, contented
and happy life
Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna
 Calamba was a hacienda town which
belonged to Dominican Order, which also
owned all the lands around.
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My
Town) – a poem about Rizal‘s beloved town
written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15
years old and was student in the Ateneo de
Manila.
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was
he was three.
 Another childhood memory was the daily
Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related,
his mother gathered all the children at the
house to pray the Angelus.
 Another memory of Rizal during infancy was
the nocturnal walk in the town, especially
when there was a moon.
 The death of Concha was his first sorrow.
 At age of three he began to take part in the
family prayers.
 At 5, he was able to read haltingly the
Spanish family bible, and make sketches
with this pencil and to mould in clay and
wax on objects which attracted his fancy.
 “The Story of the Moth” – made the
profoundest impression of Rizal.
 “Sa Aking Mga Kababata”- the first poem
written in the native language at age of 8,
he also wrote his first dramatic work
(Tagalog comedy).
Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood
1. Hereditary influence
2. Environmental influence
3. Aid of the Divine Providence
Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of
Rizal.
Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical
exercises.
Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of
good books.
Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty.
Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother,
who was remarkable woman of good
character and fine culture.
 Maestro Celestino – first private tutor.
 Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor.
 Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his
father, that instructed in Spanish and Latin.
He died five months later.
  June 1869 - Rizal left Calamba to study in
Biñan, accompanied by Paciano.
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s
first teacher in Biñan.
 Pedro – his classmate that challenged him
to fight.
 Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an
wrestling match. Bee2a
 intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal
 Juancho – an old painter who was the
father-in-law of the school teacher; freely
gaive Rizal lesson in drawing and painting.
 December 17, 1870 – he left Biñan after one
year and a half of schooling.
 Arturo Campos – a French friend of Rizal‘s
father who took care of him on board.
Martyrdom of GomBurZA
 January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino
soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal
under the leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid (he
was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of
the abolition of their usual privileges).
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto
Zamora – were executed at sunrise of
February 17, 1872, by the order of
Governor-General Izquierdo.
 The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872
truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of
Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed
people.
 Rizal dedicated his second novel El
Filibusterismo to GomBurZa.
Injustice to Rizal’s Mother
 June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly
arrested on a malicious charge that she and
her brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the
latter‘s perfidious wife.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – Calamba‘s
gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña
Teodora.
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic
Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from
Calamba to Santa Cruz, Laguna (50km.).
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the
provincial prison, where she languished for
two years.
 Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan
– the most famous lawyers of Manila that
defend Doña Teodora.
Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila
 Ateneo Municipal, a college under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
 Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly
name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in
Manila which was established by the city
government 1817.
 June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by
Paciano on his way to Manila.
 Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college
registrar, who refused to admit Rizal in
Ateneo for two reasons: a) he was late for
registration b) he was sickly and undersized
for his age.
 Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his
was reluctantly admitted to Ateneo.
 He registered Rizal as his surname since
Mercado was suspected by the Spanish
authorities.
 Rizal was first board in a house outside in
Caraballo Street. This was owned by a
spinster named Titay who owed the family
the amount of 300 pesos.
Jesuits System of Education
 It trained the character of the students by
rigid discipline and religious instructions.
 Students were divided into two groups:
o Roman Empire – consisting of
internos (boarders); red banner.
o Carthaginian Empire – composed
of the externos (non-boarders);
blue banner.
Intelligence distribution:
o Emperor – 1st
o Tribune – 2nd - Decurion
o 3rd - Centurion – 4th
o Stand – 5th
The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of
―hemp-fabric trousers‖ and ―striped cotton coat‖.
The coat material was called ravadillo.
First Year in Ateneo (1872-18973)
 Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in
Ateneo who he described as ―tall thin man,
with a body slightly bend forward, a harried
walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired,
smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that
was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an
arc whose fell toward the chin‖.
 A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for
being brightest pupil in the whole class.
 To improve his Spanish, he took private
lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon
recesses. He paid three pesos for those
extra Spanish lessons.
 At the end of the school year in March,
1873, he returned to Calamba for summer
vacation.
 When the summer vacation ended, Rizal
returned to Manila for his second year term
 in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside
Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His
landlady was an old widow name Doña
Pepay.abe,bee 2
 later became the secretary.
 
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
 At the end of the school year, Rizal received
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold
medal.
 The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander
Dumas) – the first favourite novel of Rizal
which made a deep impression on him.
 Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal
persuaded his father to buy him this set of
historical work that was a great aid in his
studies.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-
traveller who visited the Philippines 1859-
1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines.
He was impressed in this book because; 1)
Jagor’s keen observation of the defects of
Spanish colonization, and, 2) his prophecy
that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines and that America would come to
succeed her as colonizer.
Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874-1876)
 Rizal's grades remained excellent in all
subjects but he won only one medal – Latin.
 At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s
returned to Calamba for the vacation. He
himself was not impressed by his scholastic
work.
 June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of
the Ateneo.
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great
educator and scholar, one of Rizal‘s
professors who inspired him to study harder
and to write poetry. Rizal described this
Jesuit professor as ―model of uprightness,
earnestness, and love for the advancement
of his pupils‖.
 Rizal ‘s topped all his classmates ain all
subjects and on five medals at the end of
the school term.
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
 Rizal‘s studies continued to fairre well. As a
matter-of-fact, the excelled in all subjects.
The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he
was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
 March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day,
Rizal who was 15 years old, received from
his Alma Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of
Arts, with highest honour.
 Marian Congeragtion – a religious society
wherein Rizal was an active member and
Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the
guidance of Father Sanchez.
 Father Jose Villaclara – advised Rizal to stop
communicating with the muse and pay
more attention to more practical studies.
 Rizal studies painting under the famous
Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture
under Romualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino
sculptor.
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on
a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
 Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal‘s
sculptural talent, requested him to carve for
him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Poems in Ateneo
 It was Doña Teodora who was first
discovered the poetic genius of her son, and
it also she who first encourage him to write
poems. However, it was Father Sanchez
who inspired Rizal to take full of his God-
given gift in poetry.
 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First
Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal probably wrote
during days in Ateneo which was dedicated
to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote
he was 14 years old.
1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
1. Felicitacion
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de
Magallanes 3. Y Es Español:Elcano el
Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief
ode.
1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories
of war)
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of
My Town) – honour for his hometown
Calamba.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena
Education (Intimate Alliance Between
Religion and Good Education) – shows the
importance of religion and education.
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
(Through Education the Country Receives
Light) – education plays in the progress and
welfare of a nation.
 4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de
Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and
the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the
Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and
capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of
Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices
en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the
Catholic Monarchs into Granada) –
victorious entry of King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada.
6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The
Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace.
1877
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of
Columbus) – poem praises Columbus. 2.
Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) –
relates how King John II of Spain missed
fame and riches by his failure to finance the
projected expedition of Columbus to the
New World.
3. Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha
(Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a
legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los
Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the
Students) – farewell to his classmates in
Ateneo.
5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) –
another religious poem which doesn‘t have
exact date when it was written.
Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
 After finishing the first year of a course in
Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He
transferred to the medical course.
 April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking
Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his
father like it, 2) he was “still uncertain as to
what career to pursue”.
 Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo,
who had been good to him his students
days in that college, asking for advice on the
choice of a career but unfortunately he was
in Mindanao.
 During Rizal‘s first school term in the UST,
Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the
vocational course leading to the title of
perito agrimensor (expect surveyor).
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying
course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography. He passed all
the subject but the title was not issued to
him because he was only 17 years old,
underage. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881- the title was issued to
Rizal for passing the final examination in the
surveying course.
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay
Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men
and artists held a literary contest in the year
1879. He also served as the President of the
Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
 While at UST, he fell in love with three
women. During his first year, he fell in love
with a woman simply called “Miss L”, a
woman with a fair, seductive and attractive
eyes. The romance died
 ead a natural death because of two reasons:
(1) the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak
was still fresh to in his memory a and, (2)
Rizal‘s father did not like the family of Miss
L.
 During his sophomore year, he courted
Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal
bearing. Rizal sent her love notes in invisible
ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped
visiting her.
 During his junior year, Rizal had romance
with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac.
Leonor was a pretty girl and a students of La
Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and Leonor
were engaged, he used the sign name
“Taimis” to cover their relationship from
their parents.
 Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his
grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3
very good, 8 good, and 2 fair (physics and
general pathology). His grades in UST
College of Medicine were not as impressive
as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and
Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican
professors. Accordingly, laboratory
equipment's are just for display and racial
discrimination against the Filipino students.
 A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at
18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem
of flawless form. This poem won as a classic
Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was
a great poem in Spanish written by the
Filipino, whose merit was recognized by
Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for
the first time the nationalistic concept that
the Filipino, and not the foreigners, were
the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board
of Judges, composed of Spaniards was
impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it gave
it the first prize which consisted of a silver
pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a
gold ribbon.
 A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for
the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this
 sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify
the Philippines.
 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring
the Ateneo Patroness.
 Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to
Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who
had been so kind and helpful to him.
 Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala
who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado
home, whom Rizal was infatuated. ABM
 Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal
founded a secret society of Filipino students
in UST 1880.
 Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from
Batangas who is the secretary of the
society.
Unhappy Days in UST
 Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST
suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was
unhappy at this Dominican institution of
higher learning because 1) the Dominican
professors were hostile to him 2) the
Filipino students were racially discriminated
by the Spaniards 3) the method of
instruction was obsolete and repressive.
 In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he
described how the Filipino students were
humiliated and insulted by their Dominican
professors and how backward the method
of instruction was, especially in the teaching
of the natural sciences. He related in
Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics).
Rizal’s Departure for Spain (1882)
 After finishing his 4th year of medical
course in UST, Rizal decided to complete his
studies in Spain.
 Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his
―secret mission‖ a). To observe keenly the
life and culture ,languages and customs,
industries and commerce, and the
government laws of the European nations in
order to prepare himself in the mighty task
of liberating his oppressed people from
Spanish tyranny.
 Before the secret departure of Rizal, he
wrote a farewell letter to his parents and
sweetheart Leonor Rivera which was
delivered to them – after he sailed away.
 May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer
(Salvadora), Rizal departed for Spain using
Jose Mercado, on his travel documents. His
main reason in leaving the Philippines was
to transfer at the Universidad Central De
Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine
course.
 May 8, 1882 – they have two-day stopover
in Singapore. He reached the island
considered by him as “Talim Isand with the
Susong Dalaga”. The following day, May 9,
Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent
two-day sightseeing sorties of the city. He
saw the Botanical Garden, the Famous
Buddhist Temple and the founder of
Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
 May 11, 1882 – he was board on the
steamer Djemnah, a French steamer, much
larger and cleaner than the Salvadora. On
board the vessel were British, French,
Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and
Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the
board.
 May 17,1882 – he arrived at the Point Galle,
a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The
town is lovely, quiet and sad at the
sometime according to him.
 May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at
Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart,
elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and
Manila.
 May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its
voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until
he reached the Cape of Guardafin, Africa.
Rizal called it as inhospitable land but
famous. Then, he reached Aden, according
to him it was a city hotter than in Manila –
for the first time he saw camels.
 June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal.
It took 5 days to travel Suez. He
disembarked for sightseeing and he was
fascinated to hear a the multiracial
inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues –
Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and
Spanish.
 June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to
Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal
was fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius, the
Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of
the city. The city was busy because of its
business activity, lively people and
panoramic beauty.
 June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the
French harbour of Marseilles. Rizal
disembarked to visit the famous Chateau
d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of
Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at
Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel
Noailles for 3 days.
 June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles
by on its last trip Spain. The steamer
reached Pyrenees and stopped for a day at
Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the
indifference accorded to tourists in
comparison to the courtesy accorded by the
French immigration officers.
  June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal
continued his trip for the last lap by train for
Spain and finally reaching his destination –
Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de
España and in Sitges Street with Tomas
Cabangis and boarded a house in San
Severo Street. He visited Ronda de la
Universidad of Barcelona – ugly, dirty little
inns, inhospitable people – because he
happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy
inn. Later, he changed his mind and came to
like the city – as a great city with an
atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and
the people were openhearted, hospitable
and courageous. He enjoyed promenading
along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona
Street.
Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)
Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos by the
in Barcelona, some of whom were his
classmates in Ateneo. They gave him a party
at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina.
They exchanged toast and they Rizal of the
attractions and customs of the people in
Barcelona. Rizal, in turn, gave news and
gossips in the Philippines. While in
Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1.
the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila
and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter
of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of
Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due
to the absence of a loved one.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
 On November 3, 1882 – upon the advice of
Paciano to Rizal to finish the medical course
in Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of
1882 and went to Madrid.
 He enrolled in the Universidad Central de
Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters.
 In Madrid, he lodged at Visitacion Street,
No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883. - On
October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro
Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la
Vega Street.
 He also studied painting and sculpture in
the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando,
took tutoring lessons in French, German
and English and practiced fencing and
sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y
Carbonell.
 Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his
money wisely. Although he used to buy
ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery,
he never wasted his money for gambling,
wine and women. Rizal spent his leisure
time by reading books, fencing, and
shooting.
 He also visited his Filipino friends at the
house of Paterno brothers. He also
fraternized with other students at the
Antigua Café d Cervantes. Every Saturday
evenings he visited the home of Don Pablo
Ortega y Rey.
 During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid,
hard times occurred in Calamba such as
harvest of rice and sugarcane failed due to
drought and locust, increasing of land
leased to the hacienda cultivated by the
Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal’s
pony to send him money.
 June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the
Licentiate in Medicine with a rating of “Fair”
by the Universidad Central de Madrid after
completing 5th and 6th year term. Legal
Medicine (excellent)  Obstetrical Clinic
(fair)  Other subjects (good and very good)
 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects
leading to the degree of Doctor of
Medicine. In his three subjects he got
―fair‖ in History of Medical Science,
―good‖ in Surgical Analysis and
―excellent‖ in Normal Histology. However,
he wasdidn‘t conferred wit Doctor of
Medicine because of the failure to present a
thesis required for graduation and pay for
the corresponding fee.
 Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine, he became a full-fledged
physician and qualified to practice
medicine. He was not interested in taking
the post-degree of Degree of Medicine
because such a degree is good only for
teaching purposes, and he knew that no
friar-owned university in the Philippines
would accept him for a position because of
his brown complexion.
 June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With
empty stomach, he attended his classes at
the University, participated in the contest in
Greek language and won the gold medal.
 November 20, 1884 – student
demonstrations started to explode at the
Universidad Central de Madrid due to the
expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history).
Dr. Morayta was also excommunicated by
the Catholic church because of his liberal
idealism. All the professor fought for his
side was forced to resign from the
university.
 June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal
received his degree on Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters (sobresaliente). He
was also qualified to be a professor of
humanities in any Spanish University.
  June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in
an banquet to celebrate the double victory
of two artists; Juan Luna (Spolarium) for
winning the 1st prize, and Felix Hidalgo
(Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el
Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. He (BSA
ENG II)saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their
artistic achievements.
 October 1885 – Rizal decided to went to
Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his
way to Paris. He visited his friend Maximo
Viola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor
Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio
Corominas, editor of the newspaper La
Publisidad.
Life in Paris, France(1885-1886)
 November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris
and lived their there for 4 mos., where
he worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de
Wecket (a leading French
ophthalmologist). He rapidly improved
his knowledge of ophthalmology.
Outside of his working hours, he
relaxed by visiting his friends. He also
went to Luna‘s studio. He helped Luna
by posing as a model in several
artworks. Rizal posed as Egyptian priest
in Luna‘s canvass ―The Death of
Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna in ―The Blood
Compact‖.
 After 4 months of staying in Paris, he
left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany.
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
 He lived for a short time in with a German
law students in a boarding house but later
on, he transferred to a boarding house near
the University of Heidelberg. He became a
member of the Chess Player‘s Club. He
became a popular friend to the German so
that the German students joined him in
beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games.
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital
under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He
also attended the lectures of Dr. Becker and
Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university.
During weekends, he had sights seeing at
the scenic spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg
Castle, romantic Neckar River, and old
church).
 He also spent a 3-month summer vacation
at Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good
friend of Dr. Karl Ullmer (Protestant pastor).
On June 25, 1886, he left Wilhelmsfeld, and
returned to Heidelberg carrying with him
the memories of the Ullmer friendship and
hospitality.
 July 3, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in
Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt
(Austrian ethnologist)- he became the best
friend of Rizal.
 August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration
of Heidelberg.
 August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and
boarded a train, visited other cities of
Germany and arrived at Leipzig.
Tour in Germany (1886)
 August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He
attended some lectures at the University of
Leipzig in history and psychology. He met
Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr.
Hans Meyer anthropologist.
 He translated Scheller’s “William Tell” and
Hans Christian Anderson “Fairy Tale” in
Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the cheapest
in Europe and so he stayed for two and half
months.
 October 29, 1886 – he arrived at s Dresden,
Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer,
Director of the Anthropological and
Ethnological Museum. He stayed for
two days in this city.
Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
 November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by
train and reached Berlin in the evening.
Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,
a German scientist. He also met famous
personalities Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf
Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and Dr. Ernest
Schweigger.
 He also worked in the clinic of Dr.
Schweigger and upon the recommendation
of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he became a
member of the Anthropological Society,
Ethnological Society and Geographical
Society.
 He was impressed with Berlin because of its
scientific atmosphere and absence of racial
race. He lived in Berlin in a frugal life. At
night he attended the lecture in the
University of Berlin.
 He took private lessons under French
professor Madame Lucie Cerdale. He
observed keenly the customs, dresses,
homes and occupations of the peasants. He
made sketches of the things he saw.
 During the winter, he lived in poverty
because he was flat broke. Because was
unable to pay his landlord and because he
didn‘t had a money arrived from Calamba,
he pawned the diamond ring that was given
to him by his sister Saturnina. He had to eat
only one meal a day, and a daily meal
consisted of bread and water or cheap
 vegetable soup. He washed his clothes
because he could not afford to pay the
laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the
necessary funds, Rizal‘s health broke down.
He began to cough and feared that he was
going to be sick with tuberculosis.
 After several months, Rizal received
Paciano‘s remittance of P1000, which was
forwarded by Juan Luna form Paris. Rizal
paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted
to Rizal for the printing of Noli Me Tangere.
 He went to Berlin for the following reasons:
1.To increase his knowledge in
ophthalmology 2.To broaden his studies of
sciences and languages 3.To observe
political and economic conditions of
Germany 4.To associate with famous
German scientist and scholars 5.To publish
his novel.
Grand Tour in Europe
 May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for
Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer.
While strolling at the scene of the Floral
Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and
suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
 May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached
Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm
hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
 They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos
Czepelah and another eminent naturalist
Robert Klutschak.
 May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train
on their way to the city of Prague. They
carried recommendation letters of Prof.
The Women in Rizal’s Life
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of
Natural History in the University of Prague.
 May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of
Brunn.
 May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of
Vienna, Austria. They visited famous
interesting scenic places like churches,
museums, art galleries, theatres, public
parks, beautiful buildings, and religious
images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe
(European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
 May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river
boat to see the beautiful sights of the
Danube river. The river voyage ended in
Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to
Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich,
they had a short time savouring the famous
Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
 From Munich, they went to Nuremberg
(oldest city in Germany), where they’reir
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls
which was the biggest industry in the city.
Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly
the city cathedral, they enjoyed they view
upon reaching the top, even though Viola
felt dizzy and trired.
 All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart,
Baden and Rheinfall.
 June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip
on a boat and reached Basel, Bern,
Laussenne, and they crossed to the lake of
Geneva.
 June 6, 1887- they reached Genevae,
Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received
sad news from his friends in Madrid about
the conditions of Igorots, who were
exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
some of the natives died.
 June 19, 1887 – it was his 26th birthday, he
treated Viola to a blowout with a
sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to
Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
 June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways.
They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola
returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
his tour to Italy.
 June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and
visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and
visited famous architectural buildings.
 June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City.
He has sightseeing and was impressed by
the magnificent edifice like St. Peter‘s
Church, the rare works of the art, the vast
St. Peter‘s Square, and the colourful Papal
Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
decided to return to the Philippines.
 Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use
to catch butterfly.
 Segunda Katigbak – “teenage crush” - She
was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from
Lipa City. She also known as “Paisana” but
Rizal referred to her in his diary as “K”. She
was described by Rizal as gay, talkative,
witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and
beguiling. At 16, Rizal fell in love with his
―first romance‖. Segunda was boarding
student at the Colegio de la Concordia
where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera
also studied. He found out later that
Segunda was engaged to be married to her
town-mate, Manuel Luz.
 Margarita Almeda Gomez – “Miss L” - A
young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young
lady was believed to be Leonor Valenzuela
but she was not. She was described by Rizal
as with fair complexion, seductive and with
attractive eyes. Their romance died a
natural death for two reasons: 1) Rizal’s
 memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
heart, and 2) Rizal’s father objected their
love affair.
 Leonor Valenzuela – “Orang”- The daughter
of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
Valenzuela of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a
tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her
love notes written in invisible ink, that could
only be deciphered over the warmth of the
lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of
his departure to Spain and bade her last
goodbye.
 Vicenta Ybardoza – ―pretty colegiala‖ - She
was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high
school at that time. Rizal get infatuated to
her when she played a harp. However,
nobody knew what happened later
between the two.
 Leonor Rivera – ―Taimis‖ - A lady form
Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio
Rivera (Rizal‘s uncle) and Silvestre Bauson.
Rizal courted her, when she was 13-year old
and she got engaged to Rizal before the age
of 15. Their relationship was actually a “love
affair by correspondence” wherein Rizal
wrote several letters to Leonor while he was
in abroad. However, their relationship
ended when she married her mother choice
Charles Henry C. Kipping. Their love affair
last for 10 years.
 Consuelo Ortega y Rey – ―pretty
Manileña‖ - She was a daughter of Don
Pablo Ortega y Rey (a former civil governor
of Manila, under the administration of
Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her
A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of
his best poems. He probably fell in love with
her and Consuelo apparently asked him for
romantic verses. He suddenly backed out
before the relationship turned into a serious
romance, because he wanted to remain
loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want
to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de
Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.
 Seiko Usui – ―O-Sei-San‖ - A Japanese
samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal the
Japanese art of painting known as su-mie.
Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was
23. She helped Rizal improve his knowledge
of Japanese language. They spent a happy
months together visiting old temples and
art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a
patriotic mission, he would have married
this lovely and intelligent woman and lived
a stable and happy life with her in Japan
because Spanish legation there offered him
a lucrative job.
 Gertrude Beckett – ―Gettie‖ - An English
girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink
cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he
boarded in the house of the Beckett family.
During rainy days when Rizal stayed at
home, Gettie helped him mixed his colours
for paintings or assisted in preparing the
clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized
that their friendship was drifting to a
serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889
leaving Gertrude behind. He could not
return the English girl‘s affection and marry
her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera.
 Suzanne Jacoby – ―pretty girl in Brussels,
Belgium‖ - She was a pretty niece of Rizal‘s
landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in love
with him, she cried when Rizal left for
Madrid towards the ends of July, 1890. –
 Nellie Boustead – ―almost wife‖ - She was
a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met
when Rizal was a guest in the Boustead
family. She was described as gay-hearted,
sportsminded, highly intelligent, vivacious in
temperament and morally upright. Nelly
was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first,
loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had
previously loved and lost Nelly, encouraged
Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost
his beloved Leonor Rivera came to entertain
considerable affection for Nelly. - However,
their love affair didn‘t have a happy ending
because of two reasons: a) he refused to
give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s
mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
 Pastora Necesario – ―Totak‖ - She was a
weaver of cloth at Dapitan.as a sign of love,
Rizal gave her a statue of a woman and also
sent her letters of love and concern. When
Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she
married Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.
 Josephine Bracken – ―unhappy wife‖ - In
the last days of February 1895, while still in
Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite
Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair
and a happy disposition. She was the
adopted daughter of George Taufer from
Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek
Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically
attracted to her. His loneliness and
boredom must have taken the measure of
him and what could be a better diversion
that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters
suspected Josephine as an agent of the
friars and they considered her as a threat to
Rizal‘s security.
Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each
other, however, Fr. Obach , refused to
marry them without the permission of the
Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard
their projected marriage, he flared up
because he could not endure the thought of
losing Josephine. He even tried to commit
suicide by cutting off his throat but Rizal
 prevented him from killing himself. To avoid
further injury, Josephine went with his
uncle to Manila. - Eventually, Mr. Taufer
returned to Hongkong alone and Josephine
returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would
marry them, they lived happily as common
law husband and wife. Their extremely
happy marriage had begotten an 8-month
old premature baby boy who lived only for
3 hours. Their son was named ―Francisco‖
in honour of Don Francisco.
During the hours of Rizal on December 30,
1896, Josephine was accompanied by
Narcisa, arrived at Fort Santiago. At 5:00 am
on the same day, Rizal requested Fr.
Balaguer that they be married canonically.
Then Rizal gave his ―wife‖ – a wedding gift,
a religious book ―Imitacion de Cristo‖
which he autographed: “To my dear and
unhappy wife, Josephine December 30th,
1896”. Note: Rizal‘s canonical marriage to
Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and
questionable. Since, there was no proof that
they were married in court or in church.
Collaboration with other Heroes
ANTONIO LUNA
 He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo
(1881), afterwards he studied literature,
chemistry, and pharmacy at the UST. He
also obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de
Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad
Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.
 He collaborated with other Filipino
expatriates like Rizal in working for the
Propaganda Movement. Writing for La
Solidaridad, he once contributed the article
‗Impressions‘ which discussed Spanish
unique traditions and customs under the
penname ‗Taga-ilog‘. He also managed the
paper La Independencia.
 Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords
and military ability.
 Rizal challenged him for a duel for the
chance to court Nellie Boustead, eventually
Luna surrendered and Rizal formally
courted Boustead.
 He turned down the invitation of the
Katipunan, believing that reform was better
than revolution. But when the Spanish
authorities had known about the Katipunan
and its plans, the Luna brothers were
arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for
supposed involvement in the society. –
 He studied various aspects of military
science like guerrilla warfare, management,
and field fortifications. Eventually, he joined
Aguinaldo‘s cause in the Philippine-
American war. Assigned by Aguinaldo as
commander of the Philippine Revolutionary
Army, Luna founded the country‘s first
military academy, formed professional
guerrilla soldiers which was later known as
the ‗Luna sharpshooters,‘ and designed the
three-tier defense (Luna Defense Line)
which gave the opponents a hard campaign
in Central Luzon.
 He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino
captain Pedro Janolino and other elements
of the Kawit troop.
MARINO PONCE
 The overpowering feeling of patriotism
got the better of Ponce that he quit his
studies to join the Filipino Movement in
Spain. He cofounded the ‗La
Solidaridad,‘ served as secretary of the
Propaganda Movement, and became
head of the Literary Section of the
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. –
 he used various aliases like Naning
Kalipulako and ‗Tigbalang. Through his
writings, he disclosed the sad condition
of Filipinos under Spanish government,
attacked the rulers‘ abuses, and fought
for reforms and equality.
 In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce
to represent the newly founded First
Philippine Republic and commissioned
him to design a framework of the
revolutionary government. Assigned
later as a representative of the First
Republic to Japan, Ponce went to Japan
to seek aid.
 In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and
became a close friend of Sun Yat-Sen,
the founder and First President of the
Chinese Republic. Through Dr. Sun‘s
assistance, Ponce had procured
weapons for the Philippine revolution,
though the shipment failed to reach the
Philippines because of a typhoon off
the coast of Formosa.
 In 1917, he published his ‗Ang Wika at
Lahi,‘ a discussion on the significance of
a having a national language. He was
most likely influenced by Rizal‘s interest
in having a distinct Filipino language. In
Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he
informed Ponce, ―The new Tagalog
orthography (a system of spelling) that
we are using is perfectly in accord with
the ancient writing and with the
Sanskrit origin of many Tagalog words
as I have found out through my
research in the British Museum.
 He died in the Government Civil
Hospital in Hong Kong on May 23,
1918.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
 At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a
satire, ―Fray Botod (Big Bellied Friar)‖
which revealed the friars greed, immorality,
cruelty, and false piety. This incensed the
Spanish clergy and authorities but they
could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its
author. He got into deep trouble, however,
when he refused to testify that some
prisoners died of natural causes for he knew
that they had died at the hands of the
mayor of Pototan. When threats were made
on his life, he left for Spain in 1880. –
 He took medical courses at the University of
Valencia. His thirst for reforms nonetheless
took him away from medical studies into
writing for patriotic cause and establishing
the genesis of the Propaganda Movement
two years ahead of Rizal and nine years
before Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once
reproved Graciano for not finishing his
medical studies
 He became known as a great orator in
socio-political clubs and thus became a
member of the Progressive Republican
Party. Deputized by the party to go on
speaking engagements, Jaena became
popular for his fiery and eloquent speeches
espousing liberal ideas.
 With a round of drinks, he would artistically
craft very impressive patriotic articles.
 Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club
in Paris, France, through a mail, saying the
appreciation of them to him.
 He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39
(January 20, 1896).
JOSE ALEJANDRINO
 He came from a rich family which was
originally from Arayat, Pampanga. pursued
further studies in Spain and in Belgium
where he had outstanding academic
performance. Eventually, he finished his
degree in chemical engineering in July 1895.
 Alejandrino joined the Propaganda
Movement and served as an editorial staff
of La Solidaridad. He supported Rizal in the
Pilaristas Rizalistas rivalry
 Being Rizal‘s roommate in Belgium,
Alejandrino was the one who canvassed
printing press for El Fili. For his assistance,
Rizal gave him the El Fili‘s corrected proofs
and the pen used in doing the corrections.
Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were
either lost or destroyed during the
revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting
errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might have
been the first person to read the novel
aside from the author.
 Philippine Revolution- he served as an
engineer and general in the revolutionary
army under Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to
Hong Kong to procure guns, ammunitions,
and dynamites which would be used in the
Filipino revolutionary movement . –
 Filipino – American War – he led the
construction of trenches in areas like
Caloocan and Bulacan. He later served as
acting secretary of war, appointed as
Central Luzon‘s commanding general of the
military operations, and assigned as
Pampanga‘s military governor . –
 At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1,
1951, some 55 years after his former
roommate‘s martyrdom.
EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
 He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz,
Manila and he had to work hard to have an
education. To get further education in
Europe, he worked first as a cattle dealer,
tobacco merchant, teacher, and later a
contractor of public works. –
 Rizal counselled him to take engineering in
Belgium. Upon the suggestion proved
fruitful as Evangelista finished civil
engineering and architecture with highest
honours. Some European companies
offered him rewarding positions but he
turned them down for wanting to serve his
country instead. –
 He was asked to draft a constitution by the
Magdalo and Magdiwang—two rival
factions in the Katipunan on which he
remained neutral. His composed
constitution was accepted at the Imus
Assembly on December 31, 1896.
 He was described as either brave or just
relaxed and stoic. He would draw trenches
on the ground even while the Spanish
forces were firing bombs at them. When a
shell dropped near him one time, he did not
bother to wince or run away, instead he
simply brushed the dirt off his clothes and
proceeded drawing. –
 He nonetheless ―ran out of luck‖ when he
was soon killed during the Battle of Zapote
Bridge on February 17, 1897. His military
post was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the
hero who could have been listed as the
second Philippine President for taking over
the revolutionary government after
Aguinaldo‘s arrest in 1901.
CONNECTION TO ANDRES BONIFACIO
ANDRES BONIFACIO
 He joined Rizal‘s La Liga Filipina, being one
of the 20 attendees in the meeting
 administered by Rizal at the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo,
Manila on July 3, 1892. –
 He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892,
when Rizal was to be deported to Dapitan.
Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they
elected him as honorary president and the
Katipuneros used his name as one of their
passwords.
 Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of
letter ―c‖ for the name of the society,
Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling of
―k‖, as suggested by Rizal on his earlier La
Solidaridad article as a way of promoting
nationalism.\
 He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in
the society. the Katipunan created its organ,
Kalayaan (Freedom) in which Bonifacio
wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig
sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for One´s
Homeland) under the penname Agapito
Bagumbayan. –
 Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo
Masangkay had entered the pier where
Rizal‘s ship was docked. Jacinto personally
met with Rizal but the physician refused the
suggestion to escape and join Katipunan‘s
imminent uprising.
 He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi
Ultimo Adios entitled Pahimakas.
 He was first married to Monica who died of
leprosy; then in 1893 to Gregoria de Jesus
of Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one
son named Andres (Junior) who died of
smallpox at young age
LOVE HATE RELATIOSHIP TO DEL PILAR
COLLABORATION
 He fought against clerical abuses, like the
unfair collection of tax for the Church‘s
financial gain, and once worked for the
establishment of a school for Filipinos.
 He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano
Ponce saying that Rizal was impressed to his
work as Plaridel. One of his great work was
the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and
Teasing game) - a mock-prayer book and
satire on the friars‘ greediness, pretence,
and extravagance. –
 He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian
trouble in Calamba, when he was trying to
seek justice for his family.
RIVALRY
 Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar
became the owner of La Solidaridad and
had taken the place of Jaena as editorin-
chief. His political views was different to
Rizal. Jose Rizal and his close friends
objected to the periodical‘s editorial policy
which was occasionally contrary to his
political views.
 To solve the issue, the Filipino community in
Madrid, decided to have an election for the
Responsible – a leader. The faction divided
into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
 Jose Rizal won the election because of the
vote of Mariano Ponce, however, he
declined the position and decided to
abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid.
Rizal also stopped his contribution to La
Solidaridad.
 Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his
reasons for stopping to write for La
Solidaridad:
a) I need time to work on my book
b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also
c) I considered it very important to the
party that there be unity in the work –
 He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896
(46yo.) Del Pilar had seven children by his
wife Marciana, but only two of whom (Sofia
and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building
that houses the Polytechnic University of
the Philippines Graduate School was named
after Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
CONNECTION TO AGUINALDO
 Three days after the execution of Rizal, his
common-law wife immediately joined the
Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially hesitant
to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo nonetheless even provided
Josephine with lessons in shooting and
horseback riding. Bracken helped
Aguinaldo‘s group in taking care of the sick
and wounded.
 Two years after Rizal‘s martyrdom,
Aguinaldo as head of the Philippine
Revolutionary Government issued a decree
proclaiming December 30 of every year a
national day of mourning in honour of Jose
Rizal. –
 He died because of coronary thrombosis at
age 94.
Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes
1. To picture the past and the realities in the
Philippines
2. To reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos
and their country
 3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have
impoverished and brutalized the Filipino
people
4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people
NOLI ME TANGERE INTRODUCTION
 When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published
his first novel “Noli Me Tangere” in Belgium
in the year 1887 . It was the Book that gave
a spark in the Philippine Revolutions. It
talked about the Spaniard’s arrogance and
despicable use of religion to achieve their
own desires and rise to power. It mostly
talked about the life of Crisostomo Ibarra, a
member of the Insulares (Creoles) social
class, and a series of unfortunate events
that he encountered through the works of a
Franciscan friar, namely Padre Damaso
Verdolagas, and by the Spanish
conquistadors.
 Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used by
Jose Rizal as a title for his first novel, was
actually the words used by Jesus Christ to
Mary Magdalene when she saw him
resurrected from the dead. It roughly
translated as “Touch Me Not” in English.
These words were said because Jesus,
although risen in body and in spirit, was not
the same for as he was before. Being
glorified, waiting for the right time to
ascend to Heaven and such, he did not
allow himself yet to be known until the
Great Commission.
The Cover Symbols
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA
 It was popular belief that the silhouette
ofsilhouette of the woman in the cover of
Noli Me Tangere is the unfortunate Maria
Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra’s lover.
 "'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the
Spaniards cried to him; but he did not mind
them. He ran in the direction of the Capitan
Tiago's house. There he breathed a sigh of
relief. He saw through the transparent
gallery an adorable silhouette full of grace
and the lovely contours of Maria Clara and
that of her aunt bearing glasses and cups."
(366)
HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL/CONSTABULARY
HELMET
 An obvious take on the arrogance of those
in authority
A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET
 This symbolism at the lower part of the
cover is to be a representation for priests
using religion in a dirty way, specifically
Padre Damaso.
FLOGS
 another symbolism for cruelties. It is a
representation of Jesus Christ’s scourging
before his imminent crucifixion.
WHIP/CORD
 The cruelties present in the novel best
explains the symbol Rizal used in the cover.
BAMBOO STALKS
 One thing comes to mind when bamboo
stalks are talked about: Resilience.
A LENGTH OF CHAIN
 Rizal’s representation of slavery and
imprisonment
CROSS
 The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It was a
representation of suffering and death. It
also represent a grave. Magnifies the
discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese
Mestizos and Spaniards during this time
towards a proper burial.
BURNING TORCH
 A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells
everyone the beginning of the defense of
honors and the start
of proving themselves
worthy of victory.
Rage and passion are
most abundant in this
phase. Represents a
phrase that could
possibly mean
everything to every
single suffering
Filipinos: “The rise of the revolution is now
at hand.”
POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES
 They roughly represent faith, honor and
fidelity. P0melo blossoms are utilized as
loose potpourri or a mixture of dried flower
petals and spices used to scent the air. It is
commonly used in prayers and cleansing.
The laurel leaves, also known as bay leaves,
are used as crowns during the Ancient
Greek Olympics wherein the best of the
best are treated as heroes. Filipinos in this
 time wants to embody these three virtues
that Rizal represented as two plants.
SUNFLOWERS
 A unique behavior in sunflowers, known as
phototropism, is a motif that has appeared
in many ancient myths and is viewed as a
symbol of loyalty and constancy. The
sunflower's petals have been likened to
bright yellow rays of sunshine, which evoke
feelings of warmth and happiness. In
addition, the sunflower is often associated
with adoration and longevity. Rizal’s
observation towards the happiness of the
Filipinos are, in the Spanish times, are only
fulfilled through their giving in and bowing
down to the more powerful entity: Spain.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO COVER
Tagalog Translation:
Madaling
ipagpalagay na ang
isang rebelde
(pilibustero) ay lihim
na umaakit sa liga ng
mga panatiko ng mga
prayle at mga
paurong nang sa
gayon, wala man sa
loob na sumunod sa
mga panunulsol, ay
dapat nilang panigan
at paigtingin ang patakarang sumusunod lamang sa
iisang layunun; ang maipalaganap ang mga kaisipan
ng rebelyon sa kabuuang haba at lawak ng lupain, at
mahikayat ang bawat Pilipino sa paniniwalang
walang katubusan liban sa seperasyon mula sa inang
bayan.
Ferdinand Blumentritt
La Liga Flipina – July 3, 1892 BEEIIb
Objectives of the Liga
 To unite the whole archipelago into one
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;
 Mutual protection in every want and
necessity;
 Defense against all violence and injustice;
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture,
and commerce; and
 Study and application of reforms.
La Liga Filipina –The Split
At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in
particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters
in various districts of Manila. A few months later,
however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved
the society. The reformist leaders found out that
most of the popular councils which Bonifacio had
organized were no longer willing to send funds to
the Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio,
they had become convinced that peaceful agitation
for reforms was futile. Afraid that the more radical
rank and file members might capture the
organization and unwilling to involve themselves in
an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals
from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted
for dissolution. The Liga membership split into two
groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios which pledged to continue
supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led
by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and
secret society, the Katipunan, which Bonifacio had
organized on the very day Rizal was deported to
Dapitan.
First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-1887)
Secret Mission of Jose Rizal
Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the blessing
of his brother Paciano was to do the following:
Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and
customs, industries and commerce and governments
and laws of the European nations in order to prepare
himself for the task of liberating his people from
Spanish Tyranny
Rizal’s Departure for Spain
His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish
authorities knew nothing about his secret departure
except;
1. Paciano
2. Antonio Rivera
3. Saturnina(Neneng)
4. Lucia
5. Leonor Valenzuela and family
6. Pedro Paterno
7. Mateo Evangelista
Highlights:
When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado
 Due to the popularity of the surname and
perhaps the kind Jesuit priest who gave him
letters of recommendation for their Society
in Barcelona – he was claimed as a cousin
 May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the
steamer Salvadora, with 16 passengers
including him.
 May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached
Singapore (an English Colony), he stayed in
Singapore for two days spending his time
sightseeing the sorties of the city.
 May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah,
accordingly it is more larger and cleaner
than Salvadora. During the travel he was
able to learn French language and
observation, because the steamer’s
speaking language is French.
 May 17, 1882 – the steamer arrived at the
Point Galle, Ceylon. The town was quiet,
lovely and sad at the same time.
 May 18, 1882 – he had an stopover at
Colombo, Ceylon, which describe by him as
smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle
and Manila.
 May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah
continued its voyage and crossed the
Indian Ocean until he reached Cape of
Guardafin, Africa to Aden, Africa where he
was able to see camels for the first time.
 June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal.
It took 5days to travel in the said canal, then
they reached the Port Said.
 June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer
proceeded it travel to Europe and reached
the Naple City, Italy. The city was busy
because of its business activity, lively people
and panoramic beauty.
 June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the
French harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal
disembarked and visited the Chateau d’ef
where Dantes (The Count of Monte Cristo)
was in jailed. He stayed in Marseilles for 3
days.
 June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his
trip to Barcelona, Spain. He stayed in Hotel
de España. He visited Ronda de la
Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he had a
bad impressions to Barcelona – because he
happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But
later on, he realized the atmosphere of
freedom and liberalism around the place,
the people were open-hearted, hospitable
and courageous.
 Life in Barcelona:
1. He was welcomed by his former
classmates in Ateneo.
2. He was treated and guided by his friends
in European way.
3. He received the bad news about the
cholera outbreak in Manila.
4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness
who was getting thinner and thinner due to
the absence of her love-one.
 November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for
Madrid through the advise d of Paciano.
 Life In Madrid:
1. He enrolled in Universidad Central de
Madrid (Philosophy and Letters and
Medicine)
2. He lived frugally, budgeting hisd money
wisely.
3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every
draw in Madrid Lottery.
4. He spent his leisure time in reading
books.
5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega
y Rey.
6. He graduated his degree in Philosophy
and Letters and Medicine.
 Life in Paris, France:
o June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to
speak for the celebration for the
double victory for the two artists
namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium)
and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes
Christianas Expuestas El
Populacio), for winning the 1st and
2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition
for the Arts.\
o June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to
speak for the celebration for the
double victory for the two artist
namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium)
and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes
Christianas Expuestas El
Populacio), for winning the 1st and
2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition
for the Arts.
o He also became a model for the
artworks of Juan Luna (“The Death
of Cleopatra” and “The Blood
Compact”).
o After his stay in Paris, he left for
Heidelberg, Germany.
 Heidelberg, Germany
1. He worked in the University Eye Hospital
under the supervision of Dr. Otto Becker.
2. He also attended some lectures of Dr.
Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuehne.
3. He visited some scenic places in
Heidelberg, such as castles, rivers and old
churches.
 4. He was also befriended with Dr. Karl
Ullmer, during summer vacation where he
stayed in Wilhelmsfeld.
5. He wrote his first letter to Ferdinand
Blumentritt. - During the 5th centenary
celebration of Heidelberg, he decided to
leaveft and went to Leipzig, Germany via
train.
 Leipzig, Germany: August 14, 1886
o He attended the lectures at the
University of Leipzig in history and
psychology.
o He met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof.
Friedrich Ratzel.
o He translated Scheller’s William
Tell and Hans Christian
Andersons’s Fairy Tale.
 Dresden, Germany: October 29, 1886
o He met Dr. Adolf Meyer
o After two days of stay he left
Dresden and went to Berlin,
Germany in the evening of
November 1, 1886.
Berlin, Germany
 Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its
scientific atmosphere and the absence of
race prejudice.
 Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,
celebrated German scientist-traveler and
author of Travels in the Philippines, a book
which Rizal read and admired during his
student days in Manila
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by
Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist
 Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf
Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
 Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous
German ophthalmologist where Rizal
worked.
 Rizal became a member of the
Anthropological Society, the Ethnological
Society, and the Geographical Society of
Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr.
Jagor and Dr. Meyer.
Grand Tour in Europe
 May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for
Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer.
While strolling at the scene of the Floral
Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and
suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
 May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached
Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm
hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
 They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos
Czepelah and another eminent naturalist
Robert Klutschak
 May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train
on their way to the city of Prague. They
carried recommendation letters of Prof.
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of
Natural History in the University of Prague.
 May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of
Brunn.
 May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of
Vienna, Austria. They visited famous
interesting scenic places like churches,
museums, art galleries, theatres, public
parks, beautiful buildings, and religious
images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe
(European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
 May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river
boat to see the beautiful sights of the
Danube river. The river voyage ended in
Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to
Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich,
they had a short time savouring the famous
Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
 From Munich, they went to Nuremberg
(oldest city in Germany), were their
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls
which was the biggest industry in the city.
Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly
he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view
upon reaching the top, even though Viola
felt dizzy and trired.
 All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart,
Baden and Rheinfall.
 June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip
on a boat and reached Basel, Bern,
Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of
Geneva.
 June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve,
Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received
sad news from his friends in Madrid about
the conditions of Igorots, who were
exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
some of the natives died.
 June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he
treated Viola to a blow-out with a
sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to
Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
 June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways.
They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola
returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
his tour to Italy.
 June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and
visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and
visited famous architectural buildings.
 June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City.
He has sightseeing and was impressed by
 the magnificent edifice like St. Peter’s
Church, the rare works of the art, the vast
St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful Papal
Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
decided to return to the Philippines
Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)bseIIa
Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming
 As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to
the Philippines for the following reasons:
o Financial difficulties in Calamba
o Dissatisfaction with his studies in
Madrid
o Desire to prove that there is no
reason to fear going home.
o His belief that the Spanish regime
will not punish the innocent.
Decision to return home
 After five years of his memorable sojourn in
Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
 However, Rizal was warned by the following
not to return to the Philippines because his
Noli Me Tangere angered the friars:
o Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser
and only brother.
o Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in
law; husband of Olimpia.
o Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one
of Rizal’s closest friends.
 Rizal was determined to come back to the
Philippines for the following reasons:
o To operate his mother’s eyes
o To serve his people who had long
been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
o To find out for himself how the
Noli Me Tangere and his other
writings were affecting Filipinos
and Spaniards.
o To inquire why Leonor Rivera
remained silent.
Rizal arrives in Manila
 Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a
French port and boarded Djemnah, the
same steamer that brought him to Europe
five years ago.
 There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2
Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40
Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal)
 When the ship reached Aden, the weather
became rough and some of Rizal’s book got
wet.
 In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he
transferred to another steamer, Haiphong,
that brought him to Manila.
Happy Homecoming
 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors
spread that he was a
o German spy
o An agent of Otto Von Bismarck –
the liberator of Germany.
o A Protestant
o A Mason
o A soul halfway to damnation
 Paciano – did not leave him during the first
days after arrival to protect him from any
enemy assault.
 Don Francisco – did not permit him to go
out alone
In Calamba
 Rizal established a medical clinic.
 Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
 Rizal treated her eyes but could not
perform any surgical operation because her
cataracts were not yet ripe.
 He painted several beautiful landscapes in
Calamba.
 He translated German poems of Von
Wildernath in Tagalog
 Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name
because he came from Germany. – He
earned P900 in a few months and P5,000
before he left the Philippines
 Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the
young people
 He introduced European sports fencing and
shooting to discourage them from
cockfighting and gambling.
Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba
 Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in
Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go
because Leonor’s mother did not like him
for a son-inlaw.
 Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of
child birth
Storm over the Noli Me Tangere
 As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his
enemies plotted his doom.
 Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to
Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang
Palace.
o Somebody had whispered to his
ear that the Noli contains
subversive ideas.
o Rizal explained to him that he
merely exposed the truth, but did
not advocate subversive ideas.
o He was pleased by Rizal’s
explanation and curious about the
 book, he asked for a copy of the
novel.
o Rizal had no copy that time but
promised to send one for him.
Rizal visited the Jesuits
 Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for
their feedback on the novel.
 He was gladly welcomed by the following
friars:
o Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
o Fr. Jose Bech
o Fr. Federico Faura – told Rizal that
everything in the novel was the
truth and warned him that he may
lose his head because of it
 Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal
minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life
was in jeopardy because the friars were
powerful.
o Because of this he gave Rizal a
bodyguard to protect him.
Jose Taviel de Andrade
 A young Spanish lieutenant who came from
a noble family
 He was cultured and knew painting
 He could speak French, English and Spanish.
 They became good friends.
Attackers of the Noli
 Archbishop Pedro Payo – a Dominican
Archbishop of Manila
 Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio
Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo
Tomas to examine the novel
UST and Rizal
 The committee that examined the Noli Me
Tangere were composed of Dominican
professors.
 The report of the faculty members from
UST about the Noli states that the novel
was:
o Heretical, impious and scandalous
in the religious orders, and anti-
patriotic, subversive of public
order, injurious to the government
of Spain and its function in the
Philippine Islands in the political
order.
 Governor-General Terrero – was not
satisfied with the report so he sent the
novel to the Permanent Commission of
Censorship which was composed of priests
and lawyers.
 Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate
of Tondo was the head of the commission.
o The group found that the novel
contain subversive ideas against
Don Segismundo Moret – former
Minister of the Crown.the Church
and Spain and recommended that
the importation, reproduction and
circulation of the pernicious book
in the islands be absolutely
prohibited.
 The newspaper published Font’s written
report
 The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served
to make it popular
 The masses supported the book.
 Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of
Guadalupe
o Published a series of eight
pamphlets under the heading
Questions of Supreme Interest to
blast the Noli and other anti-
Spanish writing.
o Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets
were sold after mass
o Many Filipinos were forced to buy
them in order not to displease the
friars.
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
 The novel was fiercely attacked in the
session hall of the Senate of the Spanish
Cortes.
 Senators: – General Jose de Salamanca –
General Luis de Pando – Sr. Fernando Vida
 Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of
Madrid who formerly occupied high
government position in the Philippines
bitterly criticized the novel in an article
published in the Madrid newspaper, La
España Moderna.
Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere
 Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths
of the Noli.
 Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s
favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and
praised the novel in public.
 Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and
stateman
 Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best
friend
 Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic
priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila
Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the
famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas
Kempis. – Under the pen name Justo
Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of
the novel published in Singapore
  Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his
defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who
defended him unexpectedly.
 He attacked Barantes by exposing his
ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an
academician.
 Because of the interest of both enemies and
protectors of the Noli the price of the book
increased from five pesetas per copy to 50
pesetas per copy
Agrarian Problem in Calambaa
 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General
Emilio Terrero ordered a government
investigation of the friar estates to remedy
whatever inequities might have been
present in connection with land taxes and
with tenant relations.
 One of the friar estates affected was the
Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order
since 1883.
 Upon hearing about the investigation, the
people of Calamba asked help ed from Rizal
to gather facts and list the grievances so
that the government might institute certain
agrarian reforms.
Findings submitted by Rizal
 The hacienda of the Dominican Order
comprised not only the lands around
Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order
continually increased because of the
arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the
tenants
 The hacienda owner never contributed a
single centavo for the celebration of the
town fiesta, for the education of the
children, and for the improvement of
agriculture.
 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing
the lands were dispossessed of the said
lands for flimsy reasons.
 High rates of interest were arbitrarily
charged the tenants for delayed payment of
rentals
 When the rentals could not be paid, the
hacienda management confiscated the
work animals, tools, and farm implements
of the tenants.
Friars Reaction
 Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition
angered the friars
 The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang
to eliminate Rizal.
 They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport
Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack
of charges against Rizal in court.
 Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed
his parents, siblings, Andrade his
bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus
they all advised him to leave the country.
Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines
 His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
 He could not fight better his enemies and
serve his country’s cause with greater
efficacy by writing in foreign countries
Himno Al Trabajo
 A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in
1888, he was asked by a friend to write a
poem in commemoration of the town’s
cityhood.
 Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of
the poem dedicated to the industrious
people of Lipa.
Farewell Philippines
 On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country
with a heavy heart.
 But this is for his own good and the safety
of his family and friends.
Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)
 February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six
months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to
leave his country for a second time. Rizal
left Manila for Hongkong on board the
Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave
Calamba.
 February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a
brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the
ship he was not feeling well and that the
city was dirty.
 February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong.
He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it
was a small but very clean city. He was
welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose
Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel
Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in
Hongkong but they were generally poor,
gentle and timid. He observed the noisy
celebration of the Chinese New Year due to
the continuous explosions of firecrackers,
the noisy audience and music in a Chinese
theatre.
 February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited
Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-
Kiang. The city was small,low and gloomy.
 There were many junks, sampans, but few
steamers. The city looked sad and dead.
They stayed at the house of Don Juan
Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the
theatre, casino, cathedral, churches,
pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars.
 February 20, 1888 – after their two-day
sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned
to Hongkong on board again on the steamer
Ku-Kiang.
 February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went
back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong
for almost two weeks. While in Hongkong,
Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to
spy on Rizal.
Japan
 February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong
alone on board the Oceanic, American
steamer to Japan his next destination.
Rizal liked the ship because it was clean
and efficiently managed but did not like
the meals on board. Other passengers
Across the Atlantic – USA
of the ship were two Portuguese, two
Chinese, several British and an
American woman Protestant
missionary. His cabin mate was a British
Protestant missionary who lived in
China for 27 years.
 February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in
Yokohama, Japan and registered at the
Grand Hotel
 February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to
Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel
where he stayed for 6 days. Japan was
to him the “Land of the Cherry
Blossoms” because of its natural beauty
and the charming manners of the
Japanese people.
 He visited by Juan Perez Caballero,
secretary of the Spanish legation. He
wrote a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt,
sharing his observation in Japan.
 During his first day in Tokyo, Japan,
Rizal was embarrassed because he
didn’t know the Japanese language. To
avoid further embarrassment, he
decided to study the Japanese language
and a few days, he was able to speak
the language.
 He also studied Kabuki, visited
museum, libraries, art galleries and
shrines, and villages. He was impressed
by the beauty of Tokyo, but he was not
impressed with the mode of
transportation because the rickshaws
were drawn by men, which made Rizal
disgusted because human were
working like horses.
 He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called
her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as
they visited interesting spots of the
city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the
Imperial Library, the city parks and
picturesque shrines. She served as his
guide, interpreter and tutor.
 April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the
Belgic, an English steamer bound for
the United States. He left Japan very
sad because he would never see again
the beautiful land and his beloved O-
Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days
was one of the happiest interludes in
Rizal’s life.
 On board the Belgic, he met a
passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese
newspaperman who was jailed in his
country for his articles and principles
and was exiled. The ship carried 643
Chinese people and other nationalities.
 April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in
San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of
April 28. All passengers were not allowed to
land because the ship was placed on a
quarantine on the ground that it came
forom the Far East where cholera epidemic
was alleged to be raging.
 He soon discovered that placing the ship
under quarantine was prompted by politics.
 After a week of quarantine, all first class
passengers, including Rizal were permitted
to land but the Chinese and Japanese
passengers of the second and third class
accommodations was remained on board.
 May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and
other passengers were permitted to land.
Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel.
 May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to
Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took
his supper at Sacramento for 75 cents and
slept in his coach
 May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a
trip across the continent.
 Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden,
Denver (May 8);
 Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10);
 Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12);
 Albany (May 13) and travel to New York
City.
 May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and
stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as “The Big
Town”. He visited the memorial George
Washington, and other scenic and historic
places.
  May 16, 1888 – he left New York for
Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He
also visited the Colossal Statue of Liberty on
Bedloe Island
Rizal’s Impressions of America
1. Progressive nation
2. People were energetic and hard-working
3. Better opportunities for immigrants
4. Racial prejudice
5. Freedom and democracy were only in
words, not practiced.
6. No true liberty
London, England
 May 25, 1888 – he went to London and
stayed there for a short time as a guest at
the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
(lawyer).
 He boarded at Becket family, and being
close to Gertrude Becket.
 He spent Sundays in the house of Dr.
Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr.
Rost son.
 He also spent much of his time in the British
Museum annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos
de los Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands).
 For 10 months, he was deeply immensed in
his historical studies in London.
He received news:
 Persecution of the Filipino patriots who
La Solidaridad: Aims
signed the petition addressed to the
Queen Regent of Spain requesting the
expulsion of the friars in the
Philippines.
 Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca
and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and
Wenceslao Retana.
 Persecution of the Rizal’s family and
other Calamba farmers for their
courage to petition the government for
agrarian.
 Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due
process.
 Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend –
Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli
found in his house.
 September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris
Paris, France
for a week and visited his Juan Luna
and his wife Paz Pardo de Tavera with
their son Andres.
 December 11, 1888 – he went again to
Spain and visited Madrid and
Barcelona. He went to visit his
compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and
Marciano Ponce. They exchanged ideas
and promised to cooperate in the fight
for reforms.
 December 24, 1888 – he returned to
London and spent Christmas and New
Year with the Becket family.
 December 31, 1888 – the Associacion
de La Solidaridad was inaugurated,
Rizal served as the Honorary President;
Galicano Apacible (President); Graciano
Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria
(Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer);
Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant).
 January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote
Blumentritt of his proposal to establish
the “Inauguration Association of the
Filipinologist” and have its inauguration
in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly
supported him.
 January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter
addressed to the members of the
Associacion de La Solidaridad
recognizing his position as Honorary
President. On his letter, he stressed
that the individual should give way to
the welfare of society and he should
not r expect rewards/honours for what
he does.
 February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-
Jaena and Mariano Ponce was founded
newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in
Barcelona – the official organ of the
Propaganda Movement.
1. To work for a peaceful political and social
reforms in the Philippines;
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the
Philippines so that Spain may treat them;
3. Oppose the evil forces of reaction;
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress;
5. Champion the legitimate aspirations of the
Filipino people to life, democracy and
happiness.
 Rizal congratulated Lopez-Jaena and its
associates in founding the news organ,
however, he advised Lopez Jaena that great
care should be taken in publishing only the
truth.
 March 19, 1889 – From London he went
again to Paris. He organized the society
called Kidlat Club – aim to bring together
the young Filipinos in the French capital so
that they could enjoy their stay in the city
 during the duration of the Paris Universal
Exposition.
 May 6, 1889 – Rizal and his friends attended
the opening ceremonies of the Paris
Universal Exposition.
o vast crowd of tourist attended
o greatest attraction was the Eiffel
Tower (Alexander Eiffel)
o Felix Hidalgo (2nd), Felix Pardo De
Tavera & Juan Luna (3rd), Rizal’s
artwork didn’t qualify for the
exhibit.
 June 24, 1889 – Rizal stood as Godfather to
a baby-girl (Maria de la Paz Blanca Laureana
Hermenegilda Juana y Pardo de Tavera)
born to Juan Luna and his wife.
 August 1889 – Rizal scheduled the holding
of the inaugural convention of the
International Association of Filipinologist in
Paris. This association aim to study the
Philippines from the scientific and historical
point of view. However, the inaugural
convention did not materialize because the
French government discouraged the holding
of conferences by private organizations
during the period of the international
exposition.
 September 21, 1889 – Rizal founded the
secret society called as Redencion de los
Malayos (Redemption of the Malays) - It
was patterned after Freemasonry. It had
various degrees of membership, “with the
members not knowing each other.”
Members of the R.D.L.M Society
1. . Gregorio Aguilera
2. Jose Ma. Basa
3. Julio Dorente
4. Marcelo Del Pilar
5. Mariano Ponce
6. Baldomero Roxas
7. Fr. Jose Maria Chongco
Brussels, Belgium
 January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for
Brussels, Belgium Two reasons impelled
Rizal to leave Paris, namely;
1. the cost of living in Paris was very
high because of the Universal
Exposition
2. the gay social life of the city
hampered his literary works,
especially the writing of his second
novel, El Filibusterismo.
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when
he moved to Brussels. They lived in a
modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe
Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby
sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert,
left the city and was replaced by Jose
Alejandro, an engineering student.
 Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua
Tagala (The New Orthography of the
Tagalog Language) was published in La
Solidaridad.
 Letters from home which Rizal received in
Brussels worried him;
1. .the Calamba agrarian trouble was
getting worse.
2. the Dominican Order filed a suit in
court to dispossess the Rizal family
of their lands in Calamba.
 Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in
Brussels when he was restless because he
was always thinking of his unhappy family in
Calamba.
 Rizal feared that he would not live long. He
was not afraid to die, but he wanted to
finish his second novel before he went to
his grave.
 In the face of the sufferings which afflicted
his family, Rizal planned to go home. He
could not stay in Brussels writing a book
while his parents, relatives, and friends in
the distant Philippines were persecuted.
 July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce
written at Brussels by Rizal, he announced
that he was leaving Brussels at the
beginning of the following month and
would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd or 4th
(August).
 He had an amorous relationship with
Suzanne Jacoby, and when Rizal leave
Brussels at the end of July, she cried a lot.
Misfortune in Madrid, Spain
 Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in
Madrid
 Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately
sought help of the Filipino colony, The
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal
Spanish newspaper in securing justice for
the oppressed Calamba tenants.
o El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper
which sympathized with the
Filipino cause, said: “To cover the
ear, open the purse, and fold the
arms—this is the Spanish colonial
policy.
o La Epoca- an anti-Filipino
newspaper in Madrid.
Life Events Madrid, Spain
 Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-
worker in the Propaganda Movement, died
 in Barcelona on August 19, 1890, after a
lingering illness.
 Aborted duel with Antonio Luna
 Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana – a
Spanish talented scholar, an agent of the
Spanish friars, and his rival in pen
 Infidelity of Leonor Rivera – marrying
Charles Henry Kipping.
 Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - Rizal wrote a brief
note thanking his compatriots for electing
him as Responsible. It was the last time he
saw Madrid.
Biarritz, France
 To seek solace for his disappointments in
Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort
city of Biarritz on the fabulous French
Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead
family at its winter residence—Villa Eliada.
 February, 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz,
France.
 Frustrated in romance, Rizal found
consolation in writing. Evidently, while
wooing Nellie and enjoying so “many
magnificent moonlight nights” with her, he
kept working on his second novel which he
began to write in Calamba 1887.
 March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure
from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the
manuscript of El Filibusterismo.
 March 30, 1891-Rizal bade farewell to the
hospitable and friendly Bousteads and
proceeded to Paris by train.
Paris, France to Brussels, Belgiumm
 April 4, 1891 - Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose
Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from Paris,
expressing his desire to go to that British
colony and practice ophthalmology in order
to earn his living.
 Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in
Brussels. Since abdicating his leadership in
Madrid in January, 1891, owing to the
intrigues of his jealous compatriots, Rizal
retired from the Propaganda Movement or
reform crusade.
 May 1, 1891- Rizal notified the Propaganda
authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly
allowance and devote the money to some
better cause
 May 30, 1891- revision of the finished
manuscript of El Filibusterismo was mostly
completed
 June 13, 1891- Rizal informed Basa that he
was negotiating with a printing firm.
Ghent, Belgium
 He published the El Filibusterismo
 July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a
famous university city in Belgium.
 Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were;
1. the cost of printing in Ghent was
cheaper than in Brussels;
2. to escape from the enticing
attraction of Petite Suzanne.
 Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent,
Jose Alejandro and Edilberto Evangelista,
both studying engineering in the world-
famed University of Ghent.
 September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili
came off the press, Rizal wrote to
Blumentritt: “I am thinking of writing a third
novel, a novel in the modern sense of the
word, but this time politics will not find
much space in it, but ethics will play the
principal role.”
 October 3, 1891 - two weeks after the
publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris,
where he stayed a few days to say goodbye
to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the
Venturas and other friends; Rizal proceeded
by train to Marseilles.
 October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the
steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for
Hongkong during the voyage, Rizal began
writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he
intended for Tagalog readers.
Hongkong
 Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he
lived from November, 1891 to June, 1892.
His reasons for leaving Europe were;
1. life was unbearable in Europe
because of his political differences
with M.H. del Pilar and other
Filipinos in Spain;
2. to be near his idolized Philippines
and family.
 November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong
Kong. He established his residence at No. 5
D’ Aguilar Street No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace,
where he also opened his medical clinic.
 December 1, 1891 - Rizal wrote his parents
asking their permission to return home. On
the same date, his brother-inlaw, Manuel T.
Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad
news of the “deportation of twenty-five
persons from Calamba, including father,
Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of
us.”
 The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was
one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in
Rizal’s life: For he had a happy family
reunion.
 January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to
Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in
 Hong Kong. His family very impressed with
the English government.
 Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s
left eye so that she was able to read and
write again.
\ Borneo, Colonization Project
 Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino
families Filipino families to North Borneo
(Sabah), rich British owned island and carve
out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”.
 March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on
board the ship Menon to negotiate with the
British authorities for the establishment of a
Filipino colony.
 Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka
River in Maradu Bay which was offered by
the British North Borneo Company.
 April 20, 1892 - Rizal was back in Hong
Kong. His brotherin-law (Hidalgo), objected
to the project for it was antinationalistic act
to have a colony.
 Governor General Eulogio Despujol – the
present governor-general (1891-1892)
 December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to
Governor Despujol
 March 21, 1892- Rizal’s second letter and
gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would
reach Governor Despujol’s hand, in this
second letter, he requested the governor
general to permit the landless Filipinos to
establish themselves in Borneo.
 Despujol could not approve the Filipino
immigration to Borneo, alleging that “the
Philippines lacked laborers” and “it was not
very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign
soil.”
Writings in Hongkong
 “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao- which is a
Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man”
proclaimed by the French Revolution in
1789
 “A la Nacion Espanola” (To the Spanish
Nation) - which is an appeal to Spain to right
the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.
 “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen)-
explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
 “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to
Victoria Gaol)- it contrasted the cruel
Spanish prison system with the modern and
more humane British prison system.
 “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par
de Familles de Iles Philippines”
(Colonization of British North Borneo by
Families from the Philippine Islands)- an
article in French which Rizal elaborated on
the same idea in another article in Spanish.
 “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) - it
denounces the frequent outbreaks of
intentional fires in Manila
 Constitution of La Liga Filipina - the most
important writing made by Rizal during his
Hong Kong sojourn, which was printed in
Hong Kong, 1892
Decision to Return in Manila
 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to
return to Manila
 This decision was spurred by the following:
1. to confer with Governor Despujol
regarding his Borneo colonization
project;
2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in
Manila;
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was
wrong in attacking him in Madrid
that he was being comfortable and
safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned
the country’s cause.
 June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which
he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to
be opened after my death” and gave them
to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping.
Final Term Topics:
 Second Homecoming
 Jose Rizal in Dapitan •
 The Last Hours •
 Final Works •
 Martyrdom in Bagumbayan •
 Life after the Execution •
 Rizal’s in the Modern Time •
 Recent Issues and Controversies about Jose
Rizal
Second Homecoming BSE ENGLISH 2
 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to
return to Manila.
 This decision was spurred by the following:
1. to confer with Governor Despujol
regarding his Borneo colonization
project;
2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in
Manila;
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was
wrong in attacking him in Madrid
that he was being comfortable and
safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned
the country’s cause.
 June 20, 1892 - Rizal wrote two letters
which he sealed, inscribed on each
envelope “to be opened after my death”
and gave them to his friend Dr. Lorenso
Marques for safekeeping.
 1st letter – “TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN and
FRIENDS”
2nd letter – “TO THE FILIPINOS”
 June 21, 1892 - Rizal penned another letter
in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol,
incidentally his third letter to that
discourteous Spanish chief executive.
 Immediately after Rizal’s departure from
Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who
issued the government guarantee of safety,
sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that
the victim “is in the trap”.
 On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret
case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his
followers “for anti-religious and anti-
patriotic agitation”.
 Luis de la Torre - secretary of Despujol,
ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized
as a German citizen.
Arrival in Manila with Sister
 June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal
and his widowed sister Lucia arrived in
Manila
 In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to
Malacañang Palace to seek audience with
the Spanish governor general, General
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.
 June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a
train in Tutuban Station and visited his
friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando
(Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor
(Pampanga)
 Rizal returned by train to Manila on the
next day, June 28, at 5 o’clock in the
afternoon.
 July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded the La Liga
Filipina in Tondo, Manila.
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
 July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to
Malacañang Palace to resume his series of
interviews with governor general.
 Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars) - incriminatory
leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s
pillow cases; it is under the authorship of Fr.
Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los
Amigos del Pais, Manila
 Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted
to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol,
nephew and aide of Governor General
Despujol.
 July 7, 1892 - the Gaceta de Manila
published the story of Rizal’s arrest which
produced indignant commotion among the
Filipino people, particularly the members of
the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same
issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained
Governor General Despujol’s decree
deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the
South”. Mylene
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is
12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was
brought under heavy guard to the steamer
Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This
steamer under Captain Delgras departed at
1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing
Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan
on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the
evening
 Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish
commandant of Dapitan whom Captain
Delgras handed Rizal
 July 17, 1892 to July 31, 12896 - Rizal began
his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four
years.
 Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific
studies, continued his artistic and literary
works, widened his knowledge of
languages, established a school for boys,
promoted developments projects, invented
a wooden machine for making bricks, and
engaged in farming and commerce (1892 to
1896).
Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896)
 The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to
Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo
Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the
Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit
parish priest of Dapitan
 Rizal lived in the house of the commandant,
Captain Carnicero.
 A Don Ricardo Carnicero - Rizal wrote a
poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion
of the captain’s birthday.
 September 21, 18792- the mail boat Butuan
was approaching the town, with coloured
pennants flying in the sea breezes
 Butuan - the mail boat, brought the happy
tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736
jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr. Jose
Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish
resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of
Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in
the government-owned Manila Lottery.
 Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) - friar’s
spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited
Rizal at his house on the night of November
3, 1891 he introduced himself as a friend
and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a
pair of buttons with the initials “P.M.”
(Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship
with the Rizal family.
 Captain Juan Sitges - who succeeded
Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as
 commandant of Dapitan, Rizal denounced
to him the impostor.
 August 1893 - Rizal’s mother and sister,
Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him
for one year and a half. Rizal operated on
his mother’s right eye.
Activities in Dapitan
 As Physician - Rizal became interested in
local medicine and in the use of medicinal
plants. He studied the medicinal plants of
the Philippines and their curative values.
 As Expert Surveyor - Rizal applied his
knowledge of engineering by constructing a
system of waterworks in order to furnish
clean water to the townspeople.
 Rizal as Teacher - Rizal exile to Dapitan gives
him the opportunity to put into practice his
educational ideas. In 1893 he established a
school which existed until the end of his
exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys
reading, writing, languages (Spanish and
English), geography, history, mathematics
(arithmetic and geometry), industrial work,
nature study, morals and gymnastics. He
trained them how to collect specimens of
plants and animals, to love work and to
“behave like men”
 As a Scientist - Rizal built up a rich collection
of concology which consisted of 346 shells
representing 203 species. Rizal also
conducted anthropological, ethnographical,
archaeological, geological, and geographical
studies, as revealed by his voluminous
correspondence with his scientists friends in
Europe.
 As a Linguist - he learned the Bisayan,
Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote
Tagalog grammar, made a comparative
study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages
and studied Bisayan (Cebuan), and
Subanum languages. He knew 22 languages
- Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun,
Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French,
German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit,
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese,
Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian.
 As an Artist – he continued his artistic works
such as, sketching and woodcarving (The
Mother’s Revenge and Dapitan Girl).
Mylene
 Rizal as Farmer - In Dapitan, Rizal devoted
much of his time to agriculture. Rizal
introduced modern methods of agriculture
which he had observed in Europe and
America. He encouraged the Dapitan
farmers to discard their primitive system of
tillage and adopt the modern agricultural
methods.
 Rizal as Businessman - Rizal engaged in
business in partnership with Ramon
Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made
profitable business ventures in fishing,
copra, and hemp industries.
o January 19, 1893 - Rizal wrote a
letter to Hidalgo expressing his
plan to improve the fishing
industry.
o May 14, 1893 - Rizal formed a
business partnership with Ramon
Carreon in lime manufacturing.
o January 1, 1895 - Rizal organized
the Cooperative Association of
Dapitan Farmers to break the
Chinese monopoly on business in
Dapitan.
 As an Inventor - Rizal invented a cigarette
lighter which he sent as a gift to
Blumentritt. He called it “sulpukan”. This
unique cigarette lighter was made of wood.
“Its mechanism”, said Rizal “is based on the
principle of compressed air.”.
 My Retreat (Mi Retiro) - Rizal wrote this
beautiful poem about his serene life as an
exile in Dapitan and sent it to her mother on
October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by
literary critics as one of the best ever
penned by Rizal.
Rizal and the Katipunan
 Andres Bonifacio - the “Great
Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an
armed uprising - the secret
revolutionary society, called Katipunan,
which he founded on July 7, 1892.
 May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the
Katipunan at a little river called
Bitukang Manok near the town of
Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named
emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform
Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to
launch a revolution for freedom’s sake.
 June 15, 1896 - Valenzuela left Manila
on board the steamer Venus. To
camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission,
he brought with him a blind man
Raymundo Mata and a guide,
ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit
Rizal’s expert medical advice
 June 21, 1896 - evening, Dr. Pio
Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan.
 Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious
project to plunge the country in bloody
revolution because he was of sincere
belief that it was premature, for two
reasons:
1. the people are not ready for a
revolution, and;
 2. arms and funds must first be
collected before raising the cry
of revolution.
Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba
 Rizal had offered his services as military
doctor in Cuba, which was then in the
throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow
fever epidemic. There was a shortage of
physicians to minister to the needs of the
Spanish troops and the Cubans people.
 December 17, 1895 - Rizal wrote to
Governor General Ramon Blanco, offering
his services as military doctor in Cuba.
 July 30, 1896 - Rizal received the letter from
Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896
notifying him of acceptance of his offer
 “The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del
Viajero) - Rizal wrote this heart-warming
poem because of his joy in receiving the
gladsome news from Malacañang.
 July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s four-year exile in
Dapitan came to an end. Rizal embarked on
board the steamer España. (4years, 13 days
and few hours)
 As farewell music, the town brass band
strangely played the dolorous Funeral
March of Chopin.
Last Trip Abroad (189986)
 July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight
on board the España sailed northward.
 Isla de Luzon - a regular steamer that Rizal
missed which sailed to Spain the day before
he arrived in Manila Bay
 Castilla - a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was
kept as a “guest” on board.
 August 1, 1896 - at dawn of Saturday, it
anchored at Dumaguete. He met a friend
named Herriro Regidor.
 August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and the
Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the
hills of Balintawak, a few miles north of
Manila.
 September 3, 1896 - Rizal left for Spain on
the steamer Isla de Panay.
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
 August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to
overthrow Spanish rule by means of
revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano
Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo.
 August 26, 1896 - the “Cry of Balintawak”
which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant
Katipuneros.
 August 30, 1896 - sunrise, the revolutionists
led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San
Juan, near the city of Manila.
 In the afternoon, after the Battle of San
Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed
a state of war in the first eight provinces for
rising in arms against Spain - Manila (as a
province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas,
Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
 Rizal learned of the eruption of the
revolution and raging battles around Manila
through the newspapers he read on the
Castilla. He was worried for two reasons:
1. The violent revolution which he
sincerely believed to be premature
and would only cause much
suffering and terrible loss of
human lives and property had
started, and
2. .It would arouse Spanish
vengeance against all Filipino
patriots.
August 30, 1896 - Rizal received from Governor
General Blanco two letters of introduction for the
Minister of War and Minister of Colonies, which a
covering letter which absolved him from all blame
for the raging revolution.
September 3, 1896 – the Isla de Panay left Manila
and reached Singapore on the 7th
Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner (BTLED2b)
 Don Pedro Roxas - rich Manila creole
industrialist and Rizal’s friend that advised
him to stay on Singapore and take
advantage of the protection of the British
law.
 Don Manuel Camus - headed several
Filipino residents in Singapore, boarded the
steamer, urging Rizal to stay in Singapore to
save his life.
 The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left
Singapore at 1:00pm, September 8.
 September 25, 1896 - Rizal saw the steamer
Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal,
crammed with Spanish troops.
 September 27, 1896 - Rizal heard from the
passengers that a telegram arrived from
Manila reporting the execution of some
Filipino patriots.
 September 28, 1986 - a day after the
steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean
terminus of the Suez Canal), a passenger
told Rizal the bad news that he would be
arrested by order of Governor General
Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta
(Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.
 September 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote in his
travel diary: “There are people on board
who do nothing but slander me and invent
 fanciful stories about me. I’m going to
become a legendary personage.”
 September 30, 1896 - at 4:00pm, Rizal was
officially notified by Captain Alemany that
he should stay in his cabin until further
orders from Manila.
 October 3, 1896 - at 10:00am, the Isla de
Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal, a
prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to
Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was
kept under heavy guard in his cabin for
three days.
Last Homecoming and Trial (1896)
• October 6, 1896 - at 3:00am, Rizal was awakened
by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous
prison-fortress named Monjuich. About 2:00 in the
afternoon, Rizal was taken out of prison by the
guards and brought to the headquarters of General
Despujol.
• On the same date, at 8:00pm, Rizal left Barcelona
through the ship Colon “full of soldiers and guards
and their families”.
• October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that
the Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the
bloody revolution in the Philippines and were
blaming him for it.
• October 11, 1896 - before reaching Port Said,
Rizal’s diary was taken away and was critically
scrutinized by the authorities.
• November 2, 1896 - the diary was returned to
Rizal.
 Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in
Singapore - his friends (Dr. Antonio Ma.
Regidor and Sixto Lopez) dispatched frantic
telegrams to Fort to rescue Rizal from the
Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore
by means of Writ of Habeas Corpus.
 Chief Justice Lionel - denied the writ on the
ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish
troops to the Philippines
 November 3, 1896 - the Colon reached
Manila, where it was greeted with wild
rejoicings by the Spaniards and friars
because it brought more reinforcements
and military supplies.
 November 20, 1896 - the preliminary
investigation on Rizal began.
 Colonel Francisco Olive - the judge
advocate. Two kinds of evidence were
presented against Rizal, namely
documentary and testimonial.
The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce,
dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing
Rizal’s connection with the Filipino reform
campaign in Spain.
2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid,
August 20, 1890, stating that the
deportations are good for they will
encourage the people to hate tyranny.
3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to
Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7,
1889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda
campaign in Spain.
4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly
written by Rizal in Manila on September 12,
1891.
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified
person dated Barcelona, September 18,
1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the
Philippines from Spanish oppression.
6. A Masonic document, dated Manila,
February 9, 1892, honouring Rizal for his
patriotic services.
7. A letter signed Dimas Alang (Rizal’s
pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta’s
pseudonym), dated Hong Kong, May 24,
1892, stating that he was preparing a safe
refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted
by the Spanish authorities,
8. A letter of Dimas Alang to an unidentified
committee, dated Hong Kong, June 1, 1892,
soliciting the aid of the committee in the
“patriotic work”.
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the
Editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph,
censuring the banishment of Rizal to
Dapitan.
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the
Filipino people look up to him as their
saviour.
11. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
Manila, September 17, 1893, informing an
unidentified correspondent of the arrest
and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and
Ambrosio Salvador.
12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan
A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid,
June 1, 1893 recommending the
establishment of a special organization,
independent of Masonry, to help the cause
of the Filipino people.
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio
Jacinto), in reunion of the Katipunan on July
23, 1893, in which the following cry was,
uttered “Long Live the Philippines! Long live
Doctor Rizal! Unity!”
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose
Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan
reunion, where in the Katipuneros shouted:
“Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death
to the oppressor nation!”
 15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A  December 11, 1896- the information of
Talisay in which the author makes the charges was formally read to Rizal in his
Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know prison cell, with his counsel present.
how to fight their rights.

Oral Testimonies consists of the following person:  Rizal was accused of being:
1. the principal organizer and the
1. Martin Constantino
living soul of the Filipino
2. Aguedo del Rosario,
insurrection,
3. Jose Reyes
2. the founder of societies,
4. Moises Salvador
periodicals, and books
5. Jose Dizon
dedicated to fomenting ,and
6. Domingo Franco
3. propagating ideas of rebellion
7. Deodato Arellano
8. Ambrosio Salvador, Court Martial
9. Pedro Serrano Laktaw
 December 13, 1896 - Dominguez
10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
forwarded the papers of the Rizal case
11. Antonio Salazar
to Malacañang Palace.
12. Francisco Quison
 December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote the
13. Timoteo Paez
Manifesto to His People in his prison
Trial cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to them
to stop the necessary shedding of blood
 November 26, 1896 - after the
and to achieve their liberties by means
preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive
of education and industry
transmitted the records of the case to
 December 25, 1896 - a dark and
Governor Dominguez as special Judge
cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on
advocate to institute the corresponding
earth, was the saddest in Rizal’s life
action against Rizal
 December 26, 1896 - at 8:00am, the
 After studying the papers, Judge
court-martial of Rizal started in the
advocate General, Don Nicolas de la
military building called Cuartel de
Peña, submitted the following
España
recommendations:
 Lt. Col. Togores Arjona - considered the
1. The accused be immediately
trial over and ordered the hall cleared.
brought to trial,
After a short deliberation, the military
2. He should be kept in prison,
court unanimously voted for the
3. An order of attachment be
sentence of death.
issued against his property to
 December 28, 1896 – Camilo Polavieja
the amount of one million
approved the decision of the court-
pesos as indemnity, and
martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
4. He should be defended in court
7:00 in the morning of December 30 at
by an army officer, not by a
Bagumbayan Field
civilian lawyer.
 After the court-martial, Rizal returned
 The only right given to Rizal by the
to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his
Spanish authorities was to choose his
rendezvous with destiny.
defense counsel.
 During his last 24 hours on earth - from
 December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of the
6:00am December 29 to 6:00am
Immaculate Conception, a list of 100
December 30, 1896 - he was busy
first and second lieutenants in the
meeting visitor, named; Santiago
Spanish Army was presented to Rizal.
Mataix - Spanish newspaper
 Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - 1st
correspondent.
Lieutenant of the Artillery, chosen by
o Pearl of the Orient Sea - Rizal
Rizal to defend him brother of Lt. Jose
called the Philippines.
Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s “bodyguard”
o Pearl of the Orient - Rizal’s last
in Calamba in 1887.
poem in an article entitled
“Unfortunate Philippines”
 published in The Hong Kong
Telegraph on September 24,
1892
The Last Hours - December 29, 1896
 6:00am - Captain Rafael Dominguez,
who was designated by Governor
General Camilo Polavieja to take
charge of all arrangements for the
execution of the condemned
prisoner, read the death sentence
to Rizal - to be on December 30,
1896 shot at the back by a firing
squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan.
 7:00am - Rizal was moved to the
prison chapel, where he spent his
last moments. His first visitors were
Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector
of Ateneo Municipal), and Father
Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher.
 7:15am - Rizal, in a jovial mood,
reminded Fr. Viza of the statuette of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he
had carved with his pen knife as an
Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the
statuette from his pocket and gave
it to Rizal. The hero happily
received it and placed it on his
writing table.
 8:00am - Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived
to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited
him to join him at breakfast, which
he did. After breakfast, Lt. Luis
Taviel de Andrade came, and Rizal
thanked him for his gallant services.
 9:00am - Fr. Federico Faura arrived.
Rizal reminded him that he said that
(Rizal) would someday lose his head
for writing the Noli. “Father”, Rizal
remarked, “You are indeed a
prophet.”
 10:00am - Father Jose Vilaclara
(Rizal’s teacher at the Ateneo) and
Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit missionary
in Dapitan who had befriended Rizal
during the latter’s exile) visited the
hero. After them came Spanish
journalist, Santiago Mataix, who
interviewed Rizal for his newspaper
El Heraldo de Madrid.
 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm - Rizal
was left alone in his cell. He took
lunch after which he was busy
writing. It was probably during this
time when he finished his farewell
poem and hid it inside his alcohol
cooking stove which was given to
him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera
during his visit to Paris in 1890. at
the same time, he wrote his last
letter to Prof. Blumentritt in
German.
 3:30pm - Father Balaguer returned
to Fort Santiago and discussed with
Rizal about his retraction of the
anti-Catholic ideas in his writings
and membership in Masonry.
 4:00pm - Rizal’s mother arrived.
Rizal knelt down before her and
kissed her hands, begging her to
forgive him. Trinidad entered the
cell to fetch her mother. As they
were leaving, Rizal gave to Trinidad
the alcohol cooking stove,
whispering to her in English; “There
is something inside” This
“something” was Rizal’s farewell
poem. Mylene
 6:00pm - Rizal received a new
visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon,
the Dean of the Manila Cathedral.
Fathers Balaguer and March left,
leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don
Silvino.
 8:00pm - Rizal had his last supper.
He informed Captain Dominguez
who was with him that he forgave
his enemies, including the military
judges who condemned him to
death.
 9:30pm - Rizal was visited by Don
Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of the
Royal Audiencia of Manila. As a
gracious host, Rizal offered him the
best chair in the cell. After a
pleasant conversation, the fiscal left
with a good impression of Rizal’s
intelligence and noble character.
 10:00pm - The draft of the
retraction sent by the anti-Filipino
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
was submitted by Father Balaguer
to Rizal for signature, but the hero
rejected it because it was too long
and he did not like it.
 3:00am - Rizal heard Mass,
confessed his sins, and took Holy
Communion.
  5:30am - Rizal took his last
breakfast on earth. After this, he
wrote two letters, the first
addressed to his family and the
second to his older brother Paciano.
o Josephine Bracken,
accompanied by a sister of
Rizal (Josefa), arrived.
Josephine, with tears in her
eyes, bade him farewell.
Rizal embraced her for the
last time and before she
left, Rizal gave her a last gift
- a religious book, Imitation
of Christ
 6:00am - As the soldiers were
getting ready for the death march
to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last
letter to his beloved parents.
The Execution
 6:30am - a trumpet sounded at Fort
Santiago, a signal to begin the death
march to Bagumbayan, the designated
place for the execution
 Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit,
black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt
and black tie. His arms were tied behind
from elbow to elbow. But the rope was
quite loose to give his arms freedom of
movement.
 Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo - a Spanish
military physician, asked Rizal
permission to feel his pulse and was
amazed to find it normal showing that
Rizal was not afraid to die.
 7:03am - Rizal died in the bloom of
manhood - aged 35 years, five months
and 11 days.
(“Long Live Spain! “Death to the
Traitors!”) and the Spanish Military
Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal’s
death, played the gay Marcha de Cadiz
 By Rizal’s writings, which awakened
Filipino nationalism and paved the way
for the Philippine Revolution, he proved
that “pen is mightier than the sword”.
Why Rizal is Our Greatest National Hero?
1. Rizal is our greatest hero because,
as a towering figure in the
Propaganda Campaign, he took an
“admirable part” in that movement
which roughly covered the period
from 1882-1896.
2. Rizal’s writings contributed
tremendously to the formation of
Filipino nationality.
3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino
hero because no Filipino has yet
been born who could equal or
surpass Rizal as “a person of
distinguished valor or enterprise in
danger, or fortitude in suffering.
4. Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero
that ever lived because he is “a man
honoured after death by public
worship, because of exceptional
service to mankind”

Last Works

 Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) -

farewell poem of Rizal that originally
was without title and was unsigned.
 Father Mariano Dacanay - a Filipino
priest-patriot, who gave the title Ultimo
Adios (Last Farewell) and under such
title the poem was published for the
first time in La Independencia (General
Antonio Luna’s newspaper) on
September 25, 1898
 Immediately after Rizal’s execution the
Spanish spectators shouted “Viva
España!” “Muerte a los Traidores’