Our Vision: To create an atmosphere which encourages high educational achievements, develops exemplary character and fosters multicultural

awareness.

Our Mission: To provide our students with a challenging standard of education with a fully integrated curriculum which develops academic and social skills in a stimulating, technologically
modern, enjoyable, and secure environment.

Organic Chemistry

Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols

General CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n+1OH

Formula
Functional Single bonds C=C --OH
Group
Method of Fractional Distillation • Cracking of Alkanes Chemical Method Biological Method
Preparation • Hydration of • Fermentation of
Alkane → Alkene + H2 or Alkenes (Add water) glucose
Alkane → Alkane + Alkene Conditions: Conditions:
• Temp = 300-600°C • Temp= 30 - 40°C
E.g. • Pressure= 60-70 • Catalyst = yeast
C2H6 → C2H4 + H2 atm
Or • Catalyst=
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4 phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Conditions:
- Temp= > 450° C
- Catalyst = zeolites or Aluminium
oxide
Reactions • Complete combustion:
CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• Incomplete Combustion:
CxHy + O2 → CO + H2O
• Substitution reaction:
Alkane + Halogen → Haloalkane
+ H-halide
E.g.
C2H6 + Cl2 → C2H5Cl + HCl
Conditions:
• Uv light
• Cracking:
E.g.
C2H6 → C2H4 + H2
Or
C10H22 → C8H18 + C2H4
• Complete combustion: • Complete combustion:
CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O CxHyOH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• Incomplete Combustion: • Incomplete Combustion:
CxHy + O2 → CO + H2O CxHyOH + O2 → CO + H2O
Addition reactions: Oxidation:
• Add H2 (Hydrogenation): Alcohol + [O] → carboxylic acid + water
Alkene + H2 → Alkane C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
E.g. Conditions:
C2H4 + H2 → C2H6 - Temp = 100°C
Conditions: - Sulfuric acid (acidified solution)
- Temp = 150°C - Oxidizing agent (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7)
- Catalyst= Nickel Used as a Test of ethanol:
• Test: Add acidified potassium
manganate(VII) (KMnO4) or potassium
dichromate (VI)( K2Cr2O7)
• Result: Purple colour of potassium
manganate (VII) changed into
colourless
• Result: Orange colour of potassium
dichromate (VI) changed into green
Addition Reaction: Dehydration (remove water):
• Add Water (hydration):
Alcohol → Alkene + H2O
Alkene + H2O → Alcohol
E.g.
E.g.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH C2H5OH ----Al2O3---> C2H4 + H2O
Conditions:
Conditions: - Temp = 300-600 Conditions:
- Pressure= 60-70 atm - Heat
- Temp > 450° C
- Catalyst= phosphoric acid - Catalyst= Aluminium oxide
- Catalyst = zeolites or
H3PO4
Aluminium oxide
Addition Reaction: Esterification (condensation Reaction):
Products:
• Add Br2 (Bromination):
- Short alkane + short alkene Alcohol + Carboxylic acid → Ester + water
Alkene + Br2 → dibromoalkane
Short alkenes + H2 gas
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2 E.g.
Test of Alkenes (unsaturated
compounds): Ethanol + Propanoic acid ⇌Ethyl + H2O

- Test: add bromine water Propanoate

- Result: brown colour of bromine

changed into colourless.

Conditions:
- Catalyst= sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Addition Reaction:
• Addition Polymerization:
 By: Noha ElMeligui
Organic Chemistry Flowchart

CO2 + H2O

Combustion

Cracking Hydration: Add H2O

Alkanes E.g. Alkenes E.g. Alcohols E.g
C2H6 C2H4 C2H5OH
Addition: Add H2 Dehydration:
remove H2O

Hydrolysis Oxidation

Esterification
Carboxylic acid
Addition: Add Br2 E.g CH3COOH
Ester E.g
CH3COOCH2CH3
Test for unsaturation
If Alkene: decolourization of Br2 water (brown
to colourless)
If Alkane: colour remains brown (no change)
Petroleum Fractions & Uses:
Number of Fractions Number of Carbon Use
Atoms

Refinery Gas C1-C4 Bottled gases for cooking and heating

Gasoline (petrol) C4-C12 Fuel for cars

Naphtha C7-C14 Making chemicals and plastics

Paraffin C9-C16 Fuel for aircraft, oil stoves and lamps

Kerosene
Diesel Oil C14-C18 Fuel for diesel engines

Fuel Oil C19-C25 Fuel for power stations, ships

Lubricating Fraction C20-C40 Oil for car engines and machinery, waxes and
polishes

Bitumen Over 70 For road surfaces and roofs

Mnemonics:
Real Guns Never Kill Deer by Firing Large Bullets or

Really Great & Noble Kings Don’t Forget Ladies’ Birthdays

N.B. Remember when naming alkanes, alkenes, alkcohols, Carboxylic acids the prefix depends on the number of carbon
atoms, so the prefix used will be:

No. of Alkane Suffix & Alkyl Gp suffix Alkene suffix Alcohols suffix & Carboxylic Acids
Carbon Prefix name & name & name name suffix & name
atoms CnH2n+2 CnH2n+1 CnH2n CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+1COOH
1 Meth -ane -yl NA -ol -oic acid

Methane Methyl Methanol Methanoic a’

2 Eth -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Ethane Ethyl Ethene Ethanol Ethanoic a’

3 Prop -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Propane Propyl Propene Propanol Propanoic a’

4 But -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Butane Butyl Butene Butanol Butanoic a’

5 Pent -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Pentane Pentyl Pentene Pentanol Pentanoic a’

6 Hex -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Hexane Hexyl Hexene Hexanol Hexanoic a’

7 Hept -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Heptane Heptyl Heptene Heptanol Heptanoic a’

8 Oct -ane -yl -ene -ol -oic acid

Octane Octyl Octene Octanol Octanoic a’