Marketing 6Th Edition Grewal Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Marketing 6th Edition Grewal Test Bank
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Chapter 06
Test Bank
1. Generally, people buy one product or service instead of another because they perceive it to be a better value.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 06-01 Articulate the steps in the consumer buying process.
Topic: Consumer Purchase Decision Process
Feedback: Value is the difference between what we get and what we must give to get it. Perceptions of value usually drive purchase decisions.
2. The consumer decision process begins with a comparison of available alternatives.

FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: The consumer decision process begins with need recognition.
3. The greater the difference between a consumer's unsatisfied need and the desired state, the greater the need recognition will be.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: The consumer decision process begins when consumers recognize they have an unsatisfied need and they would like to go from their actual,
needy state to a different, desired state. The greater the discrepancy between these two states, the greater the need recognition will be.
4. Brenda wants a new car that will be dependable transportation and look good. She wants to satisfy both functional and psychological needs.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 06-02 Describe the difference between functional and psychological needs.
Feedback: A functional need relates to product performance—for example, dependable transportation. A psychological need relates to personal
gratification—for example, having a car that looks good.
5. When Glen is thirsty, he always buys a Coke. Like many consumers, Glen engages in considerable alternative evaluation when buying habitual
products like his Coke.
FALSE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 06-03 Describe factors that affect information search.
Feedback: Habitual decision making involves little conscious effort—these are purchases that we make regularly and by habit, without even
considering alternatives.
6. One benefit of having satisfied customers is that they may spread positive word of mouth.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
6-1
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 06-04 Discuss postpurchase outcomes.
Topic: Enhancing Customer Satisfaction
Feedback: Satisfied customers sometimes spread positive word of mouth. They are also likely to become loyal and to purchase again.
7. Setting high customer expectations is a good strategy that will help avoid customer dissatisfaction in the long run.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Setting unrealistically high consumer expectations of the product through advertising, personal selling, or other types of promotion may lead
to higher initial sales, but it eventually will result in dissatisfaction if the product fails to achieve high performance expectations.
8. Customers are more likely to talk about service that exceeded their expectation than about service that did not meet their expectation.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Negative word of mouth occurs when consumers spread negative information about a product, service, or store to others. When customers’
expectations are met or even exceeded, they often don’t tell anyone about it. But when consumers believe that they have been treated unfairly in some
way, they usually want to complain, often to many people.
9. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an interesting concept for psychology, but it has little relevance for marketing.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-05 List the factors that affect the consumer decision process.
Feedback: Maslow's hierarchy of needs helps explain motives, which are needs or wants that are strong enough to cause someone to seek satisfaction. In
many cases, satisfaction is tied to a purchase decision.
10. Situational factors sometimes override psychological and social factors in the consumer decision process.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Situational Influences
Feedback: Situational factors can lead to different decisions than the consumer would make otherwise. This is one reason why it is so difficult to predict
how a consumer will behave in a specific instance.
11. Frazier is out of milk and bread and needs to decide what is for dinner. He will be stopping at the grocery store on the way home. Frazier will likely
engage in limited problem solving.
TRUE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 06-06 Describe how involvement influences the consumer decision process.
Topic: Limited Decisions
Feedback: Milk and bread might be habitual purchases, or Frazier might consider different types of bread or different-sized containers of milk. He must
also decide on a menu for dinner and purchase the groceries he needs. None of this requires extended problem solving—in each case he will probably
consider only a few alternatives—but a small amount of thought will be needed. This is an example of limited problem solving.
6-2
12. Consumers involved in habitual decision making engage in little conscious decision making.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Routine Decisions
Feedback: Habitual decision making involves little conscious thought; instead, the consumer simply follows habitual patterns, usually without
considering other brands.
13. As manager of a local donut shop, Arnie greets his regular customers by name and often begins making their order when he sees them drive into the
parking lot. Arnie knows habitual purchasers with strong store loyalty are great customers.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: These customers rarely even consider alternative brands or stores, and so they are excellent customers.
14. Rachael is visiting colleges before applying to schools. Rachael is likely to be involved in an impulse buying process.
FALSE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Extended Problem Solving
Feedback: It is very unlikely that Rachael will make such an important decision impulsively. The fact that she is visiting schools in advance of applying
indicates that she is conducting extensive information search, and is probably involved in extended problem solving.
15. When making an important purchase, consumers often consult friends and family. This is considered an external search for information.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: An external search for information occurs when the buyer seeks information outside his or her personal knowledge base to help make the
buying decision.
16. Mary will not consider purchasing an "American" car brand based on negative comments made by her parents; therefore, she has developed a
negative attitude toward American brand cars.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: An attitude is a person's enduring evaluation of his or her feelings about and behavioral tendencies toward an object or idea. An attitude
consists of three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Mary's knowledge of her parents' comments could have influenced one, two, or all
three of these components of her attitude.
17. A reference group may have direct or indirect influence on your attitude toward a particular clothing store.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
6-3
Feedback: A reference group is one or more persons whom an individual uses as a basis for comparison regarding beliefs, feelings, and behaviors.
Reference groups provide information to consumers directly through conversation, either face-to-face or electronically, or indirectly through
observation.
18. After purchasing an expensive pair of shoes, you may question whether or not the shoes are any better than the less expensive shoes you could have
purchased instead. This is an example of postpurchase cognitive dissonance.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Postpurchase cognitive dissonance is an internal conflict that arises from an inconsistency between two beliefs, or between beliefs and
behavior. In this case, someone who spends a lot of money on shoes may feel a conflict due to the possibility that a cheaper pair would have satisfied the
need for shoes just as well, leaving the extra money available for another use.
19. Pam didn't go see the movie Gravity because her friends all said she wouldn't be able to handle it. When she found out how good it was, she blamed
her friends. Pam is demonstrating an internal locus of control.
FALSE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: By letting her friends' opinions control her actions, and then blaming them for her decision, she is demonstrating an external locus of control.
With an external locus of control, consumers believe that fate or other external factors control all outcomes. In that case, they believe it doesn’t matter
how much information they gather; if they make a wise decision, it isn’t to their credit, and if they make a poor one, it isn’t their fault.
20. Another name for physiological risk is safety risk.

TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: As it relates to a purchase decision, physiological (or safety) risk refers to the fear of an actual harm should the product not perform properly.
21. Jason usually buys Nike shoes, so when his friend asked him what shoes he should buy, he said Nike without thinking about it. Jason's response was
an evoked set.
FALSE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: This is a retrieval set because it is the brand that was readily brought forth from memory without considering other brands.
22. When Hakim asked Marta where she wanted to go for lunch, she said Chili's because she went there at least once a week and always liked it. Marta
conducted an internal search for information.
TRUE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: In an internal search for information, the buyer examines his or her own memory and knowledge about the product or service, gathered
through past experiences.
6-4
23. Vladimir decided not to purchase the iPod shuffle because he didn't think it would hold all of his songs. Vladimir was using his assessment of the
iPod shuffle's financial risk in making his decision.
FALSE

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Vladimir is worried about the performance risk, which involves the perceived danger inherent in a poorly performing product or service.
24. Determinant attributes are product or service features that are important to the buyer and on which competing brands or stores are perceived to
differ.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: This is the definition of determinant attributes.
25. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, safety needs are the needs that people first seek to meet.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs, those dealing with the basic biological necessities of life, are the needs people seek to
meet first.
Multiple Choice Questions
26. Marketers often use principles and theories from sociology and psychology to better understand consumers' actions and to
A. develop basic strategies for dealing with their behavior.
B. contribute to the theoretical knowledge in those disciplines.
C. avoid cultural reference group problems.
D. maximize postpurchase cognitive dissonance.
E. satisfy ritual consumption needs while avoiding overconsumption.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Sociology and psychology have both contributed many theories to marketing knowledge. Marketers have used these theories to decipher
many consumer choices and develop basic strategies for dealing with consumers' behavior.
27. Generally, people buy one product or service instead of another because they
A. want to get the lowest price possible.
B. perceive it to be the better value for them.
C. prefer to avoid doing extended problem solving.
D. have conducted a thorough internal search for information.
E. are unaware of key determinant attributes.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Value, the difference between what the customer gives and gets in an exchange, drives most consumer decision making.
6-5
28. The consumer decision process model represents
A. the concept of habitual decision making.
B. the retrieval of an evoked set based on physiological needs.
C. the steps that consumers go through before, during, and after making purchases.
D. the shift from an internal to an external locus of control.
E. the types of decisions all consumers must make.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: The consumer decision process model identifies steps involved in purchasing decisions, including before, during, and after making
purchases.
29. The consumer buying process begins when

A. a consumer enters a store.
B. consumers' functional needs are greater than their psychological needs.
C. a consumer's performance risk is minimized.
D. a consumer recognizes an unsatisfied need.
E. learning follows perception.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Need recognition is the first step in the consumer buying process.
30. When Karen realized her dog had fleas, Karen was faced with
A. a social-perceptual incongruence.
B. a psychological need.
C. a cognitive learning failure.
D. a universal shopping need.
E. an unsatisfied need.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Need recognition is the first step in the consumer buying process.
31. The greater the discrepancy between a consumer's needy state and the desired state, the greater
A. time needed to satisfy the need.
B. the effort consumers will invest in searching for alternatives.
C. the consumer's need recognition will be.
D. the size of the universal set will be.
E. the amount of external information search will be needed.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: A greater discrepancy will create a stronger drive to satisfy the need.
32. The greater the discrepancy between a consumer's __________, the greater the consumer's need recognition will be.
A. financial risk and performance risk
B. search for alternatives and alternatives found
C. needy state and desired state
D. universal set and evoked set
E. external and internal information search
6-6
Blooms: Understand
Feedback: The consumer decision process begins when consumers recognize they have an unsatisfied need, and they would like to go from their actual,
needy state to a different, desired state. The greater the discrepancy between these two states, the greater the need recognition will be.
33. Upscale men's and women's clothing stores like Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, or Saks Fifth Avenue are more likely to appeal to consumers'
__________ needs.
A. functional
B. postpurchase
C. safety
D. psychological
E. situational

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Upscale clothing can improve a person's image or make him or her feel a certain way, both of which are examples of psychological needs.
34. When mountain climbers purchase clothing for scaling Mount Everest, their purchases are primarily addressing __________ needs.
A. functional
B. prepurchase
C. social
D. psychological
E. functional and psychological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Mountain climbers need clothing that will allow them to handle the tough conditions on a Mount Everest climb. This is an example of a
functional need.
35. Laura has an almost-new economy car, but she wants a Ford Mustang because she thinks it would be exciting to own one. If she decides to purchase
a sports car such as the Mustang, she will be primarily fulfilling a __________ need.
A. functional
B. postpurchase
C. safety
D. psychological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Since Laura already has a car that works, she does not have a functional need for a car. A choice to purchase a sports car would represent a
psychological need. Perhaps the car makes her feel "cool" or adventurous.
36. A key to successful marketing is determining how to meet the correct balance of __________ needs that best appeals to the firm's target markets.
A. functional and social
B. postpurchase and prepurchase
C. safety and situational
D. psychological and physiological

Blooms: Understand
6-7
Feedback: Marketers must understand what needs are most likely to drive customers to consider their products, and design offerings to meet those
needs.
37. By producing motorcycles that do more than get riders to their destinations and back, Harley-Davidson is addressing consumers' __________ needs.
A. functional and social
B. postpurchase and prepurchase
C. safety and situational
D. psychological and physiological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: A motorcycle fulfills a need for transportation, but by doing more than that, the motorcycle may also be providing entertainment or
excitement.
38. When the floor rusted through on her old car, Kelly knew she had a problem. Logically, Kelly's next step in the consumer decision process would be
to
A. identify her need.
B. search for information about cars.
C. evaluate alternatives.
D. purchase a new car.
E. assess her satisfaction with the car she purchased.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: After recognizing a need (to solve the problem of the rusted floor), the next step in the consumer buying process is to search for information.
39. When Kelly began searching for a new car to replace her old, rusty one, she probably relied on __________ sources of information.
A. interpersonal and sensual
B. compensatory and noncompensatory
C. ritual and spiritual
D. psychological and functional
E. internal and external

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Since Kelly has already owned a car, she has some personal experience (an example of internal information). She may also know about
certain brands (also internal information). But she would probably also want to educate herself by visiting car-related websites, reading expert opinions,
or asking friends for advice (all examples of external information).
40. When Brandon decided he needed a new car, he immediately called his old college roommate, who owns a BMW dealership, to ask questions about
options and financing. Brandon was searching for information from
A. an external source.
B. an internal locus of control.
C. a reference source.
D. an internal source.
E. a situational factor group.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
6-8
Feedback: Brandon's friend is an external information source. An internal source would come from Brandon's own memory and experience.
41. Peter wanted an unbiased source of information to help him decide what brand of appliances to buy for his new condominium. Peter would most likely
search for information from
A. the Sears catalog.
B. the Consumer Reports website.
C. the local Better Business Bureau.
D. the website for Best Buy
E. Psychology Today magazine.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Of the sources listed, the Consumer Reports website is the best choice. The Sears catalog would be biased toward its own products. While
Best Buy sells many brands, it might favor some more than others and so can't be 100 percent trusted to be objective. Psychology Today would be an
irrelevant source. The Better Business Bureau, while it would probably be objective, would have information about the trustworthiness of a company,
not the quality of its products.
42. Once consumers have recognized a need, they begin to search for ways to satisfy that need. The internal search is characterized by
A. looking through the internal records of a firm, often found on the company website.
B. examining personal memories and knowledge.
C. using the Internet to find what other consumers feel about a specific product or service.
D. consulting close friends and families before expanding the search to a wider, external group.
E. being influenced by advertising.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Internal information comes from the individual's own memory and experience.
43. Every time Katie wants to eat salad for lunch, she and her friends go to Sweet Tomatoes, but if she’s craving dessert, she heads straight to The
Cheesecake Factory. In making these choices, she relies on a(n)
A. perceived benefits analysis.
B. external locus of control.
C. exceptional marketing campaign.
D. external source of information.
E. internal search for information.

Blooms: Analyze
Feedback: In an internal search for information, the buyer examines his or her own memory and knowledge about the product or service gathered
through past experiences. For example, every time Katie wants to eat salad for lunch, she and her friends go to Sweet Tomatoes, but if she’s craving
dessert, she heads straight to The Cheesecake Factory. In making these choices, she relies on her memory of past experiences when she has eaten at
these restaurant chains.
44. Ryan believes he is responsible for his actions, and he will conduct extensive searches before making a purchase. Michael's favorite phrase, when
confronted by the need to make a decision, is "Whatever." In marketing terms, Ryan is said to have a(n) __________ and Michael, a(n) __________.
A. obsessive personality; laissez-faire approach
B. formal search function; casual search function
C. increased search anxiety; decreased search anxiety
D. internal locus of control; external locus of control
E. focused sense of information; unfocused sense of information

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
6-9
Feedback: An internal locus of control refers to a situation where an individual feels that he or she has control over the outcome, which is Ryan's
situation. Michael's response of "Whatever" suggests that he has an external locus of control, feeling that he has no control over the outcome and that
therefore it doesn't matter what he does.
45. In the consumer decision process, we decide how much time and effort to expend searching for information based partly on
A. postpurchase dissonance.
B. the outcome of the alternative evaluation process.
C. the degree of perceived risk associated with the product or service being considered.
D. the results of habitual decision making.
E. the results of the external search.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Perceived risk is a key factor in deciding how much time and effort to devote to information search. The remaining factors listed come later
in the decision process.
46. Kathy has naturally curly hair and has often been disappointed with the haircuts she has received. When she moved to a new town, she approached
her new office mates and several strangers with curly hair and asked them where they had their hair cut. She chose to spend considerable effort finding
a new hair stylist based on the __________ associated with her purchase decision.
A. evoked set
B. reference group
C. physiological risk
D. performance risk
E. financial risk

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Kathy is afraid of getting another bad haircut. This represents performance risk, in that Kathy is worried about the quality of the service she
will receive.
47. Before flying, Jaden researches the types of planes the airline uses, scans the plane for defects as it taxis up to the terminal, and follows the pilot and
crew as they come through the airport. He has no experience as a pilot or airplane mechanic. Jaden probably has a misguided sense of his
B. locus of control.
C. reference group identification.
D. attribute sets.
E. social risk.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Jaden seems to have an internal locus of control for this flight—he thinks he has control over the outcome. This seems misguided, since he
lacks the experience to evaluate the condition of the aircraft and since he does not know how to fly a plane.
48. Every year before he puts his boat in the water, James has his mechanic put a new battery in the boat. James is most likely concerned with __________
risk.
A. psychological
B. financial
C. performance
D. social
E. physiological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
6-10
Feedback: A boat with a dead battery represents a performance risk, which James hopes to avoid by getting a new battery.
49. Jordana is a travel agent. Whenever she sells an expensive vacation package, she encourages the customer to buy travel insurance, which provides
reimbursement in case of trip cancellation due to illness or another emergency. Jordana is trying to reduce her customers' __________ risk.
A. psychological
B. financial
C. performance
D. social
E. physiological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: If a traveler had to cancel a trip at the last minute, deposits already paid would probably be lost. This is an example of financial risk. The
travel insurance reduces this risk by reimbursing these deposits under at least some circumstances.
50. André was afraid his new condominium would look shabby to his future in-laws, so he had it painted just before their visit. André was addressing his
__________ risk.
A. social
B. financial
C. performance
D. psychological
E. physiological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: André was worried that his in-laws would judge him by the condition of his condo, which represents a social risk since it relates to the way
others see him. If André had done the painting to preserve his self-image, that would be related to psychological risk.
51. Consumers consider universal, retrieval, and evoked sets during which stage of the consumer decision process?
A. need recognition
B. postpurchase evaluation
C. information search
D. situational analysis
E. evaluation of alternatives

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Different sets of alternatives are a factor during the third stage of the consumer decision process, evaluation of alternatives.
52. When Magda decided to buy a new computer, she considered all the brands she could recall seeing advertised. This represents Magda's __________
set.
A. universal
B. retrieval
C. evoked
D. deterministic
E. behavioral

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: The universal set represents all brands, regardless of whether or not the consumer is aware of them. The retrieval set represents all brands the
6-11
consumer can recall (as in this case). The evoked set represents all brands the consumer would consider buying.
53. When Maya decided to buy a new computer, she thought about all the brands she could recall seeing advertised, but she would consider only those
brands she could buy at her local Best Buy electronics store. This represents Maya's __________ set.
A. universal
B. retrieval
C. evoked
D. deterministic
E. behavioral

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
consumer can recall. The evoked set represents all brands the consumer would consider buying (as in this case).
54. Marketers particularly want their brands and products to be in consumers' __________ sets.
A. universal
B. retrieval
C. evoked
D. deterministic
E. behavioral

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
consumer can recall. The evoked set represents all brands the consumer would consider buying. Marketers want their brands to be in evoked sets, since
this gives those brands a serious chance of being selected for purchase.
55. Elena is in the process of buying a new car. There are many possible cars to choose from, but she is focused on a few she would actually consider
buying. These make up her __________ set.
A. universal
B. retrieval
C. immediate
D. evoked
E. focus

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
consumer can recall. The evoked set represents all brands the consumer would consider buying (as in this case).
56. The Wall Street Journal provides a set of guidelines each year for purchasing a laptop computer. The guidelines include recommendations for hard disk
capacity, memory size, battery life, and several other attributes. The Wall Street Journal is providing consumers with
A. an evoked set.
B. psychological needs.
C. social concerns.
D. evaluative criteria.
E. biased information.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: These attribute recommendations are examples of evaluative criteria, which are the salient, or important, attributes about a particular product
6-12
a consumer considers when evaluating available alternatives.
57. __________ attributes are product or service features that are important to buyers and that are used to differentiate among choices.
A. Retrieval
B. Financial
C. Social
D. Determinant
E. Safety/performance

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Determinant attributes are product features that are important to buyers, and that the buyer perceives to be different between brands.
58. Andrea and Karl got married a year ago and are ready to move out of their apartment and into a new home. After looking at several houses, they have
developed a list of features that are important to them and that are different among the homes they have visited. The features on their list are called
A. an evoked set.
B. determinant attributes.
C. short lists.
D. perceived risk factors.
E. trade-off elements.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Determinant attributes are product features that are important to buyers, and that buyers perceive to be different between brands.
59. Jonathan prefers shirts made with 100 percent cotton, but he will sometimes buy shirts with less cotton if they are less expensive. Jonathan uses
__________ to decide which shirts to buy.
A. a compensatory decision rule
B. a noncompensatory decision rule
C. habitual decision making
D. social factors
E. temporal factors

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: This is a compensatory decision rule because an advantage in price can compensate for a lower cotton content.
60. Dawn flies regularly between Atlanta and Los Angeles. She almost always uses Delta Airlines and has lots of Delta Sky Miles credit (Delta's
frequent-flyer program). Still, she uses an online fare comparison website each time to see if a competitor has a better price or a more convenient
schedule. Dawn uses __________ to decide which airline to fly.
A. a compensatory decision rule
B. a noncompensatory decision rule
C. habitual decision making
D. social factors
E. temporal factors

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: This is a compensatory decision rule because Dawn makes trade-offs when evaluating the flights available. A low price or a convenient
schedule can compensate for the lack of Delta frequent-flyer credit.
61. Jordana is buying a laptop computer to take on trips. Although she has looked at several brands, she refuses to buy a computer that weighs more than
6-13
five pounds. Jordana is basing her decision on
A. a compensatory decision rule.
B. a noncompensatory decision rule.
C. habitual decision making.
D. social factors.
E. temporal factors.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: This is a noncompensatory decision rule because no trade-off is possible. No matter how inexpensive or powerful a computer may be, if it
weighs more than five pounds, Jordana will not buy it.
62. Marketers are particularly interested in postpurchase behavior because it

A. involves both compensatory and noncompensatory consumers.
B. offers insights into information search methods.
C. avoids situational conflicts.
D. involves actual rather than potential customers.
E. involves both actual and potential customers.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Unlike prepurchase behavior, postpurchase behavior reflects the characteristics of actual customers. Satisfied customers may be a source of
future purchases and/or positive word of mouth.
63. Sometimes consumers have second thoughts after buying goods that are expensive, infrequently purchased, or associated with a high level of risk.
This is an especially critical time for marketers, as their customers are dealing with
A. criteria reevaluation.
B. buyer's remorse.
C. competitive leverage.
D. purchase uncertainty.
E. consumer vulnerability.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Buyer's remorse, or postpurchase cognitive dissonance, is felt most often for expensive products purchased infrequently and/or associated
with high levels of risk.
64. Many teenagers, both male and female, have clothes they purchased in the past that they "would not be caught dead in" today. When they
occasionally see those clothes hanging in the back of their closet, these teenagers probably feel
A. cognitive bias.
B. postpurchase cognitive dissonance.
C. psychological risk.
D. need recognition.
E. physiological risk.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: This is an example of buyer's remorse, or postpurchase cognitive dissonance.
65. Postpurchase cognitive dissonance is especially likely for products that are
A. cheap, poorly made, and made of plastic.
B. personally valuable, antique, or foreign-made.
6-14
C. simple, easily copied, and new.
D. psychologically soothing, purchased impulsively, and part of a consumer's evoked set.
E. expensive, infrequently purchased, or associated with high levels of risk.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Postpurchase cognitive dissonance is especially likely for products that are expensive, are infrequently purchased, do not work as intended,
or are associated with high levels of risk.
66. Marketers frequently design customer relationship management programs to

A. retain loyal customers.
B. attract consumers who have safety needs.
C. reinforce postpurchase cognitive dissonance.
D. increase internal information search.
E. improve profit margins.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: CRM
Feedback: Customer relationship management programs are aimed at current customers, to build loyalty.
67. Marketers fear negative word of mouth because when consumers are dissatisfied, they
A. are less likely to say something than when they are satisfied.
B. often want to complain to many people.
C. buy more of the product to prove they were correct in their criticism.
D. often file a lawsuit.
E. don't buy any of the company's other products.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Dissatisfied customers are very likely to complain to others, whereas satisfied customers often tell no one.
68. Most firms maintain customer complaint services online, in the store, or over the telephone. Firms attempt to respond quickly to complaints, hoping
to
A. get themselves into the universal set.
B. reduce the cost of postpurchase advertising.
C. minimize negative word of mouth and rumors.
D. extend decision rules to the customer complaint desk.
E. offset performance risk with financial risk.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: By handling complaints promptly and efficiently, firms may be able to prevent or reduce the amount of complaining the customer does to
friends and acquaintances (or online).
69. Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes physiological needs at the lowest level and self-actualization at the top. The three levels in between are
A. material goods, safety, and love.
B. community, family, and self.
C. safety, stability, and striving.
D. health, wealth, and happiness.
E. safety, love, and esteem.
6-15
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Maslow's hierarchy, in order from lowest to highest, is (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) love, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization.
70. After Sharon graduated from college, she found a steady and good-paying job, got married and began to raise a family, and began to receive
recognition at work and in the community. Eventually, she began to devote more time and effort to intellectual and aesthetic pursuits. Sharon is moving
up to what level on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
A. self-fulfillment
B. self-esteem
C. self-confidence
D. self-actualization
E. self-care

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Sharon's steady job took care of the two lowest levels in Maslow's hierarchy (physiological and safety needs). Marriage took care of the third
level (love), and recognition addressed needs for esteem, the fourth level. Sharon's current activities address the final level, self-actualization.
71. A(n) __________ is a need or want strong enough to cause a person to seek satisfaction.
A. locus of control
B. motive
C. attitude
D. perception
E. learning curve

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: A motive is a need or want that is strong enough to cause the person to seek satisfaction
72. There are approximately 1 billion people living in India. Only about 200 million of these people earn more than the equivalent of $1,000 per year.
According to Maslow's hierarchy, most of the other 800 million Indian consumers are primarily addressing their __________ needs.
A. social
B. personal
C. psychological
D. esteem
E. physiological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Many people in India are living at a subsistence level, able to afford little but basic necessities (if that). This indicates that they are at the
lowest level in Maslow's hierarchy, physiological needs.
73. Negative attitudes are typically difficult for marketers to change because
A. most consumers' attitudes depend on prices.
B. consumers weigh performance risk against functional needs when assessing their attitudes.
C. attitudes are learned and long lasting.
D. attitudes shift consumers from limited to extended problem-solving situations.
E. consumers' attitudes are derived from unchanging decision rules.

Blooms: Understand
6-16
Feedback: While attitude change is possible, it is difficult since attitudes are long lasting.
74. Though he has never owned a Jaguar, Jerry thinks they are poorly made and have many mechanical problems. For Jaguar to sell Jerry a car, the
company would need to change the __________ component of Jerry's attitude.
A. social
B. affective
C. functional
D. cognitive
E. physiological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Thinking that Jaguars are poorly made and have mechanical problems are part of the cognitive component of Jerry's attitude since they
reflect his belief system, or what he believes to be true. The affective component is represented by his emotional responses to the car (he may feel anger,
remembering a time he rode in someone else's Jaguar and it broke down). The behavioral component is represented by what he actually does (driving
past a Jaguar dealer and not even looking at the cars as he goes by).
75. Apple computer users tend to like the company and love its products. Apple has nurtured this __________ component of its customers' attitudes.
A. social
B. affective
C. psychological
D. cognitive
E. physiological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: The words like and love are important here, as they represent feelings, which make up the affective component of an attitude. The cognitive
component would be represented by beliefs (for example, the belief that Apple is better at innovation than its competitors). The behavioral component
would be represented by actions (for example, the choice to buy an Apple computer instead of a Windows PC).
76. __________ refer(s) to the process by which consumers select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world.
A. Attitude
B. Learning
C. Perception
D. Values
E. Consumption

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Perception is the process by which we select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. Perception in
marketing influences our acquisition and consumption of goods and services through our tendency to assign meaning to such things as color, symbols,
taste, and packaging.
77. American visitors to the Indonesian island of Bali are often aghast when they see the sign for the Swastika resort. Americans associate the swastika
symbol with Nazi Germany while Indonesians associate the symbol with the four major elements on Earth. The two groups have different
A. lifestyles.
B. risk factors.
C. perceptions.
D. factual norms.
E. postpurchase dissonance.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
6-17
Feedback: The cultural differences between Americans and Indonesians have led to different perceptions of the meaning of the swastika symbol.
78. Learning refers to a change in a person's thought process or behavior that arises from
A. attitudes.
B. experience.
C. risk analysis.
D. cultural norms.
E. postpurchase dissonance.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Learning refers to a change in a person’s thought process or behavior that arises from experience and takes place throughout the consumer
decision process.
79. Stuart wanted to impress Janet with the perfect engagement ring. He had been saving money for months, and he noticed his attitudes and perceptions
about diamond rings changing as he began paying attention to ads for rings. Marketers call this process
A. consumer confidence building.
B. self-actualization.
C. a decision rule.
D. reducing prepurchase dissonance.
E. learning.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Stuart is receiving new information through the experience of paying attention to the ads, and this is likely to change his attitudes about the
purchase. This is the process of learning.
80. Among the factors affecting the consumer decision-making process is the way consumers spend their time and money to live, otherwise known as
A. lifestyle.
B. conspicuous consumption.
C. the demonstration effect.
D. external validation.
E. life standards.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Lifestyle refers to the way consumers spend their time and money to live.
81. Christopher bought Timberland boots because he felt they were perfect for his outdoor activities. Patrick bought the same kind of boots because he
felt they were stylish, especially with the logo clearly visible. The psychological factor driving Patrick's behavior is
A. a functional need.
B. lifestyle.
C. his universal set.
D. learned behavior.
E. his evoked set.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Of the factors listed, lifestyle is the best choice because it represents the way Patrick chooses to spend his time and money. He wants to be
stylish, and so he chooses the boots. This is an example of a psychological, not a functional, need.
6-18
82. A consumer's external social environment includes
A. impulse, habitual, and limited problem-solving processes.
B. functional and psychological needs.
C. universal, retrieval, and evoked sets.
D. cognitive, affective, and behavioral environments.
E. the customer's family, reference groups, and culture.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Social-cultural Environment
Feedback: External social factors include the customer's family, reference groups, and culture.
83. Jennifer's spending decisions are heavily influenced by her family, her peers, and her religious education. These influences on her spending
decisions are all ________ influences.
A. psychological risk
B. external social environment
C. physiological need
D. cognitive need
E. evoked set

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Jennifer's decisions are influenced by her family, her reference group (peers), and her religious training (an aspect of culture). These are the
three categories of the external social environment.
84. Natalie and her fiancé Dow are planning their wedding. She knows her mother wants her to have a traditional church wedding with a Roman
Catholic priest officiating. Natalie would like to have an informal ceremony on the beach, since that type of wedding has become popular with her
friends. Furthermore, Dow is from Thailand and would like to have a monk officiate. Natalie and Dow's wedding decisions are most influenced by
A. impulse, habitual, and limited problem-solving processes.
B. functional and psychological profit.
C. universal, retrieval, and evoked sets.
D. cognitive, affective, and behavioral environments.
E. family, reference groups, and culture.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: The wedding decision is being influenced by family (Natalie's mother), reference groups (Natalie's friends who have gotten married on the
beach), and culture (Dow's Thai heritage).
85. Many Hollywood movie stars were among the first to buy electric and hybrid vehicles. These stars often become __________, influencing other
consumers' behavior.
A. reference groups
B. internal loci of control
C. cultural icons
D. cognitive parameters
E. evoked images

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Celebrities can serve as a reference group, since some consumers like to identify with celebrities and to follow their lead.
86. The shared meanings, beliefs, morals, values, and customs of a group of people constitute its
6-19
A. reference group.
B. family.
C. culture.
D. cognitive frame.
E. evoked set.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: This is the definition of culture.
87. Beverage firms sometimes hire attractive young people to sit at fashionable bars, sipping the company's latest product offering. The firms hope these
"models" will serve as a(n) __________ and influence consumers.
A. reference group
B. risk avoider
C. cultural determinant
D. cognitive learning experiment
E. evoked set

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: The firms hope the models will serve as a reference group, due to their attractiveness, and that others will identify with them and copy their
behavior.
88. Before going on his first business trip to China, Brad asked his Chinese American friend to advise him on customs and values common among the
Chinese businesspeople he will likely encounter. Brad is trying to avoid __________ business blunders.
A. reference group
B. situational
C. cultural
D. cognitive
E. evoked

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Brad is concerned about meanings, beliefs, values, and customs that he will not understand: in other words, the culture in China.
89. Where Caroline grew up, everyone knew everyone else, no one locked their doors, and a person's word could be trusted. When she went to work in
another part of the country, she was surprised by how few people had similar values and beliefs. Caroline had to adjust to __________ differences.
A. reference group
B. situational
C. cognitive
D. cultural
E. evoked

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Caroline comes from a place that values friendliness and honesty as part of its culture; she is now in a place with a different culture.
90. The traditional marketing strategy of selling umbrellas when it is raining is an example of how __________ factors influence consumers' decisions.
A. situational
B. psychological
C. shopping
D. interpersonal
6-20
E. economic

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: This is an example of a situational factor, taking advantage of a weather condition that creates specific needs.
91. __________ factors override or at least influence psychological and social issues.
A. Situational
B. Extended habitual
C. Postpurchase dissonance
D. Interpersonal
E. Economic

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Sometimes situational factors, or factors specific to the situation, override or at least influence psychological and social issues. These
situational factors are related to the purchase and shopping situation as well as to temporal states.
92. Paula is about to open a new hardware store. She is making decisions regarding lighting, colors, and layout of merchandise. Paula knows these
__________ factors will influence consumers' purchase decisions.
A. interpersonal
B. extended habitual
C. postpurchase dissonance
D. store atmosphere
E. social

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Lighting, color, and merchandise layout are examples of store atmosphere factors.
93. Steve wasn't sure what kind of salsa he wanted to get for his upcoming Super Bowl party. It seemed like there were dozens of varieties to choose
from. He noticed that he could sample a few at a station in the store. He tried four, rejected two, and bought several jars of the two he really liked. He
also ended up buying a different—and more expensive—kind of tortilla chip after tasting it. Marketers identify this as a success story of
A. learning.
B. decision rules.
C. social factors.
D. advertisements.
E. in-store demonstrations.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Buying Situations
Feedback: The in-store demonstration of the salsa and chips influenced Steve's purchases.
94. Brenda was planning a small dinner party, and had gone to a new specialty food store with coupons she'd found in the food section of the paper. At
the store she also found a "buy one, get one free" deal, and a gift offered with the purchase of a particular dessert. She altered the menu as a result of the
__________ and ended up spending less than she'd planned.
A. in-store demonstrations
B. packaging
C. in-store promotion
D. product placement
E. store atmosphere
6-21
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Promotions in stores can influence purchase decisions, as in this case.
95. Many states have laws regulating the prices businesses charge during emergencies like hurricanes. These laws are designed to protect consumers
whose __________ state may impair their ability to make sound purchase decisions.
A. shopping
B. social
C. theoretical
D. temporal
E. physical

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: A temporal state is a temporary state of mind, such as the fear that would be aroused by an impending hurricane.
96. There is a saying "Never go to the grocery store hungry." This saying suggests that a consumer's __________ state may adversely affect purchasing
decisions.
A. shopping
B. social
C. theoretical
D. external
E. temporal

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Hunger is an example of a temporal state, a temporary state of mind that can influence decision making. In this case, the suggestion is that
hunger will cause the consumer to purchase things he or she wouldn't buy otherwise.
97. The consumer's level of involvement can lead to two types of buying decisions: __________ or
A. extended problem solving; limited problem solving.
B. culturally influenced; autonomous.
C. economic; social.
D. physiological/safety; esteem/self-actualization.
E. habitual; extended.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Extended problem solving typically occurs under a high level of involvement; limited problem solving typically occurs under a low level of
involvement.
98. Consumers use and process different aspects of advertising or messages. __________ yields greater attention and deeper processing, and leads to
strong attitudes and purchase intentions.
A. An external locus of control
B. High involvement
C. Low involvement
D. Differential content
E. Internet advertising

Blooms: Understand
6-22
Topic: Involvement
Feedback: High involvement often leads to extended problem solving, with more attention to the task, more information sought, and more evaluation of
alternatives. This involves greater attention and deeper processing.
99. Thanh has to decide which college to attend. This is the most important, riskiest, and most expensive decision she has ever made. She will be
engaged in
A. low-involvement decision making.
B. extended problem solving.
C. habitual decision making.
D. prepurchase dissonance.
E. limited problem solving.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Due to the cost, importance, and relative risk involved, Thanh will probably engage in extended problem solving.
100. Limited problem solving usually relies on

A. past experience more than on external information.
B. situational stimuli and attitudes.
C. external searches for information.
D. financial analysis of performance risk.
E. evaluation of the universal set.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Limited problem solving occurs during a purchase decision that calls for, at most, a moderate amount of effort and time. Customers engage
in this type of buying process when they have had some prior experience with the product or service and the perceived risk is moderate. Limited
problem solving usually relies on past experience more than on external information.
101. Last semester, Henri bought his textbooks over the Internet and saved a considerable amount of money. Classes start in a few days, and he needs to
decide right away how and where to purchase his books. Henri will most likely engage in a(n) __________ process.
A. impulse buying
B. limited problem-solving
C. extended problem-solving
D. ritual consumption
E. affective decision

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Henri will probably use a limited problem-solving process. He doesn't have time for extended evaluation of all his options. Besides, his
recent positive experience buying books online will probably influence him to do the same this time (unless he has waited too long and can't get his
books in time).
102. Most big box retailers regularly move products from one aisle to another. They also put personal care products in the pharmacy area, many aisles
away from the grocery products. They do this because consumers who spend more time walking through the store are likely to buy things they hadn't
planned to buy, or make
A. impulse purchases.
B. limited problem-solving decisions.
C. extended problem-solving decisions.
D. ritual consumption purchases.
E. affective alternative decisions.

Blooms: Apply
6-23
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Involvement
Feedback: A common type of limited problem solving is impulse buying, a buying decision made by customers on the spot when they see the
merchandise.
103. Marketers love consumers who engage in __________, buying their company's product with little thought or consideration of alternatives.
A. compensatory decisions
B. personal problem solving
C. extended problem solving
D. reference group consumption
E. habitual decision making

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Habitual decision making describes a purchase decision process in which consumers engage in little conscious effort.
104. To attract and maintain habitual purchasers, marketers spend considerable effort
A. analyzing consumer data for postpurchase dissonance signals.
B. creating strong brands and store loyalty.
C. cultivating cultural decision making.
D. reducing financial risk and increasing psychological payout.
E. offering alternative brands.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Involvement
Feedback: Habitual purchasers are most likely to remain loyal to strong brands, and to respond to efforts to build their loyalty further.
105. For which of the following purchases would consumers most likely engage in limited problem solving?
A. college courses
B. a new car
C. a home
D. coffee to go, for a regular coffee drinker
E. a location for a large wedding reception

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: A new car, a home, and a wedding location are major decisions that will probably lead to extended problem solving. Coffee to go for a
regular coffee drinker is probably a habitual purchase. But college courses will probably lead to limited problem solving. Students will check available
options, consider their choices, and might consult friends or past course evaluations for more information; however, they are unlikely to engage in
extensive information search or extensive evaluation of alternatives, especially since some courses will be required for a degree.
106. The three components of an attitude are

A. cognitive, affective, and behavioral.
B. connected, applicable, and bearable.
C. confident, achievable, and believable.
D. consistent, affordable, and particular.
E. controlled, uncontrolled, and visible.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: An attitude consists of three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral.

6-24
107. Alex decides to make a donation to the Autism Research Institute. Which component of Alex's attitude toward autism research does this represent?
A. behavioral component
B. affective component
C. cognitive component
D. affordable component
E. connected component

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: An attitude consists of three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. In this case, Alex is demonstrating an attitude through his
behavior by donating to the organization.
108. An online retailer needs to be able to measure how well its website converts purchase intentions into actual purchases. This is known as the
A. conversion rate.
B. collection ratio.
C. consumer index.
D. customer total.
E. buyer quotient.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Marketing Metrics
Feedback: The conversion rate is the percentage of purchase intentions that are converted into actual purchases.
109. Zappos.com constantly reminds customers of recently viewed items and informs them when stock is low in an effort to entice the customer to make
a purchase. Zappos is trying to improve its
A. conversion rate.
B. collection ratio.
C. consumer index.
D. customer total.
E. culture quotient.

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: The conversion rate is the percentage of purchase intentions that are converted into actual purchases.
110. Tomas, a bank employee, doesn't feel that his coworkers accept him. He decides to dress more casually, as they do, hoping to be accepted. Which
level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is Tomas trying to work on?
A. esteem
B. physiological
C. safety
D. love
E. self-actualization

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: The five needs are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Tomas seeks acceptance from his colleagues, which represents
the love level.
111. There are five types of risks associated with purchase decisions. Which of the following best describes a situation where your new car stalls in the
middle of a busy intersection?
A. physiological risk
6-25
B. social risk
C. financial risk
D. functional risk
E. psychological risk

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Physiological risk (or safety risk) refers to the fear of actual harm, as could happen in this situation. This might also be considered an example
of performance risk, since the product has failed, but it was not one of the options offered.
112. Barak is considering buying a hybrid car, but he's not sure that he believes the gas mileage estimates. Barak is concerned about
A. physiological risk.
B. social risk.
C. financial risk.
D. safety risk.
E. performance risk.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Performance risk is the risk that the product will fail to operate correctly, in this case referring to poorer-than-expected gas mileage.
113. A home security company will advertise the need for home surveillance products to appeal to which level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
A. safety
B. love
C. esteem
D. self-actualization
E. physiological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Safety needs pertain to protection and physical well-being.
114. Joanna lives according to her own rules, unconcerned about designer labels, brand names, and luxury items. Joanna is at which level in Maslow's
hierarchy of needs?
A. self-actualization
B. safety
C. love
D. esteem
E. physiological

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Self-actualization occurs when you feel completely satisfied with your life and how you live, and are not concerned about what others think.
115. Some websites allow consumers to shop while getting opinions from online friends. Which of the influences on the consumer buying process does
this represent?
A. psychological
B. social
C. situational
D. motives
E. perception
6-26
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Friends are likely to be part of the shopper's reference group, which is a social factor.
116. __________ are the three types of attribute sets.

A. Universal, retrieval, and evoked
B. University, relatives, and expression
C. United, relations, and exploration
D. Urban, random, and exchange
E. Unanimity, rule, and express

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Feedback: Research has shown that the consumer's mind organizes and categorizes alternatives to aid his or her decision process. Universal sets,
retrieval sets, and evoked sets are the three types of sets identified.
117. While on vacation, Martha had her camera stolen. Not wanting to waste vacation time shopping for a new camera, Martha simply purchased
another camera just like her old one. For Martha, the __________ was low.
A. perceived benefit versus perceived cost of search
B. locus of control for this decision
C. determinant attribute for this decision
D. universal set of camera options
E. prepurchase dissonance factor

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Martha could have used her experience with her current camera to find an even better one—perhaps a newer model—but her vacation time
was worth a great deal to her and she didn't want to spend it shopping for a camera. Furthermore, her old camera had apparently met her needs fairly
well. So she could spend little or no time and purchase a satisfactory product, which made more sense to her than spending time in order to buy an only
slightly better camera.
118. Reginald greets his regular customers by name every morning when they come in for coffee. He offers them a taste of anything special he is
cooking that day. He has a database with their birthdays, and offers them free meals on their birthdays. Reginald hopes that this attention to his
"regulars" will encourage them to
A. assist him in meeting his functional needs.
B. always include his firm in their universal set.
C. extend problem solving beyond ritual consumption.
D. internalize impulse attitudes.
E. spread positive word of mouth.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Although people are more likely to complain when dissatisfied than to praise when satisfied, Reginald can still encourage positive word of
mouth from his regulars.
119. "Black Friday," as the day after Thanksgiving has come to be known in the United States, is a day marked by many special deals in most retail
stores, including deep-discounted products available in limited quantities, called "doorbusters," and designed to get shoppers into the store. But one
danger of running out of the doorbuster deals is that a shopper may become angry or discouraged at failing to get the special item, and decide not to do
any more shopping. This is an example of the impact of __________ on the consumer decision process.
A. the purchase situation
B. lifestyle
C. setting high expectations
6-27
D. perception
E. learning

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: Setting high expectations may cause a store to lose a customer if those expectations aren't met.
120. Americans often equate "bigger" with "better," and prefer larger cars, TV screens, homes, even meals. Researchers suspect that in doing so, we are
trying to reduce __________ risk in the consumer decision process.
A. psychological
B. financial
C. performance
D. social
E. physiological

Blooms: Understand
Feedback: Choosing larger items may make us feel more powerful and increase status, reducing psychological risk for consumers who may otherwise
feel powerless.
121. Zappos online shoe and clothing store has a unique way of dealing with abandoned shopping carts. If a site visitor places items into the shopping
cart and then leaves the site without making a purchase, several days later Zappos sends a humorous e-mail saying, "Let us show you what your
shopping cart did while you were gone," along with a photo of a cute dog intended to represent the shopping cart. This attention-getting device is
designed to improve the site's
B. selective perception.
C. conversion rate.
D. reference group influence.
E. position in the evoked set.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Feedback: If Zappos can encourage consumers to return to the site and purchase items in the shopping cart, this improves its conversion rate (the
percentage of site visitors who take the firm's desired action—in this case, making a purchase).
Essay Questions
122. Marketers believe that the decision-making process begins with a consumer's need recognition. Not everyone agrees. How would you answer
critics who believe marketers can force people to buy things they don't want?
Students may have passionate responses to this question, but the response should include a description of need recognition and the desire to satisfy that
need. By understanding the decision-making process, marketers can help consumers satisfy needs of which they may not even be aware. It is not likely
that customers will buy without satisfying some kind of need.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
123. What is the difference between a functional need and a psychological need? How can getting a college education fulfill both types of needs?
A functional need relates to product performance, whereas a psychological need pertains to personal gratification associated with a product or service.
A college education fulfills a functional need when it makes graduates eligible for certain jobs and careers that they would not have been considered for
without a degree. A degree also satisfies many students' personal needs for attaining a goal, learning, or self-esteem.
6-28
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
124. After her first year in college, Veronica wants to decide on a major. What internal and external sources of information will she use to help her in
making a decision?
After defining a need or want (to decide on a major), Veronica will likely begin to search for information. She might begin with an internal search:
topics that interest her, and whatever she can recall from first-year student orientation and from courses she liked. She will likely search the school's
catalog, website, course listings, and degree requirements, all of which are external sources. Since it is an important decision, Veronica will probably
also talk with professors, other students, and advisors.

Blooms: Understand
125. Using automobiles as an example, explain the differences between universal, retrieval, and evoked sets, and identify the one that is most important
to marketers.
The universal set is all the automobiles available in the market. All the automobiles you can name would be the retrieval set. All the autos you would
consider when deciding to buy a car would be the evoked set. Marketers would definitely prefer to be part of a consumer's evoked set.

Blooms: Understand
126. Provide two decision-making examples: one of an occasion when a consumer might use a compensatory decision rule, and one when the consumer
might use a noncompensatory decision rule. For each, briefly identify the characteristics of the decision that would make a compensatory or
noncompensatory rule the best choice. Be specific.
Responses will vary widely. The discussion should include an understanding of the terms compensatory and noncompensatory. A compensatory
decision rule assumes that the consumer, when evaluating alternatives, trades off one characteristic against another, such that good characteristics
compensate for bad characteristics. When a consumer uses a noncompensatory decision rule, he or she chooses a product or service on the basis of one
characteristic or one subset of a characteristic, regardless of the values of its other attributes.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
127. What evaluative criteria would consumers be likely to use in choosing a family physician?
Most consumers would begin by assessing the physician's reputation, primarily through word of mouth. Nurses are often an excellent source of
information. A second criterion might be convenience. How far is the physician's office from a family's home or business? A third criterion might be
availability. Can you get an appointment in a reasonable period of time? The fourth criterion might be comfort. Do you feel comfortable with the
physician? Participation in the consumer's insurance plan would be another criterion. Price probably would not be a criterion unless an individual lacked
health insurance.

Blooms: Understand
128. Assume you are the manager of a resort property that is close to the mountains, to several recreational sites, and to a few luxury restaurants and
stores. How would you manage customer expectations to enhance postpurchase satisfaction? Be specific.
Students might select any of the following: building realistic expectations by listing the nearby attractions and showing photos, offering demonstrations
by posting videos of the area, reducing risk through guarantees or similar programs, and encouraging feedback and communication with customers,
even after the purchase.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
129. Fred's Heating and Air Conditioning Service is considering using the slogan, "We fix it the first time, every time." Why might this slogan be a bad
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idea if Fred wants to maximize postpurchase satisfaction? Create a better slogan for Fred.
Fred should create realistic expectations. His proposed slogan is risky because it makes a promise he probably can't keep, thus setting unreasonably high
expectations that are likely to lead to dissatisfied customers if, for example, he can't make a repair on the first visit because a part needs to be ordered.
Suggested slogans will vary but might include: "We fix it the first time, or the next time is on us."

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
130. At a convenience store, Brian bought a bag of chips he had never tried before. Driving down the road, Brian opened the bag, took a bite, and
realized he had purchased pork rinds by mistake. Being a vegetarian, Brian threw away the chips. Brian felt very little buyer's remorse and soon forgot
about the experience. Why?
Buyer's remorse or postpurchase cognitive dissonance is generally greater for products that are expensive, infrequently purchased, and involve
perceived risk. None of that applies to snack food purchases.

Blooms: Understand
131. Often political candidates position themselves as "outsiders," not part of the establishment. These candidates assume that voters have a negative
attitude toward incumbent politicians (i.e., those currently in office). Describe three components of attitudes voters might have toward incumbent
politicians.
The three components are:
Cognitive—what voters believe to be true or untrue about a politician

Affective—how voters feel about a politician or political issue
Behavioral—how voters may vote

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
132. Why are attitudes important in consumer decision making?
Attitudes are learned and long lasting, and they might develop over a long period of time, though they can also abruptly change. Astute students will
include consideration of the three components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. From the marketer's perspective, attitudes influence the
decision-making process. At a minimum, the marketer should know what prevailing attitudes are, and how they might affect the overall process.

Blooms: Understand
133. How does the shopping situation affect consumer behavior, both positively and negatively?
Handled well, the shopping situation can support the purchase. Handled poorly, it can drive the customer to a competitor. Elements in the student
response should include store atmosphere, salespeople and other personnel, crowding, demonstrations, promotions, packaging, and more.

Blooms: Understand
134. Using examples, describe the difference between impulse buying and habitual decision making.
Impulse buying occurs when decisions are made on the spot when people see the merchandise. Retailers put candy, soft drinks, WD-40 (in a hardware
store), and other impulse items near the checkout counter. Impulse items for kids are often lower on the shelf at the checkout counter. Habitual decision
making describes purchases made with even less thought than impulse buying. Consumers who buy the same item every day are making habitual
purchases. Consumers who have the same coffee, tea, or chai each morning, the same beverage after work, or order the same meal at a restaurant are
making habitual purchases.

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Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Involvement
135. Marketers often use the principles and theories from other disciplines to understand consumer actions and develop marketing strategies. According
to the text, what disciplines are most useful to marketers trying to understand consumer behavior?
Marketers often use the principles and theories from psychology and sociology.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
136. Harley-Davidson knows that many of its customers today are professional people who want the pride of owning a Harley. Harley-Davidson also
appeals to its more traditional market: cyclists who want a smooth, powerful ride. To be successful, Harley-Davidson needs to appeal to which type(s)
of needs?
It needs to appeal to both psychological and functional needs of its customers.

Blooms: Understand
137. When Dee has business in Denver, she often goes out for a fancy meal. When deciding where to go, the restaurants she usually chooses are the
local Thai restaurant and the elegant French restaurant. Do these two restaurants represent her universal, retrieval, or evoked set of choices?
These are her retrieval set. There are obviously many other restaurants, and she may be aware of some of these others, but she considers only these two
because they are the first ones she thinks of due to past experience.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
138. Larry operates a fishing resort in the Galapagos Islands. Few guests visit his remote island more than once, but Larry has his assistant e-mail recent
customers each month to see how satisfied they were with their stay at his resort. Why would Larry spend effort on past customers if few guests come
more than once?
Past customers' opinions are important because they are from actual, not potential, customers. Even though they may not visit again, they could provide
tremendous word-of-mouth publicity as well as helpful comments for improving the resort's services.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
139. When Roger decides which airline to use to fly from Baltimore to San Diego, he considers the price, number of stops, and frequent-flyer miles he
will earn. However, earning frequent-flyer miles is the most important factor for him. Is Roger using a compensatory or noncompensatory decision
rule? Explain your reasoning.
Roger is using a compensatory decision rule because he is weighing the alternatives, but one factor outweighs the others.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
140. Why is it dangerous for marketers to set unrealistically high consumer expectations?
Setting unrealistically high consumer expectations may lead to higher initial sales, but will eventually result in dissatisfaction if the product or service
fails to achieve the high performance expectations.

Blooms: Understand
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141. Whenever major golf professionals use a new piece of golf equipment, sales of that equipment jump rapidly. What type of social influence do PGA
and LPGA professionals represent for average golfers?
They are reference groups who influence people's behavior.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
142. Naomi knows that habitual purchasers make great customers for her coffee shop. How can Naomi attract and maintain habitual purchasers?
Creating and maintaining strong brands and strong store loyalty will help Naomi create habitual purchasers. She should be hesitant to change brands of
coffee, hours, and other features loyal customers have grown to prefer without a clear understanding of their preferences.

Blooms: Understand
143. For years Mark sold new cars, but he and his wife recently grew tired of city life and moved to a beach town. Now he sells costume jewelry (made
by his wife) at an open-air market near the ocean. To be successful, what will Mark have to recognize about the difference between consumers'
problem-solving processes for cars and costume jewelry?
Most consumers engage in an extended problem-solving process when purchasing cars, while costume jewelry is more likely to be an impulse purchase.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
144. For many American consumers, the purchase of a personal computer has shifted from an extended problem-solving decision to a limited
problem-solving decision. How does this change the way retail stores should display and sell computers?
Answers will vary, but consumers involved in extended problem solving will devote considerable time and effort to evaluating alternatives. For
personal computer companies, well-trained salespeople both in-store and online were needed to address consumers' questions. Now that many
American consumers know more about personal computer features and options, online software and informative displays are often enough to guide
consumer decision making.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Involvement
145. Several years ago, BMW produced The Hire, a series of short films that were distributed online. The purpose of the film was to make the BMW
brand relevant to young males who, BMW hoped, would become interested in the brand and would be more likely to purchase a BMW in the future. The
films were directed by popular action-film directors of that time, and showed the BMW engaging in high-speed chases and other high-adrenaline
situations. No actual product information was provided. BMW made it easy for site visitors to share the videos with friends. The films were viewed
millions of times, and BMW considered it a highly successful promotion. Of the factors affecting the consumer decision process, which ones were the
primary factors this campaign sought to use to affect the consumer decision process of those who watched the films?
The films attempted to change consumer attitudes toward BMW, primarily the affective component of the attitude. In addition, by making it easy to
share the videos, reference-group social influence could also be applied.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 3 Hard
146. Budweiser is well known for the use of humor in its ad campaigns for Bud Light beer. Based on the use of humor in advertising for beer, does
Budweiser believe that beer is a high-involvement or low-involvement purchase for most consumers? Explain your answer using the elaboration
likelihood model.
Low-involvement. The purpose of the ads is not to provide a high-involvement buyer with information about the beer to be processed deeply in order to
form strong attitudes; rather, the ads seek to entertain us and to associate good feelings about the ad with the beer being advertised. This forms weaker
attitudes; in fact, the danger of using humor in advertising is that we may remember the ad but not the brand that was advertised.
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Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Topic: Involvement
147. You are shopping for a new car. Using the steps in the consumer decision process, describe what you would do at each step during the purchasing
experience.
Answers will vary but must include the five steps: need recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase, and postpurchase.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
148. Demonstrate your understanding of the terms internal locus of control and external locus of control by giving an example of each.
People who have an internal locus of control believe they have some control over the outcomes of their actions, in which case they generally engage in
more search activities. With an external locus of control, consumers believe that fate or other external factors control all outcomes.

Blooms: Understand
149. Define the term postpurchase cognitive dissonance and give an example of when this happened to you. Then explain what the company could have
done to lessen your dissonance.
The answer should demonstrate understanding of the term postpurchase cognitive dissonance: an internal conflict that arises from an inconsistency
between two beliefs, or between beliefs and behavior. The response should also suggest at least one possible way to reduce the dissonance.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
150. The text lists five psychological factors that can influence purchase decisions. List and give an example of each.
The five psychological factors are motives, attitudes, perception, learning, and lifestyle. Examples will vary.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
151. Briefly discuss the tax tactics employed by H&R Block, and explain how the advanced data analytics platform, Domo, assists the company in
making decisions about its business.
The tax tactics employed by H&R Block, that is, to make tax season a time that regular customers actually can enjoy if they do it right (by using the
company's tax products and services), reflect the tax service’s recent adoption of an advanced data analytics platform called Domo. The Domo platform
combines various sources and types of information into a single, straightforward format. According to H&R Block’s manager of analytics and
operations, with Domo, the company's analytic team already has alignment on what the company is measuring, so it no longer has to sepnd time each
week discussing the data itself. Instead, executives can ask better questions about the business and make decisions based on the information available.

Blooms: Understand
152. Describe Nike's advertising strategies on the Weather Channel app. Why does the company advertise on the app? What insights did Nike gain with
its advertising campaigns?
Nike has begun posting advertisements in the Weather Channel’s app and developing a simultaneous weather-oriented campaign for various advertising
channels. Nike recognizes that consumers frequently face a key decision at the point at which they check the weather on their phones or mobile devices.
This decision often revolves around what they should wear, and Nike wants to make sure that its brand is prominent and evident, prompting people to
lean toward Nike's undershirts or gym shorts as they select their apparel.
The advertising campaigns reflect several insights Nike has gained. First, virtually everybody complains, thinks, and talks about the weather, so it can
reach a broad audience by cooperating with the Weather Channel. Second, Nike recognizes the potential limitations imposed by new ad-blocking
6-33
software for apps. By integrating its marketing communications within the app, it can sidestep those blockades and ensure that consumers see its
advertising. Third, recent evidence indicates that people using apps engage more with the brands appearing within them than do consumers in most
other channels. According to some reports, U.S. consumers spend approximately 60 percent of their time online interacting with mobile apps.
Therefore, to drive its broader e-commerce strategy, Nike is looking to interact with potential users in the channels that they use the most.

Blooms: Understand
Category # of Questions
AACSB: Analytical Thinking 98
AACSB: Knowledge Application 54
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 121
Blooms: Analyze 2
Blooms: Apply 67
Blooms: Evaluate 1
Blooms: Remember 29
Blooms: Understand 53
Difficulty: 1 Easy 29
Difficulty: 2 Medium 54
Difficulty: 3 Hard 69
Learning Objective: 06-01 Articulate the steps in the consumer buying process. 15
Learning Objective: 06-02 Describe the difference between functional and psychological needs. 11
Learning Objective: 06-03 Describe factors that affect information search. 44
Learning Objective: 06-04 Discuss postpurchase outcomes. 19
Learning Objective: 06-05 List the factors that affect the consumer decision process. 46
Learning Objective: 06-06 Describe how involvement influences the consumer decision process. 17
Topic: Buying Situations 3
Topic: Consumer Purchase Decision Process 110
Topic: CRM 1
Topic: Enhancing Customer Satisfaction 8
Topic: Extended Problem Solving 3
Topic: Involvement 6
Topic: Limited Decisions 4
Topic: Marketing Metrics 4
Topic: Routine Decisions 3
Topic: Situational Influences 4
Topic: Social-cultural Environment 6
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Another random document with
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ont à subir quelque opération. En ce moment, des gauchos sont
occupés à dompter des chevaux sauvages ou, pour mieux dire, des
chevaux indomptés, car, malgré tout le respect dû aux récits des
voyageurs, mes confrères, il n’y a plus de chevaux sauvages dans la
pampa. Chaque troupeau appartient à un propriétaire, qui fait
marquer tous les poulains d’un an sur la cuisse gauche, et si l’animal
vient à être vendu, la marque du vendeur appliquée une seconde
fois, jointe à celle de l’acheteur, constitue un contrat tout aussi formel
que si deux notaires en lunettes y avaient apposé leurs illisibles
signatures.
L’habileté des gauchos dans le terrible exercice que nous avions
sous les yeux est absolument surprenante. C’est une lutte adroite et
brutale en même temps, qui, naturellement, se termine toujours à
l’avantage de l’homme. L’animal a été préparé par un séjour de
quelques nuits à l’entrave, il est déjà un peu fatigué ; on le chasse
alors dans le corral. Le gaucho fait tournoyer son lasso à distance et
le jette dans les jambes de la bête ; le nœud coulant se resserre ; le
cheval, écumant de colère, arrêté court dans ses bonds, fait deux ou
trois culbutes sur lui-même, entraînant parfois le dompteur, qui se
laisse choir comme une masse inerte, pour ne pas culbuter lui-
même et offrir plus de résistance. Le même animal subit plusieurs
fois le lasso, et il est bien rare qu’après une demi-douzaine
d’expériences, qui ne durent jamais plus de vingt minutes, il ne soit
possible alors de lui sangler une selle et de lui passer un licol. Le
plus fort est fait. Le dompteur peut alors le monter. Cette première
course est furibonde ; mais la pauvre bête est devenue incapable de
prolonger longtemps des mouvements aussi désordonnés, que le
gaucho supporte d’ailleurs sans jamais vider les arçons. Il ne faut
plus qu’une course d’une quinzaine de lieues dans la pampa pour
que le cheval soit tout à fait docile.
En résumé, cet exercice est une affaire d’habitude, à laquelle il
faut joindre des qualités d’adresse et de sang-froid que l’homme de
la pampa possède au plus haut degré.
J’ai examiné ce type du gaucho comme un des plus étranges
parmi ceux que présente la famille humaine. Il est entier, complet,
original, et tout ce qu’on m’en a dit me l’a rendu plus intéressant
encore.
Fils d’Espagnol et d’Indien, il est aussi rusé que celui-ci et joue
volontiers de la navaja comme celui-là ; comme tous deux, il aime
par-dessus tout son indépendance ; il se complaît dans son
existence solitaire, saine et rude. C’est lui qui a fait de la pampa
autre chose qu’une plaine inutile. Il en est le véritable souverain, il
l’aime comme le targui aime le désert. Elle n’est rien que par lui.
C’est non seulement sa patrie, mais sa seule patrie possible.
Les défauts du gaucho sont d’être joueur et vaniteux. Cet homme
à demi sauvage, qui passe la plus grande partie de sa vie à lutter
contre les chevaux et les taureaux, aime l’élégance. Les jours de
fête, et surtout les jours de courses, son costume, et le
harnachement de son cheval, surchargé d’ornements en argent,
témoignent de ses goûts de luxe. Cependant, l’idée d’acquérir,
d’économiser ne lui vient pas. La monnaie n’a pour lui que la valeur
d’un désir immédiatement satisfait, l’avenir ne signifie rien. L’horizon
de sa pensée est aussi étroit qu’immense est celui qui s’offre chaque
jour à sa vue. Son cheval, son lasso, voilà ses seuls instruments de
travail, mais d’un travail au grand air, au grand soleil, qui l’enchante
et l’enivre. Il a une femme, des enfants ; quoique bien rarement le
mariage ait pu être enregistré, il reste fidèle à sa femme, qu’il voit
peu et dont il ne s’occupe point. Les garçons commencent à monter
à cheval à quatre ans ; vers dix ans, ils galopent sans crainte et sans
danger sur les chevaux les plus difficiles ; leur éducation est
terminée.
Parfois le gaucho laisse une partie de sa raison dans une
pulperia, sorte de bouge qui est à la fois une auberge, une boutique
et un cabaret ; mais à l’habitude il ne boit que de l’eau et se nourrit
exclusivement de viande sans pain.
Nous avons vu à notre passage à Azul plusieurs types de
femmes, qu’il semble difficile de rattacher, comme celui du gaucho, à
un type unique. Le préjugé de la couleur n’existant nullement ici, on
y trouve le croisement le plus varié entre le sang blanc, le sang
indien et même le sang nègre. En résumé, les hommes nous ont
paru se ressembler beaucoup plus entre eux que les femmes, dont
quelques-unes ont des traits parfaitement réguliers et sont vraiment
belles.
Je reviens à notre aimable Hollandais, qui est décidément un des
notables de la province ; il nous a fait connaître le nombre des têtes
dont il est propriétaire ; je le transcris ici textuellement : 35,000
moutons, 5,000 bœufs et 600 chevaux. Si l’on veut se faire une idée
de ce que représente une telle fortune, il n’y a qu’à compter les
moutons pour 10 francs, les bœufs pour 50 francs et les chevaux
pour 100 francs. C’est le prix que valent ces animaux à Azul. M.
Freers, très au courant de tout ce qui touche à l’industrie pastorale
du pays, nous donne le chiffre total du bétail de la république
Argentine ; il n’est pas moindre de 78 millions de têtes, se
décomposant comme suit : 4 millions de chevaux, 13 millions et
demi de bœufs et de taureaux, 57 millions de moutons, 3 millions de
chèvres, 250,000 mulets et 250,000 porcs. Ces animaux sont
répartis sur un espace de 136,000 lieues carrées de plaines, où le
manque de bois est presque complet. Des trèfles, des herbes
élevées et des chardons constituent la seule végétation que l’on
rencontre avant d’arriver au pied de la formidable barrière des
montagnes. Puisque j’ai cité le total des têtes de bétail de la
république Argentine, je rappellerai en même temps le chiffre relatif
à l’Uruguay qui comprend environ 19 millions de têtes, dont 12
millions de moutons, 6 millions de bœufs et 1 million de chevaux.
Beaucoup de personnes pensent que, de temps immémorial, ces
vastes territoires, jadis occupés par de sauvages tribus d’Indiens,
étaient aussi riches, sinon plus riches, en pâturages, en bestiaux, en
chevaux qu’ils le sont aujourd’hui. Il est assez dans nos coutumes
de langage de représenter l’homme civilisé comme étant venu
exploiter et même piller avidement les terres nouvellement
découvertes. En ce qui concerne la pampa, c’est là plus qu’une
grave erreur, c’est le contraire de la vérité.
Il n’y avait, avant la conquête, c’est-à-dire avant le milieu du XVIe
siècle, ni un cheval, ni un mouton, ni une bête à cornes là où
paissent aujourd’hui tant d’innombrables troupeaux ; bien plus, il n’y
avait même pas de pâturages ; on n’y trouvait qu’une herbe
sauvage, haute et dure, appelée « paja brava » ou « pampa »,
connue des naturalistes sous le nom de gynerium argenteum, et qui
sert en Europe, où elle est assez répandue, à l’ornementation des
jardins. Cette herbe est complètement impropre à la nourriture des
animaux ; aussi a-t-il fallu, dès le début de la colonisation, recourir
aux fourrages venus d’Europe.
Peu à peu, grâce à cette importation, le sol s’est transformé et
les races se sont multipliées. C’est donc un véritable triomphe de
l’homme sur la nature, triomphe apparent, sans doute, favorisé par
la nature elle-même, mais qui a coûté d’immenses efforts, qui a
nécessité de la part des premiers éleveurs une patience et une
persévérance extraordinaires ; triomphe si complet qu’il est peut-être
le plus surprenant et le plus considérable qui ait jamais été remporté.
Tout en écoutant les intéressants détails que nous donne notre
hôte sur cette contrée bizarre, si peu connue en France, nous
sommes rentrés à Azul, enchantés de notre chasse, et le soir, réunis
dans la grande salle de l’hôtel avec les notables du pays, nous
avons savouré le fameux maté, sorte de boisson nationale fort en
usage dans l’Amérique du Sud, infusion faite avec un thé spécial
connu sous le nom de yerba du Paraguay. On l’aspire avec un petit
tube en métal plongé dans une courge sauvage servant de récipient.
Le lendemain de ce jour si bien employé, un temps de galop

nous a conduits à seize kilomètres en avant d’Azul, pour visiter une
colonie russe-allemande, qui est en pleine prospérité. Il y a là 350
personnes environ, hommes, femmes et enfants ; tous font partie de
la secte des catholiques mennonites, dont la loi la plus importante
interdit absolument de verser le sang humain. Pour échapper à
l’obligation du service militaire, toutes ces familles s’étaient d’abord
réfugiées en Russie, sur les bords du Volga, dans la province de
Saratov. Après une installation difficile et un assez long séjour, le
gouvernement russe s’avisa de les enrôler. Toujours fidèles à leurs
principes, les pauvres exilés prirent le parti de quitter la belliqueuse
Europe et s’en furent coloniser la pampa, où le gouvernement
argentin consent à ne pas les envoyer guerroyer contre les Indiens.
Toutes ces familles nous font bon accueil. Elles parlent
allemand ; mais nous remarquons avec surprise que, si elles n’ont
pas oublié la langue de leur patrie, elles n’en ont pas moins pris les
costumes et les habitudes du pays de leur premier exil. Hommes et
femmes sont vêtus à la russe, et les jeunes filles nous offrent
gracieusement le thé préparé dans d’authentiques samovars, qui
plus jamais ne repasseront les mers. Une extrême propreté règne
dans ces habitations, qui sont simplement construites en pisé et ne
se distinguent des ranchos ordinaires que par un peu plus
d’élévation.
Le gouvernement argentin a fait preuve de bonté et d’intelligence
en cette occasion. Il a concédé aux nouveaux venus les terres, sous
la seule condition d’être remboursé en dix ans de leur valeur, sans
intérêts. De plus, il leur a donné des bestiaux, des instruments
aratoires et des semences.
Ce groupe d’émigrants s’est ainsi constitué en petit État tributaire
et a nommé un chef qu’il qualifie de Père. Ce magistrat est armé du
droit de haute et basse justice, qu’il exerce le plus souvent en
arrangeant les différends à l’amiable, et, lorsqu’il ne peut y parvenir,
en distribuant avec libéralité des coups de trique à ceux qui lui
paraissent les plus fautifs.
Je sais bien que les Allemands n’ont pas besoin d’appartenir à
une secte plus ou moins philanthropique pour fuir leur ennuyeux
pays et chercher au delà des mers l’aisance que sa stérilité leur
refuse ; mais il me semble que le spectacle de cette petite colonie
est véritablement touchant. Ce fut pour elle un sacrifice, tout au
moins une bien grave détermination, après avoir quitté le sol natal,
que de quitter la patrie adoptive. Ceux qui veulent tout expliquer par
l’intérêt personnel, et qui n’aiment pas à dépenser le très peu de
bienveillance dont la nature les a doués, découvriront que ces gens
sont partis probablement parce qu’ils ne se trouvaient pas bien où ils
étaient, et que leur horreur pour verser le sang des autres vient sans
doute de la crainte qu’ils ont qu’on ne verse le leur. Les voilà
installés, propriétaires et exempts du service : ils ne sont donc pas
intéressants.
Ma raison s’incline devant une si profonde connaissance de la
nature humaine ; mais comme ils ont accompli un voyage pénible,
dont les dangers leur étaient connus, comme il pouvait fort bien leur
arriver d’être repoussés au lieu d’être accueillis, d’être exploités au
lieu de recevoir des cadeaux, de mourir de faim au lieu de vivre
presque confortablement, et que ces tristes alternatives étaient tout
aussi prévues que d’autres, il est fort à croire que c’est bien à leur
principe qu’ils ont obéi, et je trouve que c’est là un fait intéressant à
faire connaître.
En mer, 29 septembre.
J’ai arrêté tout net le récit de mon excursion dans la province de

Buenos-Ayres, pour ne pas manquer le bateau de Montevideo et par
suite la Junon, qui n’aime pas à attendre. Je profite du beau temps
que nous avons, journées de grâce sans doute (car on sait que
Magellan est un nid à tempêtes), pour compléter ces notes.
Quand nous fûmes de retour de notre promenade à la colonie
russe, très courbaturés par les excès d’équitation que nous avions
faits pendant deux jours, il nous restait juste assez de force pour
admirer un splendide coucher de soleil, que je ne vous décrirai pas,
étant aussi hors d’état de le peindre avec la plume qu’avec le
pinceau.
Les valises rebouclées, le train nous ramena à Buenos-Ayres. Le
trajet nous parut moins long, d’abord parce que nous avions nos
impressions toutes fraîches à échanger, en second lieu parce que
les informations qui nous furent données par les personnes
voyageant avec nous étaient des plus intéressantes. Je dois
cependant ajouter que, pour quelques-uns de mes camarades,
exténués de fatigue, ces dix heures en wagon passèrent aussi
rapidement qu’un songe, exactement.
On ne manqua pas de nous raconter l’histoire de la république ;
je vais en dire quelques mots, et je regrette que le cadre de cet
ouvrage ne me permette pas de m’étendre plus longuement sur ce
sujet, parce que là trouverait place un exposé des événements qui
ont amené la situation respective actuelle du Brésil, du Paraguay, de
l’Uruguay et de la république Argentine.
L’indifférence avec laquelle l’Europe accueille les récits des
bouleversements intérieurs dont ces contrées éloignées sont trop
souvent le théâtre s’explique aisément. On dit, non sans quelque
raison, qu’il nous importe peu que tel parti ait renversé tel autre, qui
bientôt reprendra le pouvoir pour le reperdre sans doute ; mais les
rapports de ces États entre eux ont une tout autre importance ; la
question de savoir si le rêve de Jean VI, de Portugal, c’est-à-dire
l’annexion au Brésil de tous les territoires pampéens et la
possession de la Plata, sera ou ne sera pas réalisé, n’est pas d’un
mince intérêt. Qui peut dire cependant qu’il faut rayer cette
supposition des possibilités de l’avenir ? Depuis plus de deux ans, le
Brésil paraît avoir renoncé à sa politique d’immixtion constante et
peu endurante dans les affaires du Sud ; mais que faut-il pour qu’un
conflit surgisse, qu’une guerre éclate ? La question du Paraguay,
l’éternel prétexte, n’est-elle pas toujours là, malgré les arrangements
récents qui, en définitive, n’ont rien arrangé ?
Les circonstances qui ont produit la situation relative des divers
États du continent sud-américain sont donc fort importantes au point
de vue politique. D’autre part, les détails étranges, les brutalités
odieuses, les héroïsmes extraordinaires, sortis du choc de tant de
passions violentes, d’intérêts nés d’hier, mais ardemment défendus,
donnent à l’étude de cette partie de l’histoire contemporaine un
attrait tout à fait exceptionnel.
Avant de faire un résumé rapide des commencements de la
république Argentine, notons d’abord ce fait qu’aucune comparaison
ne peut s’établir entre celle-ci et l’Uruguay, quant à la puissance
militaire ou économique des deux États. Montevideo est la plus
petite des républiques de l’Amérique du Sud et n’a guère plus de
180,000 kilomètres carrés, à peu près le tiers de la France, tandis
que la république Argentine a une superficie de 2 millions de
kilomètres carrés. (Les documents officiels lui en attribuent
libéralement plus de 4 millions, mais en comptant les territoires de la
Patagonie, du Grand Chaco et quelques autres, dont la possession
est fort discutée et l’étendue tout à fait indécise.) L’Uruguay ne
possède pas 500,000 habitants ; la république Argentine en a plus
de 2 millions, sans compter les Indiens, qui sont, d’ailleurs, pour elle
un embarras et non une force, et dont le nombre décroît de jour en
jour.
Inutile d’insister davantage sur cette disproportion entre les deux
républiques.
Le territoire argentin n’était habité avant l’indépendance que par
un peuple de bergers. La région encore connue sous le nom de
« territoire de la Plata », c’est-à-dire les républiques Argentine, du
Paraguay et de l’Uruguay, formait alors la vice-royauté espagnole de
Buenos-Ayres. On sait que le régime espagnol consistait à isoler
leurs colonies du monde entier pour les exploiter plus librement.
Sous l’influence de ce protectionnisme à outrance, le pays restait
absolument stationnaire ; dans la pampa, le bétail multipliait
cependant, une population locale se formait. Cette sorte d’incubation
dura près de trois siècles.
En 1810, le gouvernement espagnol fut chassé ; mais bientôt les
guerres civiles naquirent et se succédèrent presque sans
interruption. L’anarchie devint effroyable, les mœurs brutales et
corrompues. Quelques humanitaires ayant essayé sans succès
d’appliquer des institutions ultra-libérales, le pays fut bientôt épuisé.
Alors commença, en 1832, le règne du dictateur Rosas.
Jamais tyrannie ne fut plus complète, plus insolente. Rosas
s’impose à tous et à toutes ; il fait placer son buste sur le grand autel
de la cathédrale. Le désordre des mœurs est indescriptible. Rosas
étant l’homme des gauchos, son parti porte le nom de fédéralistes. A
la tête des opposants se trouve le général Urquiza, dont les
partisans ont pris le nom d’unitaires. Pendant tout le règne du
dictateur, les serenos, ou veilleurs de nuit, crient à chaque heure et à
chaque demi-heure : « Vive la confédération Argentine ! Mort aux
sauvages unitaires ! Vive le restaurateur des lois, don Juan Manuel
Rosas ! Mort au dégoûtant sauvage unitaire Urquiza !… Il est (telle
heure), le temps est beau. »
Enfin, Rosas disparaît dans une émeute et se sauve en
Angleterre, où la pudeur britannique trouve moyen de lui faire un
excellent accueil.
Buenos-Ayres, d’abord folle de joie, se fatigue du libérateur
Urquiza et le met à la porte. La sécession commence. Les provinces
se déclarent en lutte ouverte avec la capitale. Ce n’est qu’en 1860
que la confédération est enfin reconstituée sous la présidence du
général Mitre, plus célèbre comme diplomate que comme militaire.
Nous arrivons à l’époque actuelle, qui débute par la guerre du
Paraguay en 1865. De ce malheureux conflit sont nées les
inextricables difficultés dans lesquelles se débat la politique
argentine depuis huit ans ; c’est lui qui a amené le Brésil victorieux à
se faire le dangereux protecteur d’un pays épuisé, anéanti, dont
l’autonomie et l’indépendance étaient une nécessité pour la
tranquillité des autres républiques du Sud.
J’ai vu à Buenos-Ayres, et même à Montevideo, des personnes
qui excusaient les États de la Plata de s’être unis au Brésil contre le
Paraguay ; j’ai lu le savant et remarquable livre de notre compatriote,
M. E. Daireaux, sur la confédération Argentine, ouvrage bien pensé
et bien écrit, dans lequel cette thèse est éloquemment soutenue.
Cependant, je ne saurais partager son opinion, parce qu’il ne me
semble pas douteux qu’en s’armant avec le Brésil contre le
Paraguay, les Argentins ont méconnu les lois du bon sens politique.
En vain dira-t-on que le Paraguay, de fait, n’était pas une
république et que le dictateur Lopez était un homme cent fois moins
libéral que l’empereur du Brésil, que Lopez avait violé le territoire
argentin, qu’on ne pouvait pas prévoir une guerre aussi longue et la
destruction presque totale de l’ennemi. Tout cela est vrai, mais ce ne
sont que des excuses. On a méconnu les leçons de l’histoire et ce
qu’on pourrait appeler les évidences géographiques. Le rôle des
républiques était de tenir en respect l’immense empire dont la seule
présence est une menace ou tout au moins un danger pour elles, de
ne point répudier la vieille politique qui respectait la séparation des
races portugaise et espagnole, de prévoir des difficultés dont la
probabilité était grande et de ne pas oublier que les puissants
voisins sont de ces gens desquels on a dit :
« Laissez-leur prendre un pied chez vous,

Ils en auront bientôt pris quatre. »
Pour le moment, on est relativement tranquille. Le pays est

toujours divisé entre les unitaires et les autonomistes (c’est le nom
des anciens fédéralistes). Ces derniers sont au pouvoir ; ce sont eux
qui ont fait nommer Sarmiento en remplacement de Mitre, et ensuite
Avellaneda, le président actuel.
Quelques portraits. Le général Mitre est un homme instruit, doué
d’une mémoire étonnante, éloquent autrefois, aujourd’hui très vieilli.
Mauvais général, il s’est presque toujours fait battre, mais a souvent
réussi à regagner dans les négociations ce qu’il avait perdu dans les
combats. M. Mitre est le chef d’un parti qui possède encore une
grande influence, et qui a rallié à son programme l’immense majorité
des étrangers.
Le président Avellaneda, dont le père eut la tête fichée au bout
d’une lance et promenée dans la ville par les ordres du dictateur
Rosas, est un homme intelligent, mais vaniteux ; orateur pompeux et
doué d’un caractère essentiellement flexible, il s’est appuyé sur les
autonomistes et finira probablement avec les unitaires.
Le général Roca, ministre de la guerre, officier intelligent, actif,
encore jeune, est un des hommes les plus importants de l’État ; il
prépare en ce moment une campagne décisive contre les Indiens.
Le gouverneur de Buenos-Ayres, M. Tejedor, est un jurisconsulte
distingué, qui a joué un rôle considérable dans les négociations
récentes avec le Brésil. On lui reproche de ne pas posséder la
souplesse du diplomate. Il n’en est pas moins fort considéré et
aspire à la présidence.
J’aurais voulu parler un peu de l’émigration européenne dans la
Plata. Mais ce sujet, quoique intéressant pour nous, m’entraînerait
trop loin. Je dois me borner à des renseignements généraux. A
Buenos-Ayres, le commerce est exclusivement aux mains des
étrangers, qui forment à peu près la moitié de la population de la
ville. On peut les classer ainsi au point de vue du nombre : Italiens,
Espagnols, Français, Allemands et Anglais. Si ce groupe de 180,000
âmes était uni par une pensée commune, il ne tarderait pas à
imposer ses idées au gouvernement sur les matières économiques ;
l’industrie encore naissante se développerait et les finances de la
République se relèveraient. Malheureusement, la devise des
émigrés est : « Chacun pour soi », et leur désunion fait la puissance
du parti autonomiste. Le pays ne travaille pas ; il lui faut donc payer
le travail qu’il achète à l’étranger, et quoique l’industrie pastorale soit
des plus prospères, les budgets se soldent par de considérables
déficits ; les fortunes, petites ou grandes, sont gravement atteintes,
le crédit national est nul, le commerce étranger lui-même est devenu
paralysé.
Cependant le flot croissant des émigrants est un progrès, parce
que cette force grandissante finira par avoir raison des préjugés et
de l’indolence des créoles ; elle consolidera le parti véritablement
patriotique qui se préoccupe du bien-être du pays plus que d’une
vaine formule ou de la conservation de coutumes surannées. On
arrivera ainsi à faire adopter des lois énergiquement protectrices, le
travail producteur s’acclimatera dans le pays, et si les complications
du dehors ne viennent pas arrêter cet heureux mouvement,
l’ancienne vice-royauté espagnole aura peut-être alors assez
« d’étoffe » pour former une seconde édition des États-Unis.
J’ai oublié de vous dire qu’en arrivant à Buenos-Ayres, nous

avions rencontré à l’hôtel, déjeunant d’aussi bon appétit que s’il eût
été attablé au café Anglais, notre voyageur in partibus, M. de R…,
celui-là même qui nous avait laissés partir de Marseille sans lui et
nous avait promis de nous rejoindre en route.
— Enfin ! vous voilà ! lui dis-je, à la bonne heure, vous êtes de
parole !…
— Je suis bien fâché, vraiment, mais il faut que je reste encore ici
quelque temps ; je ne puis pas partir avec vous.
— Comment ! nous allons passer le détroit de Magellan ! nous
verrons la Patagonie !
— Oh ! la Patagonie… Je la connais. Non, je vous retrouverai au
Pérou… ou à San-Francisco.
Et la Junon a appareillé sans lui ; mais je gagerais que nous
retrouverons M. de R…, et qu’il fera ainsi le tour du monde avec
nous… et sans nous. Voilà un étrange compagnon !
LE DÉTROIT DE MAGELLAN
Un chargement de cailloux. — Appréhensions. — La Saint-Michel. — Le cap

des Vierges. — Première partie du détroit. — La Junon s’emporte. — Arrivée
à Punta-Arenas. — Excursion nocturne. — Visite à M. le gouverneur. — Les
Patagons. — Seconde partie du détroit. — Le cap Froward et ses environs.
— Les Indiens Pêcherais. — Où peut-on mouiller ? — La baie Swallow. — En
route pour les canaux.
En mer, 2 octobre.
Un des bateaux du fleuve, tout pareil au Saturno, nous a

ramenés à Montevideo le 26 septembre, où nous avons retrouvé la
Junon, ayant essuyé à l’ancre un pampero assez rude,
tranquillement occupée à embarquer un chargement de pierres, ce
qui ne laissa pas que de nous étonner un peu. Il paraît que les
armateurs de la Junon, au lieu de laisser la Société des voyages
diriger les opérations du navire à son gré, ainsi que cela était
formellement convenu, se sont mis en tête de s’en mêler et ont
manœuvré de telle façon que les négociants d’ici, ne sachant plus
qui est maître du navire, se sont décidés à ne rien embarquer.
Le commandant est furieux, malgré le calme apparent qui ne
l’abandonne jamais ; notre consignataire, M. Aubry de La Noï, agent
de la Compagnie des Messageries, est désolé ; mais comme il faut
lester le bateau pour affronter les parages antarctiques, on engouffre
dans la cale à marchandises deux cents tonnes de cailloux, et l’on
va partir avec cette étrange cargaison. Espérons que de pareilles
tracasseries ne se renouvelleront pas, car notre voyage pourrait bien
en souffrir.
Avant de nous mettre en route, nous avons réuni à bord un bon

nombre des amis qui nous avaient si cordialement accueillis à notre
arrivée, et je serais heureux qu’ils eussent conservé de notre
modeste hospitalité un aussi bon souvenir que celui que nous
garderons de leurs aimables prévenances. Je noterai aussi que
nous avons eu le regret de laisser à Montevideo notre médecin, le
jeune docteur Debely, atteint d’une sorte de maladie de langueur. Il
va s’en retourner en France par le premier paquebot, et comme son
état ne semble pas bien grave, nous avons l’espoir de le voir nous
rejoindre à Panama ou à San-Francisco. Au reste, il n’y a personne
de malade à bord, et nous n’avons à craindre aucune épidémie dans
les parages où la Junon va se rendre.
Le 27 au matin, nous appareillons par un temps magnifique. La
terre des pampas, semblable à un mince ruban de couleur indécise,
disparaît à l’horizon. Dès que nous sommes au large, une brise
favorable permet de déployer toutes les voiles, et nous atteignons
bientôt une vitesse de plus de dix nœuds. La traversée s’annonce
fort heureuse ; nous allons cependant entreprendre la partie la plus
rude et la plus difficile de notre longue pérégrination. La distance qui
nous sépare du détroit de Magellan est de 1,370 milles ; les côtes de
l’Amérique du Sud au-dessous de la Plata sont mal connues, et à
toute époque de l’année les coups de vent s’y rencontrent à de
courts intervalles ; nous aurons ensuite le passage du détroit de
Magellan, assez fréquenté depuis quelques années, mais où les
sinistres pourtant sont nombreux. Le commandant, bien qu’ayant fait
deux voyages autour du monde, n’y a jamais passé.
Enfin, on parle comme d’un rêve de la possibilité de continuer
notre route par les canaux latéraux de la Patagonie, dont on dit
merveille, mais qui sont encore fort incomplètement explorés.
Nous avons donc en perspective toute une série de
divertissements et d’émotions maritimes. On étudie les cartes, on
relit les récits des anciens voyageurs, on commence à s’intéresser
aux variations du baromètre, à la couleur du ciel. Je dois avouer que
nous n’avons d’ailleurs aucun fâcheux pressentiment, et les paris
n’ont pas été ouverts sur la probabilité d’un accident.
Le 28 et le 29, même temps, même bonne brise. La température
baisse sensiblement. Les vestons légers, les gilets ouverts, les petits
chapeaux de campagne ont fait place aux houppelandes, aux tricots
de toute sorte, aux bonnets fourrés.
Pour tromper la monotonie des heures, nous essayons notre
adresse sur des albatros et des damiers, qui sans cesse évoluent
autour du navire. Ce tir marin, qui a lieu chaque après-midi, perd
beaucoup de son attrait par l’impuissance où nous sommes de
recueillir les oiseaux touchés. Au reste, qu’en ferions-nous ?
Pas un navire en vue. Quelquefois, bien loin sur notre droite, une
ombre à peine visible, basse, sans contours ; c’est la terre. Les
heures paraissent longues ; le moment des repas est toujours
attendu avec impatience, celui du sommeil revient parfois dans la
journée.
Il faut absolument secouer cette torpeur, évoquer quelque gai
souvenir, trouver quelque bon prétexte à distraction. Que ne
sommes-nous Brésiliens ! C’est en pareille circonstance qu’on est
heureux de compter sur son almanach quarante-deux fêtes
nationales et carillonnées, sans parler des dimanches.
Mais le calendrier français offre aussi des ressources. Le 29
septembre, n’est-ce pas la Saint-Michel ? N’avons-nous pas un
excellent camarade, le doyen des voyageurs français du bord, et qui
porte ce glorieux prénom ?
Un gros chou bien vert, gracieusement entouré d’un rang de
carottes du plus beau rouge, encadrées avec goût par des touffes
d’oignons et de persil mélangées, tel est le bouquet qui, d’un accord
unanime, lui est affectueusement, mais solennellement offert avant
la fin du dîner. Souhaits, compliments, discours en prose et même
en vers sont adressés à notre ami qui, tout d’abord surpris, puis
ému, nous offre un punch commémoratif, auquel sont conviés tous
les officiers du bord. L’élan est donné. La gaieté est revenue sur les
visages.
En deux heures, on a rédigé un programme, et cette soirée
improvisée se passe si joyeusement qu’avant de se séparer on
décide que toutes les fêtes à venir seront soigneusement notées, et
que nul n’échappera désormais aux compliments, au bouquet
traditionnel… et au punch.
Dans l’après-midi du 30, nous sommes enveloppés par une
brume épaisse. La mer est toujours paisible, mais les voiles sont
serrées, en prévision d’une saute de vent.
Le 1er octobre, temps splendide. Nous trouvons dans ces
parages redoutés le calme plat et la mer d’huile que nous avons en
vain cherchés sous l’équateur. Vers dix heures, la vigie annonce :
« Terre à tribord ! » C’est d’abord le cap des Trois-Pointes, puis le
cap Blanc. Malgré la brume de la veille et les courants très variables
qui rendent cet atterrissage assez dangereux, nous sommes
exactement là où nous devons être. Cependant, c’est à une distance
de six à huit milles au moins que nous contournons cette terre, car il
règne tout le long de la côte des bas-fonds dont l’étendue est mal
déterminée, et qui ont causé la perte de plusieurs navires. En cet
endroit, les côtes de la Patagonie sont basses et d’un aspect désolé.
Le brouillard reparaît à la chute du jour. Les voiles qu’on avait
établies de nouveau sont définitivement serrées, toutes les
précautions contre le mauvais temps sont prises. Un incident vers
dix heures du soir : six matelots ont été envoyés pour serrer le petit
hunier, et, la besogne faite, ils n’ont pas reparu ; la nuit est si noire
qu’on ne sait s’ils sont descendus ou non. Les coups de sifflet
retentissent, pas de réponse. Seraient-ils allés se coucher avant
l’heure du changement de quart ? Point. Il n’y a dans le poste de
l’équipage que la bordée qui n’est pas de service. On est inquiet ;
une ronde générale est faite dans le faux-pont et dans la cale :
personne.
L’officier de quart imagine alors d’envoyer le capitaine d’armes
explorer la mâture, où souffle une bise assez froide…, et nos
matelots sont retrouvés bien abrités, roulés, endormis et ronflant
dans les plis du hunier. Résultat : le reste de la nuit aux fers, et le vin
retranché pour deux repas.
Il fait encore aujourd’hui fort beau temps, et nous sommes bien
surpris de n’avoir pas eu le moindre coup du vent à essuyer. Demain
matin, nous devons être à l’entrée du détroit de Magellan. Toutes les
curiosités sont en éveil.
En vue de l’île Tamar, 5 octobre.
Nous venons de franchir le détroit et la Junon va entrer dans les

canaux latéraux. Comment pourrai-je donner une idée des
splendeurs sauvages que nous avons vues ? Comment retracer les
péripéties de cette belle et rapide traversée, pendant laquelle,
malgré le froid et les rafales, l’admiration nous a tous retenus sur le
pont de notre steamer ? Je veux au moins raconter bien exactement
ce qui s’est passé, dans l’espoir qu’en retrouvant mes impressions
encore toutes vivaces, il en résultera un tableau, reproduction
affaiblie, mais fidèle, des étranges panoramas qui viennent de défiler
sous nos yeux.
La nuit du 2 au 3 octobre fut accompagnée d’un brouillard si
intense qu’il fallut, pendant quelques heures, marcher à petite
vitesse et faire entendre le sifflet de la machine à de très courts
intervalles. Cette précaution était d’autant plus nécessaire que nous
savions devoir croiser un des grands vapeurs de la Pacific Steam
Navigation Company dans ces parages, et qu’une collision en pareil
endroit eût été la perte certaine de l’un au moins des deux
bâtiments.
Au petit jour, la brume se dissipe, nous repartons à toute vitesse,
et bientôt le fameux cap des Vierges, entrée du détroit de Magellan,
apparaît droit devant nous.
La marée de jusant, qui pousse la mer de l’ouest à l’est en cet
endroit, et par conséquent arrête la marche des navires venant du
large, était alors dans toute sa force ; faisant une route oblique dans
la direction du sud-est, la Junon passe en dehors des bancs qui
s’étendent jusqu’à cinq ou six milles du cap des Vierges, les
contourne, et pendant ce temps la force du courant diminue, car la
marée de flot qui doit favoriser notre entrée ne tardera pas à
s’établir.
Nous nous intéressons d’autant plus à ces détails de navigation
que, dans une conférence toute récente, le commandant nous a
expliqué, la carte en main, quelles étaient les particularités de notre
voyage dans le détroit. Son intention était d’y entrer avec la marée
favorable et de marcher toute la journée le plus vite possible, afin
d’atteindre avant la nuit le mouillage de Punta-Arenas, que les
Anglais, les plus grands débaptiseurs du monde, s’entêtent à
appeler Sandy-Point ; pourquoi pas English-Point ? ce serait bien
plus flatteur pour leur amour-propre.
A huit heures du matin, nous avons franchi les dangers
extérieurs de l’entrée, le courant est à peu près nul, la vitesse est
réglée à dix nœuds, et nous nous dirigeons hardiment vers le
passage étroit qu’on nomme le premier goulet.
Il fait toujours beau et la température est supportable ; nous
sommes enchantés de faire connaissance avec un des coins les
plus ignorés du monde, mais les beautés de la nature nous laissent
assez froids. A notre gauche, la terre est à peine visible, et son nom
de Terre-de-Feu [5] ne suffit pas à enflammer notre enthousiasme. A
droite, la côte, que nous laissons à quatre milles environ, est d’un
jaune brun, sans trace de végétation, sans accident de terrain
remarquable. Tout l’intérêt se concentre dans la navigation elle-
même. Le passage, qui paraît fort large, est semé de hauts-fonds
dangereux qu’il faut beaucoup d’attention pour éviter, surtout en
approchant du goulet, car on ne le voit bien qu’au moment de s’y
engager. Une des bouées marquées sur la carte n’est plus en place.
Heureusement, les points un peu saillants ont été reconnus, nous
inclinons légèrement notre route sur bâbord, et nous voilà au milieu
du premier goulet.
[5] Les premiers navigateurs qui tentèrent le passage
du cap Horn aperçurent plusieurs volcans, aujourd’hui
éteints, sur les îles voisines : de là le nom de Terre-de-
Feu.
Il est midi. Un fort courant marche avec nous. Ce n’est plus une
vitesse de dix nœuds qu’a la Junon, mais bien de quatorze nœuds
et plus. Les falaises à pic qui bordent les rives ont bientôt disparu, et
nous entrons dans un second bassin de forme elliptique, semé de
quelques bancs laissant entre eux un large et facile passage. La
physionomie du pays est à peu près la même, cependant moins
aride. Les falaises, toujours assez basses, sont couronnées de
plaines à peine ondulées ; quelquefois nous passons devant de
simples plages sablonneuses, dont la pente presque insensible
semble se continuer sous les eaux. Par tribord, c’est l’extrémité
méridionale des vastes pampas, qui s’étendent ainsi depuis le pays
des palmiers jusqu’à celui des glaces éternelles ! Mais où ai-je vu
quelques-uns de ces aspects ? En traversant les steppes de la
Hongrie, sur les bords du Danube, entre Pesth et Belgrade.
Un promontoire, qu’on nomme le cap Gregory, marque l’entrée
du second goulet, un peu plus large que le premier. Nous le
franchissons en une demi-heure ; la violence du courant est devenue
très grande, et le commandant fait mettre deux hommes de plus à la
barre du gouvernail. A la sortie du second goulet (il est trois heures
et demie), un passage difficile se présente. Le détroit en ce point a
bien dix milles de large, mais il est barré par un groupe d’îles,
entourées de récifs, auprès desquels les courants portent dans des
directions variées. Plusieurs routes existent pour passer entre ces
dangers ; nous choisissons celle qui est connue sous le nom de
chenal de la Reine, et qui longe de très près l’île de Sainte-
Élisabeth. En ce moment, nous nous dirigeons vers le sud, ayant à
notre droite le massif de la grande presqu’île de Brunswick, qui
s’enfonce comme un coin dans la Terre-de-Feu et donne à la forme
générale du détroit de Magellan celle d’un gigantesque V majuscule.
A quatre heures et demie, les îles, les récifs sont derrière nous ; il
ne reste plus que dix milles à faire pour atteindre le mouillage ;
l’ordre est donné de ralentir, le commandant descend de la
passerelle, et nous allons tous dîner avec un appétit qu’excuse
suffisamment notre station de toute la journée sur le pont, et notre
satisfaction d’avoir si heureusement commencé cette traversée
délicate.
Le soleil était déjà caché derrière de hautes collines boisées,
lorsque nous arrivâmes à Punta-Arenas, capitale de la Patagonie
chilienne… ou argentine, puisque le différend n’a pas encore été
tranché, mais plutôt chilienne, puisque le Chili en a pris possession,
qu’une corvette chilienne y tient station, qu’un médecin chilien a bien
voulu déclarer officiellement que nous n’avions aucune maladie
contagieuse, ce qui nous a permis de faire une visite au gouverneur
de la localité, qui aurait pu être Chilien aussi, mais qui préférait être
Anglais, ce qui est un point sur lequel je ne disputerai pas.
La Junon doit appareiller le lendemain à l’aube ; aussi, malgré la
nuit noire et le froid vif, tout le monde se précipite dans les canots
pour fouler la terre patagonienne. On espère vaguement voir
quelques-uns de ces sauvages géants décrits dans les récits des
premiers explorateurs et contestés par notre siècle prosaïque. On a
aussi quelque curiosité à l’égard du dernier établissement civilisé au
sud du monde. L’officier de la santé a promis son canot pour le
retour des retardataires. En route !
Nous abordons dans l’obscurité au pied d’un petit môle, sur
lequel nous grimpons en nous aidant d’un escalier dépourvu de la
plupart de ses marches. Arrivés sur la plate-forme, nous trébuchons
à travers les rails d’un chemin de fer, qui doit conduire, je pense, à
un dépôt de charbon. Décidément, le progrès ne laisse ici rien à
désirer, qu’un peu d’éclairage des voies publiques. Pendant que nos
marins s’en vont par groupes se… réchauffer dans une petite
maison basse où nombre de flacons scintillent sous les feux d’une
lampe à pétrole, nous nous avançons à travers « la capitale. » Nous
arpentons deux rues, peut-être bien les seules, absolument
désertes, bordées çà et là de maisons en bois, composées d’un
simple rez-de-chaussée. Voici une église, toute petite, plus que
modeste et en bois comme les autres constructions ; voici enfin la
maison du gouverneur, auquel nous sommes autorisés à présenter
nos hommages.

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AACSB: Analytical Thinking

2. The consumer decision process begins with a comparison of available alternatives.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Feedback: The consumer decision process begins with need recognition.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

20. Another name for physiological risk is safety risk.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Feedback: This is the definition of determinant attributes.

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Multiple Choice Questions

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

29. The consumer buying process begins when

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Analytical Thinking

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AACSB: Knowledge Application