p BLOCK ELEMENTS

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Sakshi Vora
IIT Roorkee

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❏ 10th, 12th CBSE State Topper

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SAKSHI SAKSHI
p block elements
Group 13
 Group - 13
B Al Ga In Tl

Non metal
metal
B ⟶ [He] 2s22p1
Al ⟶ [Ne] ss23p1
Ca ⟶ [Ar] 3d104s24p1
In ⟶ [Kr] 4d105s25p1
Tl ⟶ [Xe] 4f145d10 6s2 6p1
Variations in group 13
Atomic Radius
Down the group size increases

B < Al > Ga < In < Tl

B < Ga < Al < In < Tl

Ionization energy
B > Al < Ga > In < Tl
FINAL ORDER
B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
Electronegativity
B > Al < Ga < In < Tl
Final order

B > Tl > In > Ga > Al

Melting Point
B > Al > Ga < In < Tl

- B is a network solid
- Ga has a typical solid state smecture
- In, Tl have more 4fe- ∴ Zeff is high
∴ m - m bond is strong
- Final order - B > Al > Tl > In > Ga
Oxidation state
B shows +3 Al shows +3

Ga

In due to incept pair effect

Tl

Stability of +1 ↑ while stability of +3 ↓ as we move top to

bottom
Ga+ < In+ < Tl+

Ga+3 > In+3 > Tl+3

Structure of Boron
Structure of Boron
Boron’s Network solid having B12 icosahedral units
Reaction with air and water
E + air ⟶ No reaction

B is network solid , Al ⟶ form protective layer of oxide

B + air ⟶ B2O3 + BN

Al + air ⟶ Al2O3

2. Reaction with water

E + water ⟶ No reaction
Chemical properties : group 13
Reaction with alkali
[non metal ⟶ oxide ⟶ oxo acid parent ic acid ]

Bcryst + NaoH ⟶ no reaction

Bamorp + NaOH ⟶ H2 ↑ + NaBO2

Al + NaOH ⟶ H2↑ + NaAlO2

Reaction with acid
B + Conc. oxidising acid ⟶

B + conc. H2SO4 ⟶ H3BO3 + SO2

B + conc. HNO3 ⟶ H3BO3 + NO2

Reactions of Boron
air
Boron (amorphous)
N2

Dil acid

Conc acid

water
 Reactions of Boric acid & Borax
H3BO3 ⟶ HBO2 ⟶ H2B4O7 ⟶ B2O3

Na2B4O710H2O NaOH + H3BO3

NaCl + H3BO3

Na2B4O7 B2O3 + NaBO2

Swells up
Extraction of Boron
Extraction of Boron
Extraction from minerals :
Boron may be obtained by treating borax with hot concentrated HCl,
igniting the boric acid H3BO3 to give the oxide B2O3 and finally
reduced with Mg.

2Ca2B6O11 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O ⟶ 3Na2B4O7 + 3CaCO3 ↓ Ca(OH)2

Colemanite

Na2B4O7 + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H2B4O7

Borax
H2B4O7 + 5H2O 4H3BO3

2H3BO B2O3 + 3H2O

3
B2O3 + 3Mg 2B + 3MgO
Preparation of Boron
HCl
Borax NaCl + H3BO3

Borax Red hot B2O3

Mg Δ
B2O3 Bamorp + MgO.

Al Δ Bcryst + Al2O3.
Compounds of B
Diborane
Diborane
B2H6(Diborane)

Structure of Diborane :
B = 1s2 2s2 2p1

1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz

sp3 Hybridisation
Diborane
➔ 4 terminal H-are bonded by σ bond & remaining 2H are bridging
hydrogens and if these are broken then dimer become monomer.
➔ Boron undergoes sp3 hybridisation 3 of its sp3 hybridised orbitals
contain one e- each & fourth sp3 hybrid orbital is vacant.
➔ 3 of these sp3 hybrid orbitals get overlapped by s orbitals of 3 hydrogen
atoms
➔ One of the sp3 hybrid orbitals which have been overlapped by s orbital
of hydrogen gets overlapped by vacant sp3 hybrid orbital of 2nd boron
atom and its vice versa.
Diborane
By this two type of overlapping take place 4(sp3 - s) overlap bonds
& 2 (sp3 - s - sp3) overlap bonds.
Diborane
➔ H is held in this bond by forces of attraction from B
➔ This bond is called 3 centered two electron bonds.
➔ It is also called Banana bonds.
➔ Due to repulsion between the two hydrogen nuclei, the delocalised
orbitals of bridges are bent away from each other on the middle
giving the shape of banana.
Preparation of Diborane :
BF3 + B2H6 + LiF + AlF3
LiAlH4
I2 + NaBH4 B2H6 + NaI + H2
NaH. BH3

BF3 + NaH B2H6 + NaF

Mg3B2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + B2H6

Chemical reactions of B2H6 :
B2H6 + O2 B2O3 + H2O

B2H6 + H2O H3BO3 + H2↑

B2H6 + NH3 [BH2(NH3)2]+ + [BH4]-

Δ ≈ 200o

B3N3H6 + H2 ↑
Δ ≈ 700o

BN (hexagonal)

High temp, pressure

BN (cubic)
Boric acid
Boric acid
Na2B4O7 + HCl ⟶ NaCl + H3BO3

B2O3 H3BO3

BCl3 H3BO3 + HCl

B2H6 H3BO3 + H2 ↑
Boric acid
H3BO3 white crystalline solid, slippery in nature sparingly soluble in
water, but soluble in hot water.
Boric acid
H3BO3 is a weak monobasic lewis Acid

Due to weak acidic nature it does not give sharp end point in acid base
titration
H3BO3 + NaOH ⇄ Na[B(OH)4]

To obtained sharp end point

Cis 1, 2 diolnis mixed, due to chelation rxn moves in forward direction.
Boric acid

B(OH)3 + NaOH ⇌ Na[B(OH)4]

Heating of Boric Acid
H3BO3 ∆ HBO2 ∆ B2O3

H2B4O7
Borax Na2 B4O7. 10H2O or Tincal :
A. It is also named as sodium tetraborate decahydrate.
B. Common Indian name is Suhaga.
C. Na2B4O7 is known as boron glass
Borax
Preparation From Colemanite :
Preparation of Borax :
Heating of Borax
Na2B4O7 ⟶ Na2B4O7 . 10H2O.

Na2B4O7 NaBO2 + B2O3

Borax Bead test :
Na2B4O7 Na2BO2 + B2O3

B2O3 + CoO Co(BO2)2

Coloured compound

This test is used to identify transition metal

Action of Heat on Borax :
(i) Borax swells up on heating
(ii) On heating borax loses water and swells into a white mass which on
further heating melts to forms transparent glassy solid called Borax
glass and Borax bead.

(iii) The borax bead is due to the formation of B2O3 which when fused
with metal salts form corresponding metaborate.
Action of Heat on Borax :

Colour of meta borates

Cu Fe Co Ni Cr
Blue Green Blue Brown Green
Compounds of Aluminium
Aluminium oxide

Al2O3 also called alumina or corundum

Bauxite + NaOH NaAlO2

NaAlO2 + CO2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3

Al(OH)3 Al2O3
Aluminium Chloride

Al2O3 also called alumina or corundum

Al + Cl2 AlCl3

Al(OH)3 + HCl AlCl3(aq) + dry HCl AlCl3(s)

The electronegativity of aluminium is similar to :

A. Carbon

B. Beryllium

C. Boron

D. Lithium [Jan. 10, 2019 (II)]

The hydride that is NOT electron deficient is :

A. SiH4

B. B2H6

C. GaH3

D. AlH3 [Jan. 11, 2019 (II)]

The increasing order of atomic radii of the following Group 13
elements is

A. Al < Ga < In < Tl

B. Ga < Al < In < Tl

C. Al < In < Ga < Tl [Adv.

2016]
D. Al < Ga < Tl < In
Three moles of B2H6 are completely reacted with methanol. The
number of moles of boron containing product formed is

[Adv.
2015]
The reaction of H3N3B3Cl3(A) with LiBH4 in tetrahydrofuran gives
inorganic benzene (B). Further, the reaction of (A) with (C) leads to
H3N3B3(Me)3. Compounds (B) and (C) respectively, are :

A. Borazine and MeBr

B. Diborane and MeMgBr

C. Boron nitride and MeBr [Jan. 09, 2020 (II)]

D. Borazine and MeMgBr

Diborane (B2H6) reacts independently with O2 and H2O to produce,
respectively;

A. B2O3 and H3BO3

B. B2O3 and [BH4]-

C. H3BO3 and B2O3 [April 8, 2019 (I)]

D. HBO2 and H3BO3

A group 13 element ‘X’ reacts with chlorine gas to produce a
compound XCl3, XCl3 is electron deficient and easily reacts with NH3
to form Cl3X ← NH3 adduct, however, XCl3 does not dimerize. X is :

A. B

B. Al
[April 16, 2018]
C. In

D. Ga
When metal ‘M’ is treated with NaOH, a white gelatinous precipitate
‘X’ is obtained, which is soluble in excess of NaOH. Compound ‘X’
when heated strongly gives an oxide which is used in
chromatography as an adsorbent. The metal ‘M’ is :

A. Zn

B. Ca
[Main 2018]
C. Al

D. Fe
Identify the reaction which does not liberate hydrogen :

A. Reaction of lithium hydride with B2H6.

B. Electrolysis of acidified water using Pt electrodes

C. Reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali

D. Allowing a solution of sodium in liquid [April 10, 2016]

ammonia to stand
The crystalline form of borax has

A. Tetranuclear [B4O5(OH)4]2- unit

B. All boron atoms in the same plane

[Adv.
C. Equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized boron atoms 2016]

D. One terminal hydroxide per boron atom.

The correct statement(s) for orthoboric acid is/are

A. It behaves as a weak acid in water due to self

ionization.
B. Acidity of its aqueous solution increases upon addition
of ethylene glycol
C. [Adv. 2014]
It has a three dimensional structure due to hydrogen
bonding
D. It is a weak electrolyte is water
Group 14
The carbon family

C Si Ge Sn Pb
Nonmetal Metalloid Metals

Atomic Radius C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb

C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb

Final order : C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn

Variations in group 14
Trends in atomic radius & IE

Atomic Radius C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb

Ionization energy C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb

Final order : C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn

Electronegativity & MP :

C > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn < Pb

C > Pb > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn

Melting point:

C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn

Allotropes of C :
Crystalline Amorphous

Diamond Coke , C-Block , Charcoal

Graphite Activated charcoal

Fullerene
Allotropes of Carbon
Diamond
1. Each carbon is linked to another atom and so very closed
packing in structure of Diamond.
2. Density and hardness is very much greater for diamond
because of closed packing in diamond due to sp3 hybrid and
are tetrahedrally arranged around it.
3. Diamond has sharp cutting edges that's why it is employed in
cutting of glass.
4. Diamond crystals are non conductor of electricity because of
not presence of mobile electron.
5. Diamond powder if consumed is fatal and causes death in
minutes.
Graphite :
1. In graphite carbon are sp2 hybridised and due to this carbon
exist as hexagonal layer.
2. Each carbon is lined with 3 carbons and one carbon will be
left and form a two dimensional shed like structure.
3. Distance between two layers is very large so no regular bond
is formed between two layers. The layers are attached with
weak vanderwaal force of attraction.
4. The carbon have unpaired electron so graphite is a good
conductor of current.
5. C-C bond length in Graphite is shorter (1.42 Å) than that of
Diamond (1.54 Å).
6. Graphite has high melting point so it is employed in
manufacture of crucible.
Thermodynamic stability:
Graphite > Diamond > Fullerene

Fullerene ⟶ Pure form

Molecular sold
Absence of Dangling valency

Cn general formula,
12 ⟶ 5 membered ring
Sp2
n/2 -10 ⟶ 6 membered ring
Compounds of Carbon
Oxidation state :
Down the group, stability of +2 0S inc and stability of +4 as dec

Pb2+ > Pb+4

Sn2+ < Sn+4
Oxides of group 14

They form MO & MO2 types of oxides on reaction / heating with air

CO SiO GeO SnO PbO

CO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2
Halides :
Stability GeX2 < SnX2 < PbX2

Stability F- > Cl- > Br- > I

except SnF4 & PbF4 all tetra halides are covalent

Reactivity towards water :
C / Si / Ge No reaction

(Network solids)

Pb + H2O ⟶ No reaction
Due to formation of protective layer of oxide

Sn + steam ⟶ SnO2 + H2 ↑
Catenation tendency :
α single bond energy
C > Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
(no catenation because of metallic nature).
Oxides of C :
C + limited air CO ↑
Conc. H2SO4
HCOOH CO ↑

C(s) + steam Δ CO ↑ H2 ↑
Δ CO ↑ N2 ↑
C(s) + air
Oxides of C :

Δ
C + O2 CO2 ↑

Δ CaO + CO2↑
CaCO3

CaCO3 + dil.HCl CaCl2 + CO2↑

Δ
Hydrocarbon CO2 ↑ + H2O ↑
combination
Compounds of Si
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide
SiO2

silica

pure silica colourless

Silica (sand) ⟶ Brown coloured due to presence

of ferric oxide
Silicon dioxide
It also dissolves in NaOH.

NaOH + SiO2 ⟶ Na2SiO3 + H2O

SiO2 + halogen / H2O / air / acid ⟶ x
Silicates
Overall formula:

-b a = no. of divalent oxygens

Si1O
a/2 + b b = no. of monovalent oxygens

(Charge will be because of monovalent

oxygens)
Types of silicates
Ortho pyro single chain 2D 3D

OR

cyclic

Ops ! 23

is a bad number.
 Ortho Pyro Single chain 2D 3D

Shared ‘O’ 0 1 2 3 4

Unshared 4 3 2 1 0
‘O’

Formula SiO44- SiO1/2+3-3 SiO2/2+22- SiO3/2+1- SiO4/20

1
Zeolites (truncated octahedral) :
ALUMINOSILICATES
Water absorber
Purifier
Catalyst ex ZSM - 5
(used in petroleum refining)
Converts ROH ⟶ gasoline
Tin and its compounds
Tin & its compound :
Sn ⟶ allotropic form

Grey White

amorphous crystalline
Reactions of Tin
Tin reacts with both dilute and concentrated acids because reactivity of Sn > H

Sn + acid (dil/con)

Sn + NaOH

Since Sn is amphoteric ∴ it can reach with NaOH also

Oxides of Lead

Normal Mixed
PbO Pb3O4
PbO2 Pb2O3
Oxides of Lead
PbO2 , PbO, Pb2O3 , Pb3O4

O2 O2 O2
PbO Pb3O4 Pb2O3 PbO2
Δ Δ Δ

PbO2
Δ
Pb2O3 PbO + O2

Pb3O4
Oxides of Lead
Both PbO and PbO2 are amphoteric
But PbO is predominately basic where as PbO2 is predominately acidic

PbO + conc./dil H2SO4 PbSO4 (ppt)

PbO + conc./dil HNO3 Pb(NO3)2
PbO + conc./dil HCl PbCl2
Oxides of Lead

PbO2 + dil H2SO4 no reaction

PbO2 + conc H2SO4 PbSO4 (ppt) + O2
PbO2 + dil HNO3 no reaction
PbO2 + conc HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + O2
PbO2 + dil HCl PbCl2 + Cl2
PbO2 + conc HCl PbCl2 + Cl2
The correct statement among the following is :

A. (SiH3)3N is planar and less basic than (CH3)3N.

B. (SiH3)3N is pyramidal and more basic than (CH3)3N.

C. (SiH3)3N is pyramidal and less basic than (CH3)3N.

D. (SiH3)3N is planar and more basic than (CH3)3N.

[April 12, 2019
(I)]
The C - C bond length is maximum in :

A. graphite

B. C70

C. C60

D. diamond

[April 12, 2019 (II)]

The correct order of catenation is :

A. C > Sn > Si ≈ Ge

B. C > Si > Ge ≈ Sn

C. Si > Sn > C > Ge

D. Ge > Sn > Si > C

[April 12, 2019 (II)]

The element that does NOT show catenation is :

A. Ge

B. Si [April 12, 2019 (II)]

C. Sn

D. Pb
The chloride that CANNOT get hydrolysed is :

A. PbCl4

B. CCl4 [April 12, 2019 (II)]

C. SnCl4

D. SiCl4
Which of the following are Lewis acids ?

A. PH3 and BCl3

B. AlCl3 and SiCl4

C. PH3 and SiCl4

[Main. 2018]
D. BCl3 and AlCl3
Choose the correct statement(s) among the following.

A. SnCl2. 2H2O is a reducing agent.

B. SnO2 reacts with KOH to form K2[Sn(OH)6].

C. A solution of PbCl2 in HCl contains Pb2+ and Cl- ions.

[Adv. 2020]
D. The reaction of Pb3O4 with hot dilute nitric acid to
give PbO2 is a redox reaction.
A tin chloride Q undergoes the following reactions (not balanced)
Q + Cl- ⟶ X
Q + Me3N ⟶ Y
Q + CuCl2 ⟶ Z + CuCl
X is a mono anion having pyramidal geometry. Both Y and Z are
neutral compounds. Choose the correct options(s).

A. The oxidation state of the central atom in Z is +2

[Adv. 2019]
B. The central atom in Z has one lone pair of electrons

C. The central atom in X is sp3 hybridized

D. There is a coordinate bond in Y

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SAKSHI