INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Micropower Harvesting From Vibration Of

Cantilever Type Piezofilm Sensor
Abhishek Mallick, Priyanka Guin, Arijit Roy

Abstract: Usable electrical energy harvesting from mechanical vibration is novel for operating low-power remote devices. Two different mass loaded
cantilever type piezofilms (commonly used as piezo sensor) are considered in this investigation to convert mechanical vibration into electrical energy. An
artificial vibrator is fabricated to simulate the ambient vibration. The ac power generated by the piezofilms is converted by a commercial passive
converter to obtain usable dc power. A total of eight experiments are c onducted and we found that in the regime of ambient vibration (<100 Hz), the
piezofilms of lower area with lower resonant frequency can provide higher power. Further, when energy harvester contains mult iple piezofilms, better
performance is obtained for homogeneous films in contrast to the heterogeneous films. Study on load characteristics reveals that parallel combination of
films generates highest power, signifying that a vibrating piezofilm acts as a current source. In our study, peak power is obtained for a load resistance of
480 kΩ, signifying a better current driving capability of the harvester. The peak power is found to be highly nonlinear with the vibrating frequency and is
found to be maximum around the vibrating frequency of 59 Hz. In addition, electrical power delivered to the resistive load per unit area of the film is
2
found to be as high as 1.43 µW/cm and it is much higher than the similar reported harvesters.

Index Terms: Energy harvesting, load characteristics, piezofilm, vibration.

——————————  ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
Advances in nano-technology is revolutionizing the world of
applied electronics. Availability of commercial nano-sensors put
a new set of challenges to take the practical advantages of
nano-sensors. Usable electrical power generation from
renewable energy sources remains an attractive area of
research. The ever-increasing demand of power is now
extending its applications at remote areas for continuous
uninterrupted operation of low-power devices. It is intuitive that
at remote areas, harvesting of electrical energy is essential. In
remote areas, among the choices of various kind, power
conversion of mechanical vibration into electrical energy
especially for low-power devices is found to be suitable. On the
other hand, significant development is observed in constructing
dynamic and efficient piezofilm consists of polyvinylidene
difluoride (PVDF) nano-particles, especially for sensing
application [1-2]. The kind of energy harvester developed here
can be used in nodes of wireless network or in
microelectromechanical sensors which requires extremely low
power levels of the order of microwatts [3-5]. Extensive
research and development in the vibration-based energy
harvesting by PVDF piezofilm at the nano-scale can be found
in published review articles and papers [6-10]. In addition to the
above advancements, a point mass at the tip of the film
increases the conversion efficiency sharply. The film behaves
as a vibrating cantilever with a point mass loaded at the free
end and keeping the other end fixed. The inclusion of point
mass definitely increases the conversion efficiency while
decreases the bandwidth (or dynamic performance) of
operation. Since, our present purpose of using piezofilm is to
generate electrical energy (and not for sensing application)
from ambient vibration, we preferred mass loaded piezofilm
(cantilever type piezo sensor). The increase in dynamic
response-time of the piezofilm due to the inclusion of mass, is
not critical in our application since, the frequency range of
ambient vibration is limited to 100 Hz only [10].
————————————————
 Authors are with the Department of Electronics, West Bengal State
University, Barasat, Kolkata, India 700126.
 Corresponding Author: Arijit Roy, e-mail: arijitroy@live.com
Hence, mass loaded piezofilm can easily follow ambient
vibration. A vibrating piezoelectric film converts mechanical
vibrational energy to electricity, and is recently been considered
as long-life micro-power generators for low power wireless
devices [4,11-12]. Among the various types of piezofilms, PVDF
piezofilms recently become an attractive alternative due to their
inherent characteristics such as high electromechanical
coupling, flexibility, structural simplicity, high sensitivity,
impedance up to MΩ order and high signal to noise ratio [1,6-
10]. A PVDF piezoelectric film generator electrically behaves as
a capacitive ac source with variable amplitude. The ac
electricity generated by vibrating piezofilm required to convert
into dc for practical application in electronic devices since, they
require fixed dc voltages [10] for their operation. Thus, an
energy harvesting circuitry consists of an ac-to-dc rectifier and
power management circuitry, are needed to deliver the
extracted power from the piezoelectric element at a desired dc
voltage level. In order to get an efficient energy harvester, it is
necessary to reduce the non-scalable dissipations in the
electronic circuitry which is a critical performance parameter
since, piezoelectric generators in general provide low power for
wireless sensor applications [3–5]. Further, it is to be noted
here that ordinary rectifier say bridge rectifier is not suitable for
piezo-based energy harvester because of mainly following two
reasons. Firstly, the energy contains in the ac generated by the
piezo-film up to the magnitude of twice the threshold voltage of
the diode (used in bridge rectifier) is lost. Due to this loss factor,
the effective conversion efficiency reduces significantly.
Secondly, an ordinary rectifier (such as bridge rectifier) does
not contain power management circuitry and therefore is not
suitable for direct application to the target devices. In other
words, the output from a bridge rectifier cannot be directly
applied to appliances. Various energy harvesting circuits are
investigated and demonstrated experimentally [3,10,13-14]. In
order to obtain maximum power from piezo-film based energy
harvester from mechanical vibration, various innovative
configurations are presented and basic knowledge on the piezo
film-based energy harvester is acquired [15-17]. Investigation
on power generation by parallelly connected multiple piezo-
films over a range of frequencies is reported [10,15-17]. A
comparative study on the power generating response of piezo
electric transduces for serial and parallel configuration over
time from a capacitor is also reported [3-10,15-17].

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This work attempts experimental approach to gain knowledge
on the practical applications of mass-loaded-piezo-film based
energy harvester. From practical point of view, it is extremely
important to understand the load characteristics of the
generated electricity which is not yet explored. The load
characteristics provides specific load range for which maximum
power can be obtained. The load characteristics of series and
parallel configurations of two types (differ by size and tip-mass)
piezo-film is presented (see Figure 1). In order to obtain higher
conversion efficiency, we have used mass loaded piezo-film in
constructing our energy harvester. The dependency of the load
characteristics on the frequency of ambient vibration is also
presented.
Fig. 1. Mass loaded PVDF piezofilms used in this study. (a) Small,
(b) Large. Approximate effective PVDF film areas of these sensors
2 2
are (a) 59 mm and (b) 144 mm respectively.
2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A PIEZOFILM
A vibrating piezo film, especially PVDF piezo film essentially
can be thought of as a voltage source with a capacitor in
series or as a current source with a capacitor in parallel [18-
19]. These two equivalent models are shown in Figure 2. The
capacitor Cs (or Cp) is nothing but the film capacitor which is
proportional to the surface of film and permittivity; and
inversely proportional to the thickness of the film. The
resistances Rs and Rp are the series resistance and parallel
resistance in the voltage source and current source equivalent
circuits respectively. The induced charge Q is proportional to
the rate of deformation of film due to vibration from its rest
condition. The voltage V in the circuit represents the open
circuit voltage. By measuring open circuit voltage and knowing
the film capacitance, the amount of induced charge Q can be
estimated. Though both of these equivalent circuits are
equally important, from application point of view, the voltage
source model shown in Figure 2(a) is commonly used for
sensing application of piezofilm while the current source model
shown in Figure 2(b) is commonly used in energy harvesting
application. Here it is to be noted that for low frequency
applications, the internal film resistance Rp is extremely high
and can be ignored. Since vibration frequency is low for
energy harvesting, the presence of Rp can be ignored for
simplicity.
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Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit models for a vibrating piezofilm (a) Voltage
source model (b) Current source model.
3. RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
Efficient rectification is an essential part of an electrical energy
harvesting system and the rectification process plays a critical
role in the overall conversion efficiency. The electricity
generated by the vibrating piezo-films is unconditionally ac in
nature. The generated ac electrical energy is required to
convert into usable dc power and this conversion is to be done
by passive rectifier. For the rectification process, the most
commonly used passive rectifier in energy harvesting is the
passive full-wave bridge rectifier. In the diode-based
rectification process, the turn-on voltage (or cut-in voltage or
threshold voltage) of the diode plays an important role in the
conversion efficiency, since, up to the turn-on voltage, the diode
remains in off condition. As a result, up to the turn-on voltage,
the rectification is not performed and the corresponding energy
is lost. Therefore, diode of lower turn-on voltage is preferred to
construct rectifier circuit for energy harvesting. The turn-on
voltage of Schottky diode is lowest in comparison to Si, Ge
diodes. In fact, experimentally it is shown that Schottky diode
can be used to obtain usable dc energy from mechanical
vibration by means of piezo-film [14]. Though the conversion
efficiency of Schottky diode is better in comparison other
diodes in a bridge rectifier, it suffers from its own limitation. For
example, the turn-on voltage of a Schottky diode is about 0.2 V
and thus the bridge rectifier remains in off condition for the
beginning of an ac input cycle of magnitude up to 0.4 V (or
2×0.2 V). Another limitation of Schottky diode is that its high
reverse saturation current which is about three orders higher
than that of other diodes. Thus, a loss of energy through the
reverse-biased diodes during the rectification process is higher.
To overcome the limitation of bridge rectifier, more efficient
rectifier circuit is needed. Efficiency of the rectification process
can further be increased by using a buck converter along with
the bridge rectifier. In fact, a low-loss full-wave bridge rectifier
with a highly efficient buck converter is integrated specifically
for energy harvesting (and for low current step-down
applications) optimized for high impedance energy sources
such as piezoelectric, solar, or magnetic transducers [10,20-
22]. LTC3588 is buck regulator (manufactured by Linear
Technologies) specially designed for low power energy
harvesting purposes and we have used this regulator for
converting ac power to usable dc power. The integrated module
consists of combination of bridge rectifier and highly efficient
buck converter. The circuit module is also optimized for high
impedance energy source such as vibrating piezo-film. The part
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is designed to interface a piezoelectric energy harvester or an
ac power source directly to rectify an ac voltage waveform and
to store harvested energy on an external capacitor. In this
process, bleed off any excess power via an internal shunt
regulator, and maintain a regulated output voltage by means of
a highly efficient nano-power synchronous buck regulator. An
ultralow quiescent current under voltage lockout mode provides
a wide window which allows charge to accumulate on the
capacitor until the buck converter can efficiently transfer a
portion of the stored charge to the output.
4. EXPERIMENT
4.1 PVDF piezofilm arrangement
Two type of mass loaded (also known as proof mass) PVDF
piezo film are soldered in a base plate (keeping the vibrating
end free) into two groups with six films in each group. Each
group of films are again sub grouped into two sections and are
attached symmetrically to the left and right side the base plate.
In this work mass loaded PVDF films is used, so as to pick up
any small vibration from the environment. A picture of the
energy harvester is shown in Figure 3. Provision is made to
connect the films in serial, in parallel and their combinations.
Finally, the films are connected to the rectifier LTC3588 which
converts the ac power generated by the vibrating films to dc
power.
4.2 Vibrator
A wooden board of dimension 31cm×5cm×1.5cm is used as
the base board to build the energy harvesting system. The
wooden board is placed under a boundary with sufficient
flexibility so that it can vibrate freely both vertically and
horizontally. A dc vibration motor of weight 36.03 gm is used to
vibrate the piezofilms. The maximum driving voltage of the
motor is 6 V (and it requires 155 mA of current) and a
minimum voltage of around 0.8 V (see Figure 3). The vibration
motor is fixed with the base and controlled dc signal is fed to
control the vibration frequency of the harvester. It is intuitive
that the vibrating frequency can be increased by increasing
the driving voltage of the motor (within the specific operating
voltage).
Fig. 3. Energy harvester.
4.3 Calibration of vibration frequency
In order to obtain the frequency of vibration, an independent
calibration is performed by means of optical sensor. We have
used an optoelectronic slot sensor (WYC H2010) to obtain the
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frequency of vibration of the vibrating motor as a function of
driving dc voltage. The sensor operates in the voltage range of
3.3V to 5V and uses infrared (IR) light source and detector.
The sensor provides zero output voltage if the light is detected
by the detector and provides output voltage of 5 V if there is a
non-transparent obstacle in the slot (i.e. between the IR
source and detector). Provision is made through the vibrating
motor so that in its every rotation, it can obstacle the light in
the slot for a while. Thus, by capturing the frequency of the
output signal of the optical sensor during vibration, the
frequency of vibration is measured. During the measurement
of output signal from the optical sensor, the ac signal produced
by the six parallel small films due to the vibration by the
vibrating motor is also measured for comparison purpose.
Here the piezofilms are used as a vibration sensor. Output
signal from optical sensor and ac signal produced by the films
are simultaneously observed in a digital storage oscilloscope.
Typical output of these signals is shown in Figure 4. From this
figure it can be seen that the frequencies of both the signals
are same. This fact confirms that the vibration frequency by
the optical sensor can be measured with sufficient precision.
The vibration frequency (fv) as a function of motor driving
voltage (VMD) is shown in Figure 5. From this figure it can be
seen that the frequency of vibration can be controlled in the
range of 5–75 Hz by controlling the driving voltage in the range
of 0.8–5 V.
Fig. 4. Calibration of frequency of vibration. The signal produced by
the optical sensor is due to rotational motion of the vibrating motor
and the signal produced by the piezo films is due to the vibration
created by the motor. The frequency of both signals is found to be
same (here it is 61.2 Hz).
4.4 Energy harvesting study
The energy harvesting experimental matrix under this study is
shown in Table I. The open circuit voltage (VOC) of the
harvested electrical energy in the vibration frequency
Fig. 5. Calibration of vibration frequency. The vibration
frequency is plotted against the dc driving voltage of the
vibration motor.
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range of 10–70 Hz is shown Figure 6. The load characteristics

of the harvested electrical energy by PVDF piezo films for all TABLE 2
the eight experiments (tabulated in Table I) are studied. The MATRIX OF EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF ENERGY HARVESTING PARAMETERS

TABLE 1

(kΩ) of
resistance at
MATRIX OF THE ENERGY HARVESTING STUDY. HERE, S

Description

vibration at
power RLm
Maximum

maximum

maximum

(µW/cm )
Expt. No.

(µW)

fvm (Hz)
Frequency

2
FILMS AND L FILMS MEANS THE SMALL AND LARGE

power

power

FOM
Load
PVDF PIEZO FILMS RESPECTIVELY SHOWN IN FIGURES

Pm
1(A) AND (B).

Six S films are in

1 0.48 480 62 0.14

combination
Experiment

Description

series

Nature of
number

Six S films are in

2 5.07 480 59 1.43
parallel
Six L films are in
3 2.80 480 68 0.32
parallel
1 Six S films are in series Homogeneous Set-1: A parallel
2 Six S films are in parallel Homogeneous group of six S films
3 Six L films are in parallel Homogeneous Set-2: A parallel
4 5.45 320 62 0.45
group of six L films
Set-1: A parallel group of six S films
Set-1 and Set-2 are
4 Set-2: A parallel group of six L films Heterogeneous
in parallel
Set-1 and Set-2 are in parallel
Set-1: A parallel
Set-1: A parallel group of six S films
group of six S films
5 Set-2: A parallel group of six L films Heterogeneous
Set-2: A parallel
Set-1 and Set-2 are in series 5 0.37 480 62 0.03
group of six L films
Two groups (each group contain three
6 Homogeneous Set-1 and Set-2 are
films in series) S films are in parallel
in series
Two groups (each group contain three
7 Homogeneous Two groups (each
films in series) L films are in parallel
group contain three
Set-1: Three series S films are in parallel 6 0.75 480 60 0.21
films in series) S
with another three series S films
films are in parallel
8 Set-2: Three series S films are in parallel Heterogeneous
Two groups (each
with another three series S films
group contain three
Set-1 and Set-2 are in parallel 7 0.45 200 68 0.05
films in series) L
films are in parallel
Set-1: Three series
S films are in parallel
with another three
series S films
Set-2: Three series
8 1.33 480 60 0.11
S films are in parallel
with another three
series S films
Set-1 and Set-2 are
in parallel
Fig. 6. Open circuit voltage of the harvested electrical energy as a
function of vibration frequency. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the Figure 6, considering all the eight experiments, it can
result of the load characteristic of these experiments is be seen that the open circuit voltage (VOC) is maximum in the
summarized in Table II. In order to compare harvested power vibration frequency range of 57–63 Hz. Among the
for different harvesters of similar kind, it is required to define a experiments, highest VOC is obtained for the second
figure of merit (FOM). We have defined FOM as the usable dc experiment, signifying that all the six films are vibrating in
maximum power per unit film area expressed in the unit of phases and mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency of
µW/cm2. The FOM defined in this way, includes the efficiency the S film is highest at low frequency in comparison to L films.
of the ac to dc converter circuit too. Since, the converted dc The maximum dc level of VOC is found to be more than 3 V
power depends on the load, the maximum generated dc power which is sufficient to drive low-power remote devices [10]. Our
is considered in the FOM. Thus, in estimating FOM, the result shows that multi-resonant frequency (S and L films)
generated dc power is to be determined as a function of load piezo film do not produce maximum power when they are
resistance and the maximum generated dc power is to be combined. On the other hand, theoretically, it is shown that a
calculated. multi-resonant frequency piezoelectric generator can produce
higher power. In such generator [23], rectifier is needed for
each piezofilm. Since, each rectifier constitutes inherent loss,
the total loss due to rectification is manifold in multi-resonant
frequency piezoelectric generator [23] and is a serious concern
which is not considered [23]. This is the reason for getting
maximum power for single-resonant frequency piezoelectric
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power in our experiments [23]. The generated dc power by the
energy harvester is studied as a function of load resistance and
frequency of vibration for all the eight experiments. Since, the
FOM is highest for the second experiment (see Table II), as a
representative of the eight experiments, the load characteristics
study for the second experiment is shown in Figure 7.
Fig. 7. Load characteristics of second experiment at different
vibrating frequencies.
6. CONCLUSION
An efficient electrical energy harvester is constructed,
demonstrated and studied. The harvester uses mass loaded
PVDF piezofilms and produces electrical energy from ambient
vibration. The conversion of ac electrical energy from the films
is done by a commercial rectifier made for the purpose. Our
energy harvester is able to produce electrical energy more than
5 µW with FOM as high as 1.43 µW/cm2 and that too at a
vibration frequency lower than 60 Hz. In contrast to load
resistance of order of MΩ, the load characteristics study shows
that the maximum power can be harvested for a load
resistance of 480 kΩ from our harvester. This low value of load
resistance again signifying that our energy harvester can be
used for practical applications.
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The first and second author would like to acknowledge
Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for
providing fellowship under the DST Inspire Fellowship Scheme
(IF170260 and IF150060 respectively).
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