1.

Types of Data Languages and Their Functions:

 a. Data Definition Language (DDL): DDL is used to define the structure and organization of
a database. It includes commands for creating, altering, and deleting database objects like tables,
indexes, and views.

b. Data Manipulation Language (DML): DML is used for managing data within the
database. It includes commands for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from the
database.

c. Data Query Language (DQL): DQL is a subset of DML, focusing on retrieving data from
the database. It includes commands like SELECT to query and retrieve data from the tables.

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS (Database Management Systems):

Advantages:

- Data Integrity: DBMS enforces data integrity constraints, ensuring data accuracy and
consistency.
- Data Security: Provides user access control and data encryption, enhancing security.
- Data Centralization: Stores data in a centralized location, reducing data redundancy.
- Concurrency Control: Manages concurrent access, preventing data conflicts.
- Data Recovery: Offers backup and recovery mechanisms for data protection.
- Query Optimization: Optimizes query performance for efficient data retrieval.

Disadvantages:

- Cost: DBMS solutions can be expensive to purchase and maintain.

- Complexity: Setting up and managing a DBMS can be complex.
- Performance Overhead: DBMS systems can introduce some performance overhead.
 - Vendor Lock-In: Choosing a specific DBMS may lead to vendor lock-in.
- Learning Curve: Users need to learn the DBMS-specific query language.

3. Difference between RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) and DBMS

(Database Management System):

- Structure:
- RDBMS is a subset of DBMS specifically designed for managing relational databases.
- DBMS is a general term that encompasses various types of database systems, including
hierarchical, network, and object-oriented databases.

- Data Model:
- RDBMS uses a relational model, organizing data into tables with rows and columns, where
relationships are established between tables.
- DBMS can support different data models, such as hierarchical, network, or object-oriented,
depending on the specific system.

- Query Language:
- RDBMS uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for data manipulation and retrieval.
- DBMS may or may not have the same level of data integrity features, depending on the
system.

4. Functional Dependency Keys Question:

A question related to functional dependency and keys in a relational database might involve
identifying candidate keys or determining the functional dependencies in a given set of attributes.
For example:

"Given a relation R (A, B, C, D), can you identify the candidate keys for this relation? Also,
please determine the functional dependencies that exist within this set of attributes."
 In this question, you would need to analyze the attributes and their relationships to identify
which combinations of attributes uniquely identify each tuple (candidate keys) and specify how
the attributes are functionally dependent on each other.

5. Difference between Relational Model and Relational Algebra:

Relational Model:
- The relational model is a conceptual data model used to represent data in a structured
manner.
- It defines data in terms of tables (relations) with rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).
- The relational model focuses on the logical organization of data and its relationships.
- It doesn't specify operations for data manipulation; it's a high-level abstract model.

Relational Algebra:
- Relational algebra is a set of mathematical operations used to manipulate and query data
stored in relational databases.
- It provides a formal framework for expressing queries and transformations on relational
data.
- Relational algebra includes operations like selection, projection, join, and union to retrieve
and transform data.
- It serves as the basis for query languages like SQL, which use these operations to retrieve
and manipulate data.