Routing

What Is Routing?

To route, a router needs to do the following:

– Know the destination address
– Identify the sources it can learn from
– Discover possible routes
– Select the best route
– Maintain and verify routing information
What Is Routing? (Cont.)

• Routers must learn destinations that are not

directly connected.
 Identifying Static and
Dynamic Routes

Static Route Dynamic Route

– Uses a route that a –Uses a route that a
network network routing protocol
administrator enters adjusts automatically for
into the router topology or traffic
manually changes
 Static Routes

• Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a

stub network to allow communications to occur.
 Static Route Configuration

Router(config)#ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

– Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host

Static Route Example

• This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.
 Default Routes

• This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
 Verifying the Static
Route Configuration

router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0
What Is a Routing Protocol?

• Routing protocols are

used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
• Once the path is
determined, a router can
route a routed protocol.
Autonomous Systems: Interior or
Exterior Routing Protocols

• An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
• IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
• EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
Classes of Routing Protocols
 Classful Routing Overview
• Classful routing protocols do not include the
subnet mask with the route advertisement.
• Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
• Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
• Examples of classful routing protocols:
– RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
– IGRP
Classless Routing Overview
• Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
• Classless routing protocols support variable-length
subnet masking (VLSM).
• Summary routes can be manually controlled within
the network.
• Examples of classless routing protocols:
– RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
– EIGRP
– OSPF
– IS-IS
Routing Protocol
Comparison Chart
Building Scalable Cisco
Internetworks (BSCI)
 OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First)
Link-State Routing Protocols
Link-State Routing Protocols

–Link-state routers recognize more information about

the network than their distance-vector counterparts.

–Consequently, LS routers tend to make more accurate

decisions.

–Link-state routers keep track of the following:

• Their neighbors
• All routers within the same area
• Best paths toward a destination
Link-State Data Structures
–Neighbor table:
• Also known as the adjacency database.
• Contains list of recognized neighbors.

–Topology table:
• Typically referred to as LSDB.
• Contains all routers and their attached links in the area or network.
• All routers within an area have an identical LSDB

–Routing table:
• Commonly named a forwarding database.
• Contains list of best paths to destinations.
 Link-State Data Structure:
Network Hierarchy
• Link-state routing requires a hierachical
network structure that is enforced by OSPF.
• This two-level hierarchy consists of the
following:
1. Transit area (backbone or area 0)
2. Regular areas (nonbackbone areas)
OSPF Areas
Area Terminology
 OSPF Adjacencies

Routers build logical adjacencies between each other using the

Hello Protocol. Once an adjacency is formed:
• LS database packets are exchanged to synchronize
each other’s LS databases.
• LSAs are flooded reliably throughout the area or network
using these adjacencies.
Forming OSPF Adjacencies

–Routers discover neighbors by exchanging hello packets and are

declared to be up after checking certain parameters in the hello
packet.

–Point-to-point WAN links:

• Both neighbors become fully adjacent.

–LAN links:
• Neighbors form full adjacency with the DR and BDR.
• Maintain two-way state with the other routers (DROTHERs).

–Routing updates and topology information are only passed between

adjacent routers.
OSPF Packet Types
The Hello Packet
OSPF Packet Header Format
Establishing Bidirectional
Communication
Discovering the Network
Routes
Adding the Link-State Entries
 Maintaining Routing Information

• Router A notifies all OSPF DRs on 224.0.0.6

• DR notifies others on 224.0.0.5
LINK STATE ADVERTISEMENTS
&
OSPF ROUTER TYPES
Issues with Maintaining a Large
OSPF Network
The Solution: OSPF Hierarchical
Routing

–Consists of areas and autonomous systems

–Minimizes routing update traffic
Types of OSPF Routers
OSPF LSA Types :
LSA Type 1: Router LSA

–One router LSA for every router in an area

• Includes list of directly attached links
• Each link identified by IP prefix assigned to link
–Identified by the router ID of the originating router
–Floods within its area only, does not cross ABR
LSA Type 2: Network LSA

–One network (type 2) LSA for each transit broadcast or

NBMA network in an area
• Includes list of attached routers on the transit link
• Includes subnet mask of link
–Advertised by the DR of the broadcast network
–Floods within its area only, does not cross ABR
LSA Type 3: Summary LSA

–Type 3 summary LSAs are used to flood network information to

areas outside the originating area (inter-area).
• Describes network number and mask of link
–Advertised by the ABR of originating area.
–Type 3 LSAs flood throughout the AS.
LSA Type 4: Summary LSA

–Summary (type 4) LSAs are used to advertise an ASBR to all other

areas in the AS.
–They are generated by the ABR of the originating area.
–Type 4 LSAs flood throughout the AS.
–They are regenerated by all subsequent ABRs.
–Type 4 LSA contains the router ID of the ASBR only.
LSA Type 5: External LSA

–External (type 5) LSAs are used to advertise networks from other

autonomous systems.
–Type 5 LSAs are advertised and owned by the originating ASBR.
–Type 5 LSAs flood throughout the entire AS.
–The advertising router ID ASBR is unchanged throughout the AS.
–Type 4 LSA is needed to find the ASBR.
Interpreting the Routing
Table: Types of Routes
Calculating Costs for E1 and
E2 Routes
OSPF Special Area Types
Types of Areas
 Stub Area Rules

–Stub areas cannot have an ASBR, and they

should have one ABR.
–If there is more than one ABR, suboptimal
routing paths to external autonomous systems
can occur.
–Stub areas must not have virtual links going
through them.
 Using Stub Areas

• External LSAs
are stopped
• Default route
is advertised
into stub area
by the ABR
• All routers in
area 50 must
be configured
as stub
Stub Area Configuration
RouterA(config-router)#

Area area-id stub

• This router subordinate command turns

on stub area networking.
• All routers in a stub area must use the
stub command.

router ospf 10
network 130.130.32.0 0.0.31.255 area 1
network 130.130.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0
area 1 stub
OSPF Stub Area Configuration
Example
 Using Totally Stubby Areas

• External LSAs
are stopped
• Summary LSAs
are stopped
•All routers must
be configured
as stub
• ABR must be
configured as
totally stubby
• Is a Cisco-
specific feature
Totally Stubby Commands

RouterA(config-router)#
area area-id stub no-summary
• The addition of no-summary creates a totally
stubby area.
• The no-summary option prevents all summary LSAs
from entering the stub area.
RouterA(config-router)#
area area-id default-cost cost
• This command defines the cost of a default route sent
into the stub area.
• The default cost is 1.
Totally Stubby Configuration
Example
Not-So-Stubby Areas

• Special LSA type 7

• Breaks stub defined, sent by ASBR
area rules
• ABR (R2) converts LSA 7
• ASBR (R1) is to LSA 5
allowed in NSSA
• NSSA is an RFC addendum
NSSA Configuration
NSSA Totally Stubby
Configuration
 OSPF ROUTE
SUMMARIZATION
Benefits of Route Summarization

–Minimizes number of routing table entries

–Localizes impact of a topology change
–Reduces LSA 3 and 5 flooding and saves CPU resources
Using Route Summarization

–Inter-area (IA) summary link carries mask

–One or more entries can represent several subnets
 Configuring Route
Summarization

Router(config-router)#
area area-id range address mask

• Consolidates inter-area (IA) routes on an ABR

Router(config-router)#
summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

• Consolidates external routes, usually on an ASBR

 Route Summarization
Configuration Example at ABR
Route Summarization Configuration
Example at ASBR

–RIPv2 must be redistributed into OSPF

Default Routes in OSPF

–A default route is injected into OSPF as an external

LSA type 5.
–Default route distribution is not on by default; use a
default-information originate command under the
OSPF routing process.
Configuring OSPF Default
Routes
Router(config-router)#
default-information originate [always]

• A router ospf subordinate command

• Normally, this command only advertises a 0.0.0.0 default
into the OSPF network if the default route already exists in
the routing table
• The always keyword allows the 0.0.0.0 default to be
advertised even when the default route does not exist in the
routing table
Default Route Configuration
Example
OSPF VIRTUAL LINKS
Illegal Area Connections

• By default, all areas must connect to area 0.

• Area 4 is connected incorrectly.
• There may be times when this type of connectivity
is required.
Defining Virtual Links

• Virtual links are used to connect a discontiguous

area to area 0.
• A logical connection is built between router A
and router B.
• Virtual links are recommended for backup or
temporary connections.
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
Example 1
OSPF Virtual LinkConfiguration
Example 2
List of Labs for OSPF
• Lab 1: Configuring OSPF in Single Area.
• Lab2: Configuring OSPF in Multiple Areas.
• LAb3: Configuring ABR and ASBR.
• Lab4:Configure Stub.
• Lab5:Configure Total Stub.
• Lab6:Configure NSSA.
• Lab7:Configure NSSA Total Stub.
• Lab8:Configure OSPF Route Summarization.
• Lab9. Configure OSPF Virtual Link.
• Lab10. Configure OSPF Authentication.