Cause and Effect

e.g. situation: lack of sleep

result: stress and depression
Cause
 result in
e.g. Lack of sleep (often) results in stress and depression
Lack of sleep can result in stress and depression
 lead to
e.g. Lack of sleep (often) leads to stress and depression
Lack of sleep can (and does) lead to stress and depression
 a cause of
e.g. Lack of sleep is a (major) cause of stress and depression
 cause
e.g. Lack of sleep (often) causes stress and depression
Lack of sleep can cause stress and depression
 (one) effect of
e.g. One (major/common) effect of lack of sleep is (to cause) stress and
depression
 (one) result of
e.g. One (major/common) result of lack of sleep is stress and depression

Effect
 result from
e.g. Stress and depression (often/can) result from lack of sleep
 as a result of
e.g. Stress and depression (often/can) occur/happen as a result/consequence of lack
of sleep
 due to/because of
e.g. Stress and depression (often/can) occur/happen due to/because of lack of sleep
 be caused by
e.g. Stress and depression (can) be caused by lack of sleep
 (one) effect of
e.g. Stress and depression are a (major/common) effect of lack of sleep
 (one) result of
e.g. Stress and depression are a (major/common) result of lack of sleep
 Join the following ideas together using the words given in brackets (change the
order of ideas where necessary:

1. Sudden slump in the stock market. Panic selling by shareholders. (result in)

_____________________________________________________________________.

2. An increase in the number of hours that pubs are allowed to sell alcohol. A rise in street

violence. (lead)

_____________________________________________________________________.

3. Weight gain. Eating too much junk food. (cause)

_____________________________________________________________________.

4. Pilot error. Planes often crash (due)

_____________________________________________________________________.

5. Taking too much aspirin. Stomach bleeding. (effect)

_____________________________________________________________________.

6. Accidents. Drunken driving. (result of)

_____________________________________________________________________.

7. Tidal waves. A sudden movement in the ocean floor. (cause of)

_____________________________________________________________________.

8. A drop in atmospheric pressure. Storms. (result from)

_____________________________________________________________________.

9. Political oppression. Revolutions. (result of)

_____________________________________________________________________.

10. The outbreak of the First World War. The assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand.

(led)

_____________________________________________________________________.

11. Negligence on the part of the operators. The nuclear power station explosion. (caused
by)
_____________________________________________________________________.

12. Working too many hours. Stress occurs. (because of)

_____________________________________________________________________.