Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten Test Bank

Psychology Themes and Variations
10th Edition Weiten Test Bank

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. sensation.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
TOP: WWW DIF: Understand
2. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

a. ablated.
b. modeled.
c. retrieved.
d. encoded.
ANS: D PTS: 1 NOTES: Correct = 93%
REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory DIF: Apply
3. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has
ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her
memory for extended periods of time is
a. encoding.
b. retrieval.
c. chunking.
d. storage.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
DIF: Apply
4. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is
a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. acquisition.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
DIF: Apply
5. Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams, but once he started, he found that he
was able to accurately recall the information he had learned. The main memory process that accounts
for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory is
a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. rehearsal.
DIF: Apply
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5. The memory process of storage involves
a. recovering information from memory stores.
b. forming a memory code.
c. linking new information to other information.
d. maintaining information in memory over time.
DIF: Understand
6. Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention,
should Kwan answer the phone?
a. No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus
more on the phone call than on traffic signals.
b. He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar
location.
c. Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone
conversation equally.
d. He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted
by having to hold the phone.
DIF: Apply
7. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

a. perception.
b. processing.
c. attention.
d. sensation.
8. When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other
tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows
a. a marked improvement.
b. a small decline.
c. a large decline.
d. no significant change.
DIF: Understand
9. As part of a memory test, Kiana was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she
recalled these words as dig, paint, and hard. Kiana’s errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the
original word list
a. phonemically.
b. semantically.
c. implicitly.
d. structurally.
DIF: Think Critically
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10. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
a. morphemic
b. phonemic
c. mnemonic
d. platonic
ANS: B PTS: 1 NOTES: Correct = 89%
11. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
a. a structural code.
b. a phonemic code.
c. a semantic code.
d. an episodic code.
ANS: C PTS: 1 NOTES: Correct = 55%
REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory DIF: Understand
12. As part of a memory test, Xavier was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, he
recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Xavier’s errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the
original word list
a. phonemically.
b. structurally.
c. semantically.
d. retroactively.
DIF: Apply
13. As part of a memory test, Taryn was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she
recalled these words as pup, bucket, and loathe. Taryn’s errors in recall suggest that she had encoded
the original word list
a. proactively.
b. semantically.
c. phonemically.
d. structurally.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory
DIF: Apply
14. The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the
information being processed, is
a. the triarchic level of encoding.
b. the semantic level of encoding.
c. attentional encoding.
d. dyadic encoding.
REF: 7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory DIF: Understand
15. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
a. structural encoding
b. mnemonic encoding
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c. semantic encoding
d. phonemic encoding
16. Two students took a memory test that involved 20 nouns shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory
tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor; Bailey tried to think of ways each
word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing theory, you
should predict that
a. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
b. both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
c. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
d. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.
DIF: Apply
17. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

a. structural
b. semantic
c. verbal
d. phonemic
18. If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of
them, as you read through the list, you should
a. count how many letters are in each word.
b. concentrate on the first letter of each word.
c. think of a word that rhymes with each word.
d. use each word in a sentence.
19. Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples
as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using
a. an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
b. an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
c. shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is
reading.
d. the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.
DIF: Apply
20. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as
he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using
a. elaboration.
b. visual imagery.
c. self-referent encoding.
d. phonemic encoding.
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DIF: Apply
21. Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as
she canin her mind to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using
a. elaboration.
b. visual imagery.
c. self-referent encoding.
d. phonemic encoding.
DIF: Apply
22. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

a. enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes.
b. composed of declarative and procedural elements.
c. composed of episodic and semantic codes.
d. composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.
ANS: A PTS: 1 NOTES: Correct = 59%
23. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored
information?
a. motivation to remember
b. visual imagery
c. rote memorization
d. elaboration
24. When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the
end of the chapter, read the definition of the term, and then think of an example that illustrated each
term. Amy was using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.
a. elaboration
b. expanded attention
c. retrieval
d. imagery
DIF: Apply
25. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
a. encoding-storage theory
b. information-processing theory
c. enhanced imagery theory
d. dual-coding theory
DIF: Understand
26. Which of the following words should be easiest to remember using visual imagery?
a. trust
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b. liberty
c. automobile
d. justice
DIF: Apply
27. When their mom took them to the store yesterday, she asked David and Andrew to help her remember
to buy apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew
thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew
____.
a. elaboration; structural encoding
b. elaboration; visual imagery
c. phonemic encoding; structural encoding
d. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
DIF: Apply
28. Recent research suggests that strong motivation to remember something may actually enhance
memory, but only if the motivation is present at the time of
a. retrieval.
b. encoding.
c. storage.
d. interference.
DIF: Understand
29. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief
duration of information in sensory memory?
a. Richard Atkinson
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus
c. George Miller
d. George Sperling
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
OBJ: 7.3 TOP: WWW DIF: Understand
30. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation
of a visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is
called
a. semantic memory.
b. sensory memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. short-term memory.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
DIF: Understand
31. Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is
a blur of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping.
The “blurred” image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which
a. flashbulb memories are formed.
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b. episodic memory is encoded.
c. sensory memory works.
d. rehearsal works in short-term memory.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
DIF: Apply
32. Which stage, aAccording to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, what is the first stage of memory
processing?
a. short-term memory
b. sensory memory
c. long-term memory
d. semantic memory
DIF: Understand
33. The function of sensory memory is to

a. put information into long-term memory.
b. hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
c. provide additional time to recognize stimuli.
d. hold information for a lifetime.
DIF: Apply
34. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of
a. memory.
b. encoding.
c. retrieval.
d. storage.
DIF: Understand
36. Sensory memory

a. is the same as working memory.
b. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20
seconds.
c. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction
of a second.
d. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
DIF: Understand
37. If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything
she saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her
a. instantaneous memory.
b. sensory memory.
c. working memory.
d. short-term memory.
DIF: Apply
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35. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
a. trace
b. sensory
c. short-term
d. long-term
REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory DIF: Apply
36. You look up the phone number of the new pizza restaurant down the street and repeat the number
silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating
the number is called
a. chunking.
b. rehearsal.
c. encoding.
d. retrieval.
DIF: Apply
37. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a
scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
a. chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
b. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
c. filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory.
d. acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.
DIF: Apply
38. With rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without
rehearsal, the duration of short-term memory is
a. no longer than 1 second.
b. about 5 seconds.
c. 10-20 seconds.
d. 1-2 minutes.
DIF: Understand
39. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone,
you can’t remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the
phone conversation distracted you from ____ the information.
a. sensory; perceiving
b. short-term; rehearsing
c. long-term; rehearsing
d. long-term; retrieving
40. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as
“seven plus or minus two” items?
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a. Richard Atkinson
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus
c. George Miller
d. George Sperling
DIF: Understand
41. Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of
unrelated acoustically coded information.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 12
DIF: Understand
42. According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ____ because researchers have not
controlled for ____ by participants.
a. overestimated; covert chunking
b. underestimated; covert chunking
c. overestimated; serial positioning
d. underestimated; serial positioning
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory
DIF: Understand
43. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the
end of the week. Based on George Miller’s research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark
doesn’t write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
a. less than 5 of the items from the list.
b. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
c. the entire list.
d. between 5 and 9 items from the list.
DIF: Apply
44. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into “hit red bat.” This is an example of
a. chunking.
b. elaboration.
c. rehearsal.
d. clustering.
DIF: Apply
45. Chunking involves

a. the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory.
c. creating visual images of information to be stored in memory.
d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
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46. Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?

a. Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory
b. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items
c. Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately
five minutes
d. The capacity of short term memory can be increased using chunking.
DIF: Apply
47. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

a. sensory
b. short-term
c. intermediate-term
d. long-term
TOP: WWW DIF: Apply
48. While driving with her two young children, Kathy’s car broke down. She called her husband on her
cell phone, and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children’s behavior
prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone
number within the next ____ or she will forget the number.
a. minute
b. 45 seconds
c. 20 seconds
d. 2 seconds
DIF: Apply
49. While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will
fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the ____
component of working memory.
a. visuospatial sketchpad
b. semantic buffer
c. executive control system
d. phonological rehearsal loop
DIF: Apply
50. Which memory system is referred to in your text as “working memory”?

a. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
c. long-term memory
d. all of these collectively
REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory DIF: Understand
51. The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

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a. working-memory capacity.
b. short-term memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. destination memory.
52. A personal trait that is influenced by heredity and appears to play a role in intelligence, creativity, and
musical ability is
a. neuroticism.
b. sensory memory.
c. working memory capacity.
d. destination memory.
53. When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which
component of working memory?
a. the visuospatial sketchpad
b. the conceptual hierarchy
c. the rehearsal loop
d. the executive control system
54. As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things
he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to
make sure he hadn’t forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley’s model of working memory, Art was
utilizing
a. the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
b. the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
c. the central executive system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
d. his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.
DIF: Apply
55. Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her
car. She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based
on Baddeley’s model of working memory, Mia was utilizing
a. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box’s position.
b. the phonological loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem.
c. the central executive system to juggle all the information she needed to consider.
d. her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform.
DIF: Apply
56. Baddeley’s concept of working memory

a. integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single,
complex system.
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b. expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.
c. takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.
d. expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.
57. The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term
memory.
a. episodic buffer
b. semantic buffer
d. visuospatial sketchpad
DIF: Understand
58. The ____ component of working memory controls the allocation of attention.
a. episodic buffer
b. semantic buffer
d. visuospatial sketchpad
DIF: Understand
59. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
a. time-based memory.
b. long-term memory.
c. working memory.
d. auditory sensory memory.
DIF: Apply
60. Information decays LEAST rapidly in

a. time-based memory.
b. sensory memory.
c. short term memory.
d. long term memory.
61. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called
a. episodic memories.
b. flashbulb memories.
c. sensory memories.
d. nondeclarative memories.
DIF: Understand
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62. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes
and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand
name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called
a. sensory memory.
b. procedural memory.
c. a flashbulb memory.
d. an implicit memory.
DIF: Apply
63. Which of the memory stores can hold the FEWEST pieces of information?
a. sensory
b. short-term
c. long-term
d. declarative
DIF: Understand
64. Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the
New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the
Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the
concept of
a. the primacy effect.
b. levels-of-processing.
c. the serial-position effect.
d. clustering.
DIF: Apply
65. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it
means that
a. items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
b. related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.
c. words that look alike are grouped together in LTM.
d. people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.
66. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
a. a script.
b. a schema.
c. a conceptual hierarchy.
d. a mnemonic device.
DIF: Understand
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67. Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by
memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods
from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic.
Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of
a. conceptual hierarchies.
b. levels-of-processing.
d. source monitoring.
DIF: Apply
68. Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as
a. a clustering hierarchy.
b. an organizational schema.
c. a lexical ordering.
d. a semantic network.
69. According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words should be linked most closely?
a. car-nose
b. boat-goat
c. fill-feed
d. tree-bird
REF: 7.2 Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory DIF: Think Critically
70. Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different
statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to
fund raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of
a. prospective memory processes.
b. spreading activation within a semantic network.
c. schema-based recall of information.
d. mood-congruent memory.
71. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous
experiences with the object or event is known as
a. a schema.
b. a cluster.
c. a stereotype.
d. category.
72. A student’s organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an
example of a
a. schema.
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b. chunk.
c. semantic network.
d. script.
73. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor’s office to one of his friends. In his description, he
mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any
diplomas displayed. Brock’s error in recall illustrates
a. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
b. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
c. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
d. the role of schemas in long-term memory.
DIF: Apply
74. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

a. Schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately.
b. Schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual’s memory.
c. People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas.
d. Schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events.
DIF: Understand
75. Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: “We played games, had cake and
ice cream, and got goodie bags.” In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday
cake. Christine’s inaccurate memory most likely resulted from
a. her birthday party schema.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. the source-monitoring error.
d. repression.
DIF: Apply
76. If you try to remember something but cannot, yet you know the information is in memory, you are
experiencing the
a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
b. psuedoamnesia phenomenon.
c. Krensky syndrome.
d. retrieval-delay phenomenon.
REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory DIF: Apply
77. Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when
he was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist’s name, but he just
can’t seem to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as
a. retrograde amnesia.
b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
c. proactive interference.
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d. a source-monitoring error.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
DIF: Apply
78. A retrieval cue is

a. a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
b. the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
c. a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
d. always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.
REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory DIF: Understand
79. Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina. Her father tells her to think of
the letter “R,” and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee’s memory was assisted
using
a. an effective retrieval cue.
b. semantic network activation.
c. the method of loci.
d. transfer-appropriate processing.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
DIF: Apply
80. A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your
classmates because you are
a. using the serial position effect.
b. relying on a flashbulb memory.
c. in the same context as you were when you learned them.
d. relying on schemas to enhance the retrieval process.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
DIF: Apply
81. When you attempt to recall the name of a high school classmate by imagining yourself back in English
class with her, you are making use of
a. retrieval cues.
b. context cues.
c. schemas.
d. recognition cues.
DIF: Apply
82. Research on hypnosis most clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report
a. more correct information.
b. more incorrect information.
c. less confidence in their memories.
d. accurate past-life events.
DIF: Understand
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83. Investigators asked employees at a construction site what they were doing last Tuesday, at 10 pm.
Some of the workers had a difficult time remembering details until the foreman reminded them that the
foundations for the building were poured that morning. If the workers are now able to recall details of
their actions, the foreman has been able to
a. prime the workers’ conceptual hierarchies.
b. successfully reinstate the context.
c. effectively overcome proactive interference.
d. activate transfer-appropriate processing.
DIF: Apply
84. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

a. only short-term memory.
b. only long-term memory.
c. both short-term and long-term memory.
d. sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
DIF: Apply
85. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

a. complete storage failure.
b. complete retrieval failure.
c. partial retrieval.
d. partial storage.
86. Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as, “Who was president after
Richard Nixon?”, but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as, “He has
the same name as a type of car.” The hint serves as a
a. tip-of-the-tongue cue.
b. semantic cue.
c. rehearsal cue.
d. retrieval cue.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
DIF: Apply
87. The work of researchers like Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed as
a. a tape recording.
b. storage on a computer disc.
c. a literal record of events.
d. a reconstruction of events or materials.
88. Loftus’s work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

a. memory errors come mostly from erroneous original encoding.
b. most memory errors are constructive.
c. information given after an event can alter a person’s memory of the event.
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d. most memory errors are simply omissions of details of the event.
83. Recent research yielded the surprising finding that questioning an eyewitness immediately after he
viewed an event
a. decreased source monitoring.
b. increased the misinformation effect.
c. decreased interference.
d. increased self-referent encoding.
89. Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the
driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the
center line, Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been
“weaving all over the road.” Tyler’s faulty recall illustrates
a. proactive interference.
b. implicit memory readjustment.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. mood-dependent memory.
DIF: Apply
90. When an individual’s memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or
misleading information, it is referred to as the
a. reconstruction effect.
b. postcontext effect.
c. source-monitoring effect.
d. misinformation effect.
DIF: Understand
91. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
a. reality monitoring.
b. source monitoring.
c. buffering.
d. a contraindication.
DIF: Understand
92. During a party, Michael talked to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. Michael
attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when actually he heard it from
his roommate. This example illustrates which of the following phenomena?
a. amnesia
b. cryptomnesia
c. source-monitoring error
d. serial position effect
266
DIF: Apply
93. Jack and Sophia are debating a recent news story. Sophia finally decides to bring in the latest issue of
the Weekly Bulletin to show Jack that she is correct, but now she can’t find the story and wonders
where else she might have read it. In this example, Sophia
a. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
b. is showing the misinformation error.
c. is experiencing proactive interference.
d. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
OBJ: 7.7 DIF: Apply
89. The study of source monitoring, the process of making attributions about the origins of memories, is
MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?
a. Brenda Milner
b. Endel Tulving
c. Marcia Johnson
d. Elizabeth Loftus
94. Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same
joke last week. In this example, Gregory
a. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
b. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
c. is showing the misinformation error.
d. is experiencing proactive interference.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
DIF: Apply
95. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
c. John Watson.
d. George Miller.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
DIF: Understand
96. Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?
a. geometric shapes
b. nonsense syllables
c. common English words
d. uncommon English words
DIF: Understand
97. Ebbinghaus’s original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most
forgetting occurs
a. very gradually over long periods of time.
267
b. only after several days have passed.
c. as a result of interference with other information.
d. very rapidly after learning something.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
DIF: Apply
98. Imagine you complete a computer programming course, but never have a chance to use the
programming language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus,
over the years, you should expect
a. there will be a constant, steady decline in what you are able to recall from the
programming course.
b. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later, there will be a slow, steady
increase in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
c. very little of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later, there will be a rapid
decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
d. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow
decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
DIF: Apply
99. The probable reason that Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus
a. had a poor memory.
b. learned too many lists.
c. used very meaningless materials.
d. used autobiographical materials.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
DIF: Apply
100. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

a. between the presentation of stimuli and the complete forgetting of the information.
b. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.
c. during which the stimulus material is available to be studied by the subjects.
d. over which the subject has 100 percent recall of the material.
DIF: Understand
101. Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask
Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using
a. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
b. a recall task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
c. a recognition task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
d. a misinformation task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
DIF: Apply
102. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime
ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically
using
a. a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
268
b. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
c. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
d. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses
DIF: Apply
103. The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any
cues, is
a. recall.
b. recognition.
c. relearning.
d. reiteration.
104. A relearning measure requires subjects to

a. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
b. select previously learned information from an array of options.
c. reproduce information on their own without any cues.
d. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar.
REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses DIF: Understand
105. Noah had learned to play Mozart’s Concerto Number 21 when he was eight years old. He is now 30
and hasn’t played the piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her
wedding. When Noah sits down to practice, he finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours,
even though it took him weeks to learn the first time. This example illustrates
a. recognition as a measure of memory retention.
b. recall as a measure of memory retention.
c. relearning as a measure of memory retention.
d. the impact of pseudoforgetting.
DIF: Apply
106. A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.
a. recall
b. recognition
c. relearning
d. recitation
DIF: Apply
107. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

a. to reproduce information on her own without any cues.
b. to select previously learned information from an array of options.
c. to predict how well she will perform on a later memory test.
d. to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
269
DIF: Understand
108. Savings scores are associated with the ____ method of measuring forgetting.
a. recognition
b. retention
c. recall
d. relearning
DIF: Understand
109. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

a. encoding only.
b. storage only.
c. retrieval only.
d. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
110. Joel is asked to provide a description of his neighbor’s car after the car and the neighbor both
disappear. He is surprised to find that he really can’t accurately recall the make of the car or any
special details that might help in identifying it. In this case, Joel may be experiencing
b. retrograde amnesia.
c. pseudoforgetting.
d. cryptomnesia.
DIF: Apply
111. ____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the
correct term and you say to yourself, “I can’t believe I forgot this,” when in reality you never knew the
answer in the first place.
a. Retrieval failure
b. Interference
c. Pseudoforgetting
d. Decay
DIF: Apply
112. According to interference theory,

a. people forget information because of competition from other material.
b. forgetting is due to ineffective encoding.
c. the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time.
d. the events that occur during the retention interval do not affect forgetting.
REF: 7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses DIF: Apply
113. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

a. ineffective encoding.
b. impermanent storage.
270
c. retrieval failure.
d. interference effects.
114. Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory, while other
memories last much longer. This evidence would create the MOST problems for
a. the decay theory of forgetting.
b. the interference theory of forgetting.
c. the repression theory of forgetting.
d. the neurochemical theory of forgetting.
115. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

a. the mere passage of time is the sole cause of forgetting.
b. the passage of time is more influential in forgetting than what happens during the time
interval.
c. the passage of time is not as influential as what happens during the time interval.
d. subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more than those who remain awake.
116. ____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
a. Retroactive interference
b. Proactive interference
c. Retrograde amnesia
d. Anterograde amnesia
117. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can’t remember your old
phone number. This is an example of
a. retroactive interference.
b. proactive interference.
c. retrograde amnesia.
d. motivated forgetting.
118. Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to
switch and goes back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in
recalling how to do certain tasks with the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the
way he did with the new software he was testing. Curtis’s problems illustrate the effects of
b. state-dependent forgetting.
d. memory reconstruction.
271
DIF: Apply
119. Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learningmaterial is
a. similar to the material to be remembered.
b. dissimilar to the material to be remembered.
c. unrelated to the material to be remembered.
d. similarity of the materials does not seem to affect retentionnot personally relevant.
DIF: Apply
120. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and then spent one hour studying
European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and
then spent one hour studying calculus. In this example, it is likely that
a. Victor will have better recall of events in early American History.
b. Isabella will have better recall of events in early American History.
c. both students will have equivalent recall of events in early American History.
d. neither student will have good recall of the material studied during the second hour.
DIF: Apply
121. Proactive interference occurs when

a. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
b. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
c. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.
122. Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband’s. You have
difficulty remembering her new last name because of
b. retroactive interference.
c. memory decay.
d. response inhibition.
DIF: Apply
123. Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the
new plays because he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen’s problems illustrate the
effects of
b. state-dependent forgetting.
d. memory reconstruction.
DIF: Apply
272
124. Ivan’s bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was first issued his
credit card. Last week, a different company bought out the credit card division andand the bank issued
him a new PIN of 9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you would
expect that he will enter the digits
a. 9317, his new PIN.
b. 9324, using the last two digits of his old number in error.
c. 8617, using the first two digits of his old number in error.
d. 8624, his old PIN.
DIF: Apply
121. Research suggests that when information is forgotten from long-term memory, ____ exerts a stronger
influence on forgetting than ____.
a. the passage of time; interference
b. interference; the passage of time
c. ineffective encoding; interference
d. ineffective encoding; the passage of time
DIF: Understand
125. The principle that proposes that the values of a retrieval cue depend on how well it corresponds to the
memory code is known as
a. tip of the tongue.
b. encoding specificity.
c. long-term potentiation.
d. transfer appropriate.
DIF: Understand
126. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day,
he calls you on the phone, but you can’t remember his name. According to the encoding specificity
principle, this is because
a. the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue.
b. you never paid attention to his name in the first place.
c. the name is no longer in your long-term memory.
d. the name is in your sensory store only.
127. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early
psychologists?
a. Hermann Ebbinghaus
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
273
128. According to Sigmund Freud, the process that is at work when distressing thoughts and feelings
remain buried in the unconscious is
c. repression.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
DIF: Understand
126. Following a rape, the victim had no memory of the event but became very anxious if approached by a
man. According to Freud’s view of memory, this would be an example of
a. repression.
b. anterograde amnesia.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
DIF: Apply
129. Martin can’t remember who invented flush toilets because he was flirting with a classmate when his
history professor described this momentous event. His forgetting appears to be due to
a. ineffective encoding.
b. motivated forgetting.
c. time decay.
d. proactive interference.
130. Anna is currently 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs
after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him
to recover. Today, Anna has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the
hospital. According to Freud, Anna may be
a. showing signs of proactive interference.
b. experiencing retrograde amnesia.
c. suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome.
d. using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.
131. Krista is 28 years old. She was burned quite badly in a kitchen accident when she was 7 years old.
Today, even though her parents still sometimes mention the kitchen accident, Krista has no memory of
ever being burned. According to Freud, Krista may be
a. showing signs of proactive interference.
b. experiencing retrograde amnesia.
c. experiencing the misinformation effect.
d. using repression to keep the distressing memories buried in the unconscious.
DIF: Apply
132. Freud’s concept of repression involves a specific type of

274
a. retrieval failure.
b. ineffective encoding.
c. interference.
d. decay.
DIF: Apply
133. MacMillan and colleagues (1997) surveyed a random sample of almost 10,000 adults and found that
approximately ______ of women reported having been victims of sexual abuse during childhood.
a. 7%
b. 13%
c. 25%
d. 66%
DIF: Understand
134. A 45-year-old woman suddenly becomes aware of long-forgotten memories of being sexually abused
by her father when she was 6 years old. Her father denies the allegations. This case can be described as
a typical example associated with the
a. memory reconstruction controversy.
b. false allegation controversy.
c. recovered memory controversy.
d. memory retrieval controversy.
DIF: Apply
135. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current view of the repressed memories
controversy?
a. It seems likely that most cases of recovered memories are authentic.
b. It appears that many therapists are deliberately creating false memories in their patients.
c. Recovered memories of childhood abuse can be summarily dismissed.
d. We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the
absence of convincing corroboration.
136. Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse maintain that
a. the recovered memories result from the ineffective encoding of everyday events.
b. the recovered memories are accurate accounts of earlier events.
c. the recovered memories are inadvertently created in individuals after a therapist makes
suggestions of childhood abuse.
d. individuals purposely make up stories of abuse to damage the reputation of the accused
individual.
DIF: Understand
137. In regard to the recovered memory controversy, psychologists who rely on research on the
misinformation effect are MOST likely to
a. have no opinion on the accuracy of recovered memories.
275
b. doubt the accuracy of recovered memories.
c. believe the accuracy of recovered memories.
d. be equally likely to doubt or believe the accuracy of recovered memories.
138. Research demonstrates that the recovered memories of sexual abuse most likely to be corroborated are
those that are recovered
a. as a result of hypnosis.
b. gradually over a long period of therapy.
c. quickly and spontaneously.
d. through age regression.
DIF: Understand
139. In anterograde amnesia,

REF: 7.5 In Search of the Memory Trace: The Physiology of Memory
140. Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

DIF: Understand
141. Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory
for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of
b. anterograde amnesia.
c. motivated forgetting.
d. retroactive interference.
DIF: Apply
142. Adrianna was skiing when she fell and hit her head. When the operators of the ski resort ask her what
she was doing just before she fell, she really can’t remember. Adrianna’s memory loss is consistent
with
a. cryptomnesia.
c. anterograde amnesia.
276
d. pseudoforgetting.
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Apply
143. Victims of organic amnesia who can recall memories stored before a head injury but cannot recall
information processed after the injury are showing
b. pseudoforgetting.
d. retroactive interference.
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
144. Damage to which of the following is MOST likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?
a. Limbic system
b. Hippocampal region
c. Sympathetic nervous system
d. Broca’s area
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
145. The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his
epilepsy suggests that
a. the prefrontal lobes are the storage area for most long-term memories.
b. the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories.
c. the cortex houses exact recordings of past experiences and events.
d. long-term memories are processed and stored in the cerebellum.
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Apply
146. Faith had brain surgery to remove a small tumor from her temporal lobe. While recovering from the
surgery, Faith appeared to be fine, and she was able to talk about events from both her childhood and
just before the surgery. However, she really cannot remember anything that has happened since the
surgery. Faith’s memory difficulties are consistent with those seen in
b. cryptomnesia.
d. pseudoforgetting.
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Apply
147. The hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes
stored in long-term memory is known as
a. long-term potentiation.
277
b. consolidation.
c. pseudomemory.
d. cryptomnesia.
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
148. The cCurrent thinking on memory is that memories are consolidated in the ____ and stored in the
____.
a. limbic system; cerebellum
b. hippocampal region; cortex
c. cortex; limbic system
d. cerebellum; hippocampus
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
147. The text described the case of H. M. who following brain surgery developed a severe case of
anterograde amnesia. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe H. M.’s
memory?
a. He could not form new long-term memories for events that occurred after the surgery.
b. He could remember events that occurred prior to surgery.
c. He could not remember events that occurred between one year prior to and one year after
his surgery.
d. His short-term memory was normal.
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Apply
149. The consolidation view suggests that after the consolidation of a long-term memory, the memory is
stored in a region of the
a. hypothalamus.
b. hippocampus.
c. cerebellum.
d. cerebral cortex.
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
150. When information is retrieved from long term memory, it is sometimes unstable and can be weakened,
strengthened, or distorted depending on what happens during the process of
a. semantic encoding.
b. reconsolidation.
c. anterograde processing.
d. episodic rehearsal.
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
278
151. Eric Kandel earned a Nobel Prize for his research showing that specific memories depend on
a. biochemical alterations in transmission at specific synapses.
b. the creation of localized neural circuits in the brain.
c. hormonal fluctuations.
d. long-term potentiation in specific synapses along a specific neural pathway.
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
152. Studies by Richard Thompson and colleagues suggest that specific memories depend on localized
neural circuits in the brain. Thompson traced the pathway that accounts for a rabbit’s memory of
a. a conditioned eyeblink.
b. a rewarding food.
c. the path through a maze.
d. a painful stimulus.
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
153. Scientists studying the neurological basis of memory have discovered new brain cells are formed
constantly in the
a. dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
b. dentate gyrus of the amygdala.
c. subcortical areas of the prefrontal cortex.
d. basilar sulcus of the cerebellum.
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
154. Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to
a. enhanced learning on many types of tasks.
b. organic anterograde amnesia.
c. nonorganic retrograde amnesia.
d. memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
155. Natasha asks Oscar for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th Street, she asks what
color the house is on the corner where she turns. Oscar is surprised that he actually knows the house is
blue, since he never really thought about it. In this instance, it is likely that the house color was stored
in Oscar’s
a. nondeclarative memory.
c. declarative memory.
d. prospective memory.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems
DIF: Apply
279
156. The memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the
a. episodic memory system.
b. declarative memory system.
c. procedural memory system.
d. assimilative memory system.
REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems DIF: Understand
157. Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is
being retrieved from Hayden’s
a. prospective memory.
b. declarative memory.
c. procedural memory.
d. implicit memory.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems
DIF: Apply
158. The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile
is the
a. cerebellum memory system.
b. schematic memory system.
c. proceduralnondeclarative memory system.
d. episodic memory system.
TOP: WWW DIF: Apply
159. Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained
in your
a. declarative memory.
b. nondeclarative memory.
c. episodic memory.
d. semantic memory.
DIF: Apply
160. Which memory system is characterized by both requiring little effort to recall a memory and not
declining much over long retention intervals?
a. declarative memory
b. episodic memory
c. nondeclarative memory
d. semantic memory
DIF: Understand
161. Memory of “chronological” and “dated” personal experiences is referred to as

a. semantic memory.
b. declarative memory.
c. implicit memory.
d. episodic memory.
280
162. Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove
it through town. This information is stored in his
a. procedural memory.
b. non-declarative memory.
c. episodic memory.
d. semantic memory.
REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems DIF: Apply
163. Ruben and Maya are describing their recent trip to Brazil. They describe all the interesting things they
did while they were there and all the interesting people that they met. In describing their trip, Ruben
and Maya are largely relying on their
a. semantic memory.
c. episodic memory.
DIF: Apply
164. General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in
a. episodic memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. implicit memory.
d. procedural memory.
165. When information is retrieved from long term memory, _________ memories are associated with a
sense of remembering whereas _________ memories are associated with a sense of knowing.
a. procedural, episodic
b. nondeclarative, declarative
c. episodic, semantic
d. sematic, procedural

DIF: Apply
166. Cierra is taking a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Turkmenistan. In answering
this question, Cierra is largely relying on her
a. episodic memory.
c. semantic memory.
DIF: Apply
281
167. Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral
approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your
a. semantic memory.
b. episodic memory.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems
DIF: Apply
168. Remembering to perform actions in the future involves

a. proactive memory.
b. retrograde memory.
c. prospective memory.
d. retrospective memory.
169. When, during a psychology test, you try to remember something your instructor said in class last week,
you are using what researchers call
a. proactive memory.
b. retrograde memory.
c. prospective memory.
d. retrospective memory.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems
DIF: Apply
170. Kelly is taking antibiotics for an ear infection, but she finds she often forgets to take the medication
when she is supposed to. She has tried leaving the container for the medication in plain view, but she
still forgets on occasion. Kelly’s difficulty in remembering to take her medication illustrates
b. pseudoforgetting.
d. a failure in prospective memory.
DIF: Apply
171. Dennis is reminiscing about the trip he took with his parents to visit the house where his father grew
up. He can still remember the wide front porch with the swing and the big trees in the backyard. As
Dennis recalls this trip, he is relying on his
a. retrospective memory.
b. semantic memory.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems
DIF: Apply
172. Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
a. prospective and episodic
b. prospective and procedural
282
c. semantic and procedural
d. semantic and episodic
DIF: Understand
173. The likelihood of prospective memory errors increases due to all of the following EXCEPT
a. interruptions.
b. retrieval cues.
c. inadequate sleep.
d. distractions.

DIF: Understand
174. The reconstructive nature of memory BEST reflects which of the following unifying themes of
your textbook?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Psychology evolves in a sociocultural context.
c. Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
175. The fact that your memory for a specific event may be influenced by the amount of attention you pay
to the event, the level at which you process information about the event, how you organize the
information, and the amount of interference you experience reflects which of the following unifying
themes of your textbook?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
172. Schemas, the misinformation effect, source monitoring, and the repressed memory controversy all
reflect which unifying theme in psychology?
a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
b. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
c. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 7.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes
DIF: Understand
176. It is very easy to recall the name of your high school because it has been subjected to extensive
a. deep processing.
b. clustering.
c. chunking.
d. rehearsal.
ANS: D PTS: 1
283
REF: 7.8 Personal Application: Improving Everyday Memory DIF: Apply
177. Studies show that taking an exam on material increases performance on a later exam even more than
studying for an equal amount of time. This is referred to as
a. elaboration.
b. sensitization.
c. the testing effect.
d. the overlearning effect.
REF: 7.8 Personal Application: Improving Everyday Memory DIF: Understand
178. According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items ____ of a list than
for items ____.
a. at the beginning and end; in the middle
b. in the middle; at the beginning and end
c. at the end; at the beginning
d. in the middle; at the beginning
ANS: A PTS: 1
179. Craig is being introduced to the members of the fraternity he has just joined. There are 15 members
who he has not met before, and once the introductions are over, he finds he can only remember the
names of the first three and the last two people he was introduced to. He can’t recall the names of any
of the other members. The memory difficulty that Craig is experiencing is consistent with
a. late-selection filtering.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. non-distributed practice.
d. the serial-position effect.
ANS: D PTS: 1
180. Distributed practice refers to learning

a. through several different senses.
b. over several sessions.
c. all at once.
d. from several different sources.
181. Massed practice refers to learning material

a. across several large sessions.
b. all at once.
c. in a quiet place with no distractions.
d. with large numbers of people.
284
182. Corbin is convinced that he remembers the material from his text much better when he studies for 3
hours straight through on the night before the exam, rather than when he studies for 30 minutes each
night on 6 consecutive nights. Corbin’s experience is NOT consistent with memory research that has
documented the effectiveness of
a. chunking.
b. distributed practice.
c. massed practice.
ANS: B PTS: 1
183. Why does the text advocate the spacing of study sessions as a method for improving your memory?
a. Too much studying makes you a dull person.
b. Research indicates that people have limited attention spans.
c. Research suggest that spaced practice helps you avoid the serial-position effect.
d. Evidence suggests that massed study sessions leads to poor retention.
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: 7.8 Personal Application: Improving Everyday Memory DIF: Think Critically
184. Children often have difficulty remembering the letters in the middle of the alphabet because of
a. overlearning the first letters in the alphabet.
d. the use of mnemonic devices.
ANS: C PTS: 1
185. Strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to
enrich encoding are termed
a. acronyms.
b. mnemonic devices.
c. methods of loci.
d. serial-position identifiers.
ANS: B PTS: 1
186. The empirical finding that outlining material from textbooks can enhance retention of the material is
MOST consistent with which of the following approaches for improving memory?
a. massed practice
b. distributed practice
c. organization
d. deep processing
ANS: C PTS: 1
187. It is beneficial when you take the time to develop a mnemonic device such as an acronym or acrostic
to help you remember information because it causes you
a. to engage in a deeper level of processing.
b. to organize the information.
285
c. to make the information more meaningful.
d. all of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1
188. Using the phrase “Every good boy does fine” to remember the order of musical notes is an example of
a(n)
a. narrative.
b. acrostic.
c. rhyme.
d. acronym.
189. Sabrina forms an image of her dog wearing a formal dress and foaming at the mouth. She is hoping
that this interactive image will help her remember to pick up dog food, her dry cleaning, and shaving
cream for her son. Sabrina’s strategy illustrates the use of
a. the method of loci.
b. passive encoding.
c. the link method.
d. structural encoding.
ANS: C PTS: 1
186. Elliot is trying to memorize a speech for one of his classes. He stands in different locations in his
apartment and reads each line of the speech out loud. Later, when he is in front of his classmates, he
visualizes a walk through his apartment and is able to successfully recall the entire speech. Elliot’s
memory strategy BEST illustrates the mnemonic device known as
a. the link method.
c. acrostics.
d. the method of loci.
ANS: D PTS: 1
190. If you associate a word with an image to represent the word, you are using
a. an acrostic.
b. the link method.
c. the keyword method.
d. a semantic network.
191. Which of the following is NOT a mnemonic device that involves verbal encoding?
a. acronym
b. acrostic
c. link method
d. rhymes
ANS: C PTS: 1
286
192. If you remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) by recalling
the word “HOMES” as a cue, you are using a(n)
a. acrostic.
b. acronym.
c. link method.
d. method of loci.
ANS: B PTS: 1
193. Samantha remembers items on a shopping list by imagining the items placed at certain locations along
the route she normally drives through her neighborhood. Samantha is using
a. the method of loci.
b. the link method.
c. a narrative story.
d. an acronym.
ANS: A PTS: 1
194. The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called
a. the misinformation effect.
b. the serial-position effect.
c. hindsight bias.
d. the overconfidence effect.
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: 7.9 Critical Thinking Application: Understanding the Fallibility of Eyewitness Accounts
TOP: WWW DIF: Apply
195. The fact that recall by eyewitnesses can be distorted by information introduced after the event by
police officers, attorneys, etc., is BEST explained by which of the following?
a. the misinformation effect
b. the serial-position effect
c. errors in source monitoring
d. memory reconstruction
ANS: A PTS: 1
196. Knowing that a particular person has been arrested and accused of the crime in question can influence
the recollections of eyewitnesses. This finding can BEST be explained by
a. hindsight bias.
b. the overconfidence effect.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. the serial-position effect.
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Apply
287
197. The correlation between eyewitness confidence and eyewitness accuracy can BEST be characterized as
a. strongly positive.
b. strongly negative.
c. moderate.
d. nonexistent.
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: 7.9 Think Critically Application: Understanding the Fallibility of Eyewitness Accounts
DIF: Understand
198. Overconfidence in recalling information is MOST likely to be fueled by which of the following errors
in thinking?
a. source-monitoring errors
b. reality-monitoring errors
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. the failure to seek disconfirming evidence
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Understand
199. The memory improvement strategies of elaboration, using visual imagery, and engaging in deeper
processing all involve which memory process?
a. encoding
b. storage
c. retrieval
d. interference
ANS: A PTS: 1 NOTES: Correct = 69% REF: Chapter 7
DIF: Critical Thinking
200. Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

a. semantic memory
b. episodic memory
c. long-term memory
d. procedural memory
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Chapter 7 DIF: Critical Thinking
288

Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten Test Bank

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Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten Test Bank

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Psychology Themes and Variations

10th Edition Weiten Test Bank

1. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

2. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

7. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

17. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

22. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

33. The function of sensory memory is to

36. Sensory memory

45. Chunking involves

46. Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?

47. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

50. Which memory system is referred to in your text as “working memory”?

51. The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

56. Baddeley’s concept of working memory

60. Information decays LEAST rapidly in

74. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

78. A retrieval cue is

84. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

85. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

88. Loftus’s work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

95. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

100. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

104. A relearning measure requires subjects to

107. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

109. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

112. According to interference theory,

113. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

115. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

121. Proactive interference occurs when

132. Freud’s concept of repression involves a specific type of

139. In anterograde amnesia,

140. Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

161. Memory of “chronological” and “dated” personal experiences is referred to as

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems

168. Remembering to perform actions in the future involves

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems

180. Distributed practice refers to learning

181. Massed practice refers to learning material

200. Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

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